PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Presented by: Group 5

Cooper Kimberly
Duria, Cecil
COVID-19
Letargo Rolaine
Moscoso, Divine Grace
H1N1
Ragos, Diane
Villon, Arra Khyla
HEPATITIS
COVID-19
 CORONA VIRUS DISEASE 2019
The highly infectious respiratory disease COVID-19 is caused by a novel
coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This virus, which was first identified in
December 2019 in Wuhan, China, is thought to have started in bats and
may have spread to people via an intermediate host—possibly an animal
sold at a seafood market in Wuhan—where the initial cases originated.
Although COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system, it can also
affect other body systems and organs, leading to consequences such
blood clotting troubles, heart problems, renal impairment, and
neurological difficulties.
 SARS-CoV-2

Non-Modifiable Modifiable
Personal Hygiene Practice Age
Social Distancing Measures Gender
Compliance with public health Ethnicity
guidelines and regulations

Clinical Manifestation PATHOGENESIS Treatment and Management

Common Symptoms Severe Cases Supportive Care Complicated cases
Fever or Chills Pneumonia Rest Immunomodulatory drugs
Virus entry into the host body through
Cough Hydration Plasma exchange therapy
Shortness of Breath Critical Cases respiratory droplets OTC medications for fever and pain
Difficulty of Breathing Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ↓ Vaccinations
Fatigue Myocardial Injury Medical Interventions
ACE2 Receptor
Loss of taste or smell Heart Failure
Oxygen therapy
Muscle aches Acute Kidney Injury Interaction
Steroids (dexamethasone),
Sore throat ↓ Antiviral drugs (remdesivir)
Gastrointestinal symptoms
(nausea or Diarrhea)
Viral Replication and local propagation Mechanical ventilation.
↓
Immune Response
↓
Cytokine Storm
Diagnosis ↓ Pneumonia Complications
Reverse- Transcription ARDS
Polymerase Chain Reaction Lung Damage Thromboembolic events -deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and
(RT-PCR Test) ↓ pulmonary embolism (PE)
Systemic Effects Multiorgan dysfunction and failure- cardiac injury, acute
Chest X-ray
kidney injury, and liver dysfunction
High- resolution CT
Prognosis Secondary bacterial or fungal infections -Sepsis
Serology Antibody testing Most individuals recover from COVID-19, but severity varies widely. Neurological complications- stroke, encephalopathy, and
Older adults and those with underlying health conditions face higher anosmia (loss of smell)
risks of severe illness, hospitalization, and death. The global case Long COVID ( fatigue, brain fog, and respiratory issues)
fatality rate is around 2.2%, with higher mortality among older
patients and those with conditions like diabetes, obesity, and severe
ARDS
 ETIOLOGY

SARS-CoV-2
(Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2)
 PREDISPOSING FACTORS

Modifiable Factors: Non-Modifiable Factors:

1. Personal Hygiene Practice

2. Social Distancing Measures 1. Age
3. Compliance with public health 2. Gender
guidelines and regulations 3. Ethnicity
 PATHOGENESIS
ACE2 Receptor Viral Replication and local
Virus entry into the host body Immune Response
Interaction propagation
through respiratory droplets

Systemic Effects Cytokine Storm

Lung Damage
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Common Symptoms
Fever or Chills
Cough
Shortness of Breath
Difficulty of Breathing
Fatigue
Loss of taste or smell
Muscle aches
Sore throat
Gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea or Diarrhea)

Severe Cases
Pneumonia

Critical Cases
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Myocardial Injury
Heart Failure
Acute Kidney Injury
 DIAGNOSIS

Reverse- Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR Test)

Chest X-ray
High- resolution CT
Serology Antibody testing
TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Supportive Care
Rest
Hydration
OTC medications for fever and pain

Medical Interventions
Oxygen therapy
Steroids (dexamethasone),
Antiviral drugs (remdesivir)
Mechanical ventilation.

Complicated cases
Immunomodulatory drugs
Plasma exchange therapy

Vaccinations
 COMPLICATIONS
Pneumonia
ARDS
Thromboembolic events
-deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE)
Multiorgan dysfunction and failure
- cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, and liver dysfunction
Secondary bacterial or fungal infections
-Sepsis
Neurological complications
- stroke, encephalopathy, and anosmia (loss of smell)
Long COVID
( fatigue, brain fog, and respiratory issues)
 PROGNOSIS

Most individuals recover from COVID-19, but severity varies widely.

Older adults and those with underlying health conditions face higher
risks of severe illness, hospitalization, and death. The global case
fatality rate is around 2.2%, with higher mortality among older patients
and those with conditions like diabetes, obesity, and severe ARDS

Instruments Equipment Protection and security

 H1N1
INFUENZA A VIRUS

Non-Modifiable Modifiable
Living or work conditions
Age Weakened Immune System
Pregnancy
Sex
Obesity
Aspirin use under age 19
Chronic illness

Clinical Manifestation
PATHOGENESIS Management
Under complicated disease manifest
Fever
Headache
Upper respiratory tract symptoms Virus enters the body Vaccination
( cough, sore throat, rhinorrhea)
Myalgia
Enter cell in the respiratory Antiviral Medications
Fatigue tract
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Replicates inside the cells
Leaves host cell in search for
another
Diagnosis
Host cells dies Complications
Polymerase chain Pneumonia
reaction PRC Test Respiratoy Failure
Rapid Influenza Bronchitis
Diagnostic Test (RIDT) Muscle Tenderness
Prognosis
Most people recover from fever and other symptoms within
Bacterial Infections
a week without requiring medical attention. However,
influenza can cause severe illness or death, especially in
people high at risk.
THANK YOU!