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further development; (3) a shell surrounding the germ cell and
vitelline cells, and provided at one end with a cap or operculum. The
eggs escape from the uterus of the adult through the vulva, are
carried to the intestine of the host with the bile, then pass through
the intestines with the contents of the latter, and are expelled from
the host with the fæcal matter. Many of them become dried, and then
undergo no further development; but others are naturally dropped in
the water in marshes, or, being dropped on dry ground, they are
washed into water by the rain, or are carried to a more favourable
position by the feet of animals pasturing or passing through the
fields. After a longer or shorter period of incubation, which varies
with the temperature, a ciliated embryo (miracidium) is developed.
At a temperature of 20° to 26° C. the miracidium may be formed in
ten days to three weeks; at a temperature of 16° C. the development
takes two to three months; at 38° C. it ceases entirely. Experiments
have shown that as long as these eggs remain in the dark the
miracidium will not escape from the egg-shell; accordingly it will not
escape during the night. When exposed to the light, however, or
when suddenly brought into contact with cold water, the organism
bursts the cap from the egg-shell, crawls through the opening, and
becomes a—
Fig. 148.—Embryo of the Fig. 149.—Sporocyst of the
common liver fluke common liver fluke which has
(Fasciola hepatica), developed from the embryo, and
boring into a snail. × 370. contains germinal cells. × 200.
(After Thomas, 1883, p. (After Leuckart, 1889, p. 109, Fig.
285, Fig. 4.) 67 B.)
Fig. 150.—Sporocyst of the
common liver fluke, somewhat
older than that of Fig. 149, in
which the germinal cells are
giving rise to rediæ. × 200.
(After Leuckart, 1889, p. 109,
Fig. 67 C.)
From the above we see that this parasite runs through three
generations, namely:
(1.) Ovum, miracidium, and sporocyst ... first generation.
(2.) Redia ... second generation.
(3.) Cercaria and adult ... third generation.
During this curious development, which lasts about ten to twelve
weeks, there is a constant potential increase in the number of
individuals, for each sporocyst may give rise to several (five to eight)
rediæ, each redia to a larger number (twelve to twenty) cercariæ, and
each adult to an enormous number (37,000 to 45,000) of eggs. This
unusual fertility of the parasite is necessary because of the
complicated life history and the comparatively small chance any one
egg has of completing the entire cycle.
Hosts. An interesting and, from an agricultural standpoint, an
important matter connected with this fluke is that it is found in a
large number (about twenty-five) of domesticated and wild animals,
and this fact probably explains to some degree the wide geographical
distribution of the parasite.