Unit A: Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things

Chapter 1: Cells are the basic units of life and often combine with other cells to form
tissues1
Plant vs. Animal Cells (Organelles and Differences):
Plant Cells:
● Plant cells have chloroplasts for photosynthesis,
● A cell wall for rigidity
● large central vacuoles for storage.
Animal Cells:
● Animal cells have lysosomes for digestion
● Centrioles for cell division
● Small, multiple vacuoles.
Identifying Parts of a Microscope:

Magnification Calculations:
● Total magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the
eyepiece by that of the objective lens in use.
The Cell Cycle:
● The cell cycle consists of Interphase: Prepares the cell for division
through growth and DNA replication.
● Mitosis: Divides the cell's nucleus into two identical daughter nuclei.
● Cytokinesis: Separates the cell into two daughter cells, each with its own
organelles and cytoplasm .
Interphase:
● Interphase involves G1 (cell growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2
(preparation for mitosis).
Mitosis:
● Prophase: Chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope breaks down,
and spindle fibers form.
● Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equator, ensuring precise
positioning for separation.
● Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart and move to opposite poles,
ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes.
● Telophase: Separated chromatids reach opposite poles, and nuclear
envelopes reform. This marks the near completion of nucleus division,
preceding cytokinesis.
Apoptosis:
● Apoptosis is programmed cell death to eliminate damaged or
unnecessary cells.
Cancer Cells vs. Normal Cells:
● Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled growth and tumor formation, while
normal cells follow the cell cycle and have growth control mechanisms.
Regeneration:
● Regeneration is the ability of certain organisms to replace lost or
damaged body parts, more common in some animals.
Animal Tissue vs. Plant Tissues:
● Animal tissues include epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous
tissues.
● Plant tissues include dermal, ground, and vascular tissues.
Chapter 2: An organ consists of groups of tissues and works with other organs to form
organ systems.
What is an Organ?
● An organ is a structure comprising different tissues that work together to
perform specific bodily functions.
Main Animal Organs and Their Functions:
● Skin: Protection and temperature regulation.
● Lungs: Gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
● Heart: Pumping blood through the circulatory system.
● Stomach: Digestion of food.
● Intestines: Nutrient absorption from digested food.
Main Plant Organs and Their Functions:
● Roots: Water and nutrient absorption, securing the plant.
● Leaf: Photosynthesis (food production using light energy).
● Stem: Support and transport of water, nutrients, and food.
● Flower: Reproduction.
Organ Systems:
● Organ systems are groups of organs working together for complex
functions (e.g., digestive, circulatory, respiratory systems).
Interdependence of Organs and Homeostasis:
● Organs within systems depend on each other to maintain bodily
functions and homeostasis (stable internal environment).
Chapter 3: Advances in Biological Technologies Have an Impact on Individuals and
Society.
What is Medical Imaging?
● Medical imaging is the use of techniques to visualize the interior of the
body for diagnostic and treatment purposes.
Types of Medical Imaging:
● X-ray: Bone and tissue imaging, fluoroscopy for real-time video,
radiotherapy for cancer treatment.
● Ultrasound: Uses sound waves for imaging.
● CT Scans: Combine X-rays and computers for detailed cross-sectional
images.
● MRIs: Use magnetic fields and radio waves for soft tissue imaging.
Factors in Diagnosis and Treatment:
● Diagnosis involves medical history, physical examination, laboratory
tests, and medical imaging.
● Treatment considerations include disease type, stage, patient health, and
available therapies.
Public Health Strategies:
● Prevention Programs: Promote healthy behaviors and reduce risk factors.
● Immunization Programs: Prevent the spread of vaccine-preventable
diseases.
● Smoke-Free Environments: Reduce secondhand smoke exposure.
● Screening Programs: Detect diseases early (e.g., cancer screenings,
genetic testing).
Gene Therapy vs. Cloning vs. Transgenic Techniques:
● Gene Therapy: Introduces or alters genes for disease treatment.
● Cloning: Creates genetically identical organisms.
● Transgenic Techniques: Introduce genes from one species into another's
genome.