Etiology

Complex

Predisposing Factor:: Non- Modifiable

Predisposing Factor:: Modifiable
• Occupation • Gender
• Geography • Age
• Climate conditions • Hereditary
• Diet and fluid intake • Infections

PATHOGENESIS
Hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia, UTI, genetic
defect in cystine transport

Imbalance between degree of supersaturation of ions forming

the stones and the concentration of inhibitor in the urine

Deposition of crystals, alkaline or acidity of urinary pH

and low urinary volume

Renal stone formation

 Clinical Manifestation
• Renal Colic
• Pain in lower abdominal quadrant, b ladder area, perineum or scrotum in
man
• Cool and clammy skin
• Nausea and vomiting
• Non colicky pain

Diagnosis
• Symptomatology
• Diagnostic Test
• Urinalysis
• Plain film radiography
• Intravenous pyelography
• Abdominal ultrasonography

Treatment and Management Complications

• Pain relief • Acute renal failure secondary to Prognosis
• Antibiotic therapy obstruction • 80% pass spontaneously
• Adequate fluid intake • Anuria • 20 % require hospital admission
• Dietary modifications • UTI with renal obstruction or intervention
• Diuretics • Sepsis
• Measures to change in urine pH • Renal scarring
 Etiology
• Polymicrobial infection
• Chlamydia or Gonorrhea

Predisposing Factor:: Non- Modifiable

• Gender (Female)
Predisposing Factor:: Modifiable • Age (16-24)
• History of multiple sexual partners • Nulliparity
• Previous history of PID

PATHOGENESIS

Multiply rapidly and causes the infection to spread

Organisms proceed to one or both fallopian tube, ovaries into the pelvis
and the infection tend to be bilateral

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Infection can cause peri-hepatic inflammation

When the organism invades the peritoneum
 In rare cases, the infection spread through the blood
stream from the lungs

Clinical Manifestation
• Lower abdominal pain
• Dyspareunia
• Back pain
• Purulent cervical discharge
• Presence of adnexal tenderness and exquisitely painful cervix on bimanual pelvic examination Complications
• Ectopic pregnancy
• Chronic pain
• Long-term scarring and blockage of the
Treatment and fallopian tube
Diagnosis Management • Infertility
• Laparoscopy • Hospitalization with intravenous • Tubo -ovarian abscess
administration of antibiotics
• Antibiotic therapy

Prognosis
• PID has high morbidity
• 20of affected women become infertile, 40 %
develop chronic pelvic pain and 1% of those
who conceive have an ectopic pregnancy
 Etiology
Unknown

Predisposing Factor: Modifiable Predisposing Factor: Non- Modifiable

• Obesity • Age
• Physical Activity • Gender
• Diet • Ethnicity
• Lifestyle • Genes
• Hormones

PATHOGENESIS

Due to etiological factors like aging

Decrease testosterone level

Testosterone converted into Dihydroxy testosterone

Dihydroxy testosterone accumulated in stromal cell of

prostate

Enlargement of prostate
 Obstruction of urine flow

Clinical Manifestation
• Urinary Frequency
• Urinary Urgency
• Weak or interrupted urine steam
• Nocturia
Complications
• Dribbling at the end of urination • Urinary retention (acute and chronic)
• Hematuria
• UTI
Diagnosis • Bladder stones
• History and physical examination Treatment and Management • Bladder wall damage
• Digital rectal examination • Surgery (when severe signs occurs)
• Renal dysfunction
• Urinalysis • Transurethral prostatectomy (TURP)
• Incontinence and erectile dysfunction
• Blood tests for serum creatinine and • Watchful waiting
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) • Medications
• Urine flow rate

Prognosis
Early treatment and appropriate management
shows good prognosis