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pelele, or lip ring, as mentioned by Dr. Weule, who never came
across the Mavia for himself. Of their wearing their hair in pig-tails,
Mr. O’Neill says nothing—in fact, beyond the pelele, there was little
to distinguish them from neighbouring tribes, and he was disposed
to consider them a branch of the Makonde. His description of their
villages hidden away in the thorny jungle and approached by
circuitous paths recalls what Dr. Weule says as to the difficulty of
finding the Makonde settlements without a guide. In the course of
this journey Mr. O’Neill discovered Lake Lidede, and at one point of
his march he looked down on the Rovuma Valley from the edge of
the Mavia Plateau at almost the same point as that where Dr. Weule
saw it from the opposite escarpment, as described on pp. 343–4. It is
interesting to compare the two accounts:—Mr. O’Neill’s is to be
found in the Proceedings of the R.G.S. for 1882, p. 30.
Mr. J. T. Last, starting from Lindi on the 28th of October, 1885,
made his way overland to Blantyre, via Newala, Ngomano and the
Lujende Valley, in eleven weeks. He remarks on the “desolation of
the country which was formerly well populated, as the sites of the old
villages show; but now there is not a house to be seen”—through the
raids of the Magwangara and others. Lions were as numerous as they
appear to have been in 1906, and for a similar reason. One of Mr.
Last’s carriers was dragged out of the grass shelter where the men
were sleeping, thus affording an almost exact parallel to the incident
related by Dr. Weule on pp. 394–8.
At this time the country was under the nominal rule of the Sultan
of Zanzibar, who stationed his officials at some of the places near the
coast and exercised a somewhat intermittent and uncertain authority
over the chiefs in the interior. By the treaty of 1890 the whole of the
mainland as far back as Lakes Victoria and Tanganyika, between the
Rovuma on the south, and the Umba River on the north, was handed
over to Germany, while the protectorate over what remained of the
Sultan’s dominions (viz., the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba) was
taken over by the British Government.
It seems improbable that this immense territory can ever be
colonised by Germans in the same way in which Canada and
Australia have been colonised by ourselves. There are few if any parts
where German peasants and workmen could expect to live, labour,
and bring up families. So far as the country has been settled at all, it
is on the plantation system: European capitalists cultivating large
tracts of land by means of native labour. Some coffee plantations in
Usambara are, we understand, flourishing fairly well, though not
producing wealth beyond the dreams of avarice; but the system, if it
is to be extended to the whole territory, does not augur well for the
future. It is not a healthy one for employer or employed; it always
tends in the direction of forced labour and more or less disguised
slavery; and, in the end, to the creation of a miserable and degraded
proletariat. Much more satisfactory is the method to which Dr.
Weule extends a somewhat qualified approval (though there can be
no doubt that it has his sympathies) of securing to the native his own
small holding and buying his produce from him, as has been done, to
some extent, with the best results, in our own Gold Coast Colony. Dr.
Weule remarks, somewhat naively, that a wholesale immigration
from Germany would be interfered with if the native “claimed the
best parts of his own country for himself.” But surely a ver sacrum of
the kind contemplated is unthinkable in the case of East Africa.
It is possible that the reader may be somewhat perplexed by Dr.
Weule’s estimate—or estimates—of the native character. The
recurring contradictions apparent in various parts of his book arise
from the plan on which it is written. In the original edition, the
traveller’s narrative takes the form of letters addressed to his wife
and friends from the successive stages of his journey. This form has
been dispensed with (beyond the dates at the head of each chapter)
in translation,[1] because the personal allusions, in a foreign dress,
rather detract from than add to the interest of the narrative, and all
the more so, as they are not, in a sense, genuine, but have been
added, après coup, to impart an air of verisimilitude to the letters.
The latter, in fact, were not written from the places at which they are
dated, but were put into shape after the author’s return to Europe,
from notes made on the spot, together with extracts from actual
letters, not printed as a whole. This material, in order not to sacrifice
the freshness of first impressions, has been used very much as it
stood, and it will be noticed that, in many cases, the observations
made at different places correct and qualify one another.
I am glad to find that Dr. Weule stands up for the native in respect
of the old accusation of laziness. He shows that the people of the
Makonde Plateau, at any rate, work pretty hard (in some points, as in
their water-carrying, unnecessarily hard) for a living. He also
defends them against the charge of improvidence, making it quite
plain that they take infinite pains in storing their seed-corn for next
season, and that, if they do not save more of their crops against a
year of famine, instead of making the surplus into beer, it is because
they have, under present circumstances, absolutely no means of
keeping them. It is true that, in one passage, he seems to depreciate
the industry of native women, by comparison with the work done by
German maid-servants and farmers’ wives. But he forgets to make
allowance for the difference of climate—and, perhaps, one may be
permitted to doubt whether any human being really ought to work as
hard as most German women do in town or country.
On the whole, Dr. Weule is kindly disposed towards the native. He
does not seem entirely to have escaped the danger deprecated on p.
41—at least it strikes one that some of the (doubtless not unmerited)
castigations bestowed in the course of his pages might have been
dispensed with by the exercise of a little more patience and tact; but
he remained throughout on the best of terms with his carriers, and
appears to have parted from Moritz, Kibwana and Omari, in spite of
the trials to which they had subjected him in the exercise of their
several functions, with no ill-feeling on either side. More than once
he bears testimony to the uniform good manners of the people whose
villages he visited, and to their homely virtues—their unfailing
cheerfulness, their family affection, and their respect for parents. At
the same time, he relates various incidents calculated to leave a less
pleasant impression, though it must be remembered that the
proportion they bear to the whole of native life is probably less than
that borne by the criminal cases reported in our newspapers to the
daily life and conduct of our population in general. Dr. Weule’s stay
in Africa was surely long enough for him to see that the Bantu native
is not in general bloodthirsty or ferocious; that, on the contrary,
when not maddened by terror or resentment, he is gentle,
reasonable, and even somewhat lacking in vindictiveness compared
with other races. Yet, in the scientific report on the expedition (a
publication several times alluded to in the course of the work before
us) the author is, it seems to me, guilty of a grave injustice.
The reader will note that, on his return to the coast (see pp. 27–9),
he spent some time in studying the records of the Criminal Court at
Lindi, though he does not here tell us anything about the results of
his examination. Now these records certainly afford valuable
material for the study of social conditions; but they should be used
with discrimination. Dr. Weule does not give what is of the very first
importance, the number of criminal cases and their proportion to the
population, especially as the serious cases, which are brought for
trial to Lindi, represent the whole of an extensive province. But he
mentions two atrocities as a proof of the ignorance shown by certain
German newspapers, which “during the last two years have thought
it necessary to insist, over and over again, on the noble traits in the
negro character,” and of the “predominance of low instincts in those
sons of untamed nature” who have “an innate disposition to
violence.” One of the cases in question was that of a woman who
killed her own mother by a blow with the pestle used for pounding
corn. But it is hardly fair to place this murder on the same footing as
a crime committed out of mere brutal passion: the woman’s children
had died, and she believed her mother to have caused their death by
witchcraft. We know what horrible cruelties this belief has induced
people not otherwise depraved to commit: an instance occurred only
twelve or thirteen years ago, no further off than Clonmel. The other
case, which is certainly revolting enough, was the revenge of a
husband on a guilty wife. But both of them together prove absolutely
nothing without information which would enable us to see whether
they are to be regarded as exceptional, or as in any sense typical. The
other incident given by way of proving that violence and brutality are
“in the blood” of the native, is that of an unfortunate woman who,
unsuspiciously passing through the bush, fell in with a band of
unyago boys, and was by them seized and put into a slave-stick “out
of mere mischief and enjoyment of violence.” The comment on this is
that, unless the woman had been a stranger from a distance (who,
under ordinary circumstances would not be very likely to travel
alone), she must have known that there was an unyago in the
neighbourhood, that if she traversed the bush in that direction she
would do so at her peril, and that her trespassing on the forbidden
ground was an act of the grossest impropriety combined with
sacrilege. As for “delight in violence”—surely that, in one form or
another, is an inherent attribute of the “human boy” in every part of
the world, above all when he conceives himself to have a legitimate
excuse?
The mention of the unyago mysteries suggests a subject on which
Dr. Weule has obtained fuller information than any previous writer—
at any rate on this part of Africa. It is surprising that he should have
been able to secure so many photographs of the dances—especially
those of the women—but these only constitute the more public part
of the ceremonial. As to the instruction given to the younger
generation, he does not seem to have got beyond generalities except
in the case of the two old men who, when very drunk, began to
dictate the actual formula in use, though they did not get to the end
of it. Whether any tribal traditions, any myths, embodying the
religious ideas of a far distant past, are handed down along with such
practical teaching about life as the elders are able to give, does not
appear—but from what we know about other tribes it seems highly
probable. Among the Anyanja (Wanyasa) of Lake Nyasa, e.g., a story
accounting for the origin of that lake is told. But perhaps many of the
Makonde and Makua traditions have by this time been forgotten. It
is evident that they have led a very unsettled life for the past forty or
fifty years, besides being decimated by the slave-trade. (This
circumstance, by the by, should always be remembered in connection
with Dr. Weule’s pictures of native life, which leave a painfully
squalid impression. I am far from wishing to idealize the “state of
nature”; but neither the Zulus, nor the Anyanja, nor the Yaos of the
Shire Highlands are so ignorant and careless of hygiene or so
neglectful of their babies as the poor women of Chingulungulu and
Masasi are represented by him to be.)
These “mysteries” are universal—or practically so—among the
Bantu tribes of Africa, and no doubt most others as well. Usually they
are spoken of as an unmixed evil, which Christian missionaries do all
in their power to combat, and some are not backward in calling out
for the civil power (in countries under British administration) to put
them down. The subject is a difficult and far-reaching one, and
cannot adequately be discussed here. My own conviction, which I
only give for what it is worth, is that it is a great mistake to interfere
with an institution of this sort, unless, perhaps, when the people
themselves are ceasing to believe in it, in which case there is danger
of its becoming a mere excuse for immorality. Otherwise, even the
features which to our feelings seem most revolting are entwined with
beliefs rooted in a conception of nature, which only the gradual
advance of knowledge can modify or overthrow. And we must
remember that the problem which these poor people have tried to
solve in their own way is one which presses hardly on civilized
nations as well. Parents and teachers have discovered the evil of
keeping the young in ignorance, or leaving them to discover for
themselves the realities of life; but many of them appear helplessly
perplexed as to the best way of imparting that instruction.
As regards missions, Dr. Weule has not very much to say, but I am
sorry to find that he cannot refrain from the cheap sneer about
“Christianity not suiting the native,” which seems to be fashionable
in some quarters. It seems to be a mere obiter dictum on his part—
perhaps unthinkingly adopted from others—for he brings no
arguments in support of his view, beyond remarking that Islam suits
the African much better, as it does not interfere with his freedom.
But some excuse may be found for those who hold that view in the
erroneous conceptions of Christianity which have prompted various
mistakes on the part of missionaries. It is quite true that such or such
a system of complicated doctrinal belief, the product of long ages and
a special environment, may not suit the African. It is also true that, if
Christianity means Europeanisation—if it means that the African is
to be made over into a bad imitation of an Englishman or German—it
is impossible that it should gain any real hold on him. But it is no
exaggeration to say that no people on earth are more capable—many
are not so capable—of appreciating and acting on the spirit of the
Gospel, of simple love and trust in the Eternal Goodness and
goodwill towards their fellow-men.
The question is a wide one, which cannot be fully discussed within
these limits. Missionaries have often made mistakes and acted
injudiciously; they have in some cases done serious harm, not from
failure to act up to their principles, but from error in those very
principles and a fatal fidelity to them. They may have interfered
between chiefs and people, and broken down customs better left
alone, or may unwittingly have encouraged the wrong sort of
converts by welcoming all and sundry, including fugitives from
justice or people discontented with their home surroundings for
reasons quite unconnected with high spiritual aspirations. Or again,
they may incur blame for the deficiencies of alleged converts who,
after honouring the mission with their presence for a time, depart
(usually under a cloud) and victimise the first European who can be
induced to employ them.
But there is another side to the matter. A man—whether
consciously a follower of the Nietzschean doctrine or not—who
thinks that “the lower races” exist to supply him with labour on his
own terms, is naturally impatient of a religion which upholds the
claims of the weak, and recognizes the status of man as man. Hinc
illæ lacrymæ, in a good many cases. Honestly, I do not think this is
Dr. Weule’s view. But I cannot quite get rid of the suspicion that he
was repeating what he had heard from a planter, and that it was, in
strict accuracy, the planter’s convenience, and not the native, that
Christianity failed to “suit.” Anyone who has read a certain pamphlet
by Dr. Oetker, or Herr von St. Paul Illaire’s Caveant Consules, or
Herr Woldemar Schütze’s Schwarz gegen Weiss will not think this
remark too strong.
It would be deplorable, indeed, if those writers had to be taken as
typifying the spirit of German colonial administration in Africa, or
indeed anywhere else. But I do not think we have any right to
suppose that this is so. There has been, I think, too much militarism
—and very brutal militarism, in some cases—in that administration;
but this is an evil which appears to be diminishing. There is a
tendency, perhaps, to worry the native with over-minute government
regulations, which, no doubt, will as time goes on be corrected by
experience. And there is no lack of humane and able rulers who bring
to their task the same conscientious, patient labour which their
countrymen have bestowed on scientific research; who are trained
for their posts with admirable care and thoroughness, and grudge no
amount of trouble to understand and do justice to the people under
their care. They shall in no wise lose their reward.
A. WERNER.
CAPE GUARDAFUI
Native Life in East Africa
CHAPTER I
OUTWARD BOUND