BONES ● Short bone

● Form through ossification, ○ Calcaneus

enlarge though interstitial and
appositional growth
● 206 bones INSIDE BONE
○ Axial = 80 bones ● Blood vessels
○ Appendicular = 126 ○ Nourish bone
● Active tissue ● Compact bone
● 22% water ○ Gets strength, hard shell
● Extremely strong, lightweight, like tissue
flexible structure ● Periosteum
● Able to repair itself ○ Fibrous Membrane
● Thickens, strengthen area with
extra stress
SKELETAL SYSTEM
● Support
AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR ● Storage of mineral and lipids
● Blood cell production
Axial Appendicular ● Protection
● Leverage
80 bones Upper Lower
64 bones 62 bones

Skull, Shoulder, Hips, BONE CELL TYPES

vertebral arm, Legs, ● Osteogenic cell
(Spinal) Wrist, Ankles, ○ Stem cell, develop into
column, hand feet osteoblast
sternum ● Osteoblast
○ Forms bone tissue
● Osteocyte
○ Maintain bone tissue
BONE SHAPES
● Osteoclast
○ Restoration
● Flat bone
○ Destruction of bone
○ large surface attach to
matrix
muscles
○ (e.g., Parietal)
● Long bone
PERIOSTEUM & ENDOSTEUM
○ Work like lever
○ (e.g., Femur)
● Sesamoid Bone
○ Embedded w/ tendons
○ (e.g., patella)
● Irregular bone
○ (e.g., sphenoid)
Periosteum Endosteum
Fibrous layer, Osteoclast, bone
Cellular layer matrix,
osteocyte,
osteogenic cell,
osteoid,
osteoblast
Bone ossification,
- also known as osteogenesis, is
the process by which new bone
is formed. It's a vital process
that begins in the womb and
continues throughout our lives,
albeit at a slower rate after
reaching adulthood.
Ossification allows our bones to
grow, repair themselves from
fractures, and adapt to the
stresses placed upon them.
responsible for the formation of
the flat bones of the skull, the
clavicle (collarbone), and the
mandible (lower jaw).
● Endochondral ossification:
This type of ossification involves
the replacement of hyaline
cartilage with bone tissue. Most
of our bones are formed
through this process, including
the long bones of our limbs, the
vertebrae of our spine, and our
ribs. Endochondral ossification
starts with a scaffold made of
hyaline cartilage. Over time, this
cartilage is gradually broken
down and replaced by bone
tissue.
BONE BONE
COMPOSITION CONTAINS
Calcium 39 % 99% of the body’s

Potassium 0.2 % 4% of the body’s

ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
● During development most bone Sodium 0.7 % 35% of the body’s
originate as hyaline cartilages Magnesium 0.4 % 50% of the body’s
● Cells in the inner layer of the
pm perichondrium differentiate Carbonate 9.7 % 80% of the body’s
into osteoblasts
Phosphate 17 % 99% of the body’s

INTRAMEMBRANOUS Organic Compound 33%

OSSIFICATION
● Fibrous connective tissue is
replaced by bone begins SEMIMORABLE JOINTS
● Pubic symphysis
● Bones linked by fibrous tissue
There are two main types of bone
ossification: or cartilage

● Intramembranous FIXED JOINT

ossification: This type of ● Suture
ossification directly converts a ● Brains suture allows the brain
special type of connective tissue
to grow & expanse, loosely
called mesenchymal tissue into
bone. This process is attach
 ● SADDLE JOINTS (Thumb)
JOINTS ○ Concave & convex areas,
- two bones linked together both surface
- 300 joints ○ Can back & forth, side by
side
○ w/ limited rotation

● ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT (forearm

radius bone meet wrist scaphoid
○ Ovoid (egg shaped) bone
end
○ Ellipsoidal cavity
○ Flexed & moved side to
side, rotation is limited

● PIVOT JOINT (neck , cervical)

○ Allow to move side to
side
○ The ring turns around

● HINGE JOINT (elbow)

○ Allow to & fro movement
○ Mainly 1 plane

● GLIDING JOINT (tarsal, ankle,

carpal, wrist)
○ Flat & slide over one
another
○ Limited move by
ligament

● BALL AND SOCKET (Shoulder,

hips)
○ Ball shape head of one
bone fits cup like bone
cavity
○ Widest range of
movement