1.

Introduction:-
1.1-Distillation is defined as:-
a process in which a liquid or vapour mixture of two or more substances is
separated into its component fractions of desired purity, by the application
and removal of heat.

Distillation is based on the fact that the vapour of a boiling mixture will be
richer in the components that have lower boiling points.

Therefore, when this vapour is cooled and condensed, the condensate will
contain more volatile components. At the same time, the original mixture
will contain more of the less volatile material.

1.2-TYPES OF DISTILLATION COLUMNS:-

There are many types of distillation columns, each designed to perform
specific types of separations, and each design differs in terms of complexity.

1.2.1-Batch and Continuous Columns:-

One way of classifying distillation column type is to look at how they are
operated. Thus we have:

A.Batch Columns

In batch operation, the feed to the column is introduced batch-wise. That is,
the column is charged with a 'batch' and then the distillation process is
carried out. When the desired task is achieved, a next batch of feed is
introduced.

B.Continuous Columns
In contrast, continuous columns process a continuous feed stream. No
interruptions occur unless there is a problem with the column or surrounding
process units. They are capable of handling high throughputs and are the
most common of the two types. We shall concentrate only on this class of
columns.

1.2.2-Types of Continuous Columns:-

Continuous columns can be further classified according to:

The nature of the feed that they are processing,

 binary column - feed contains only two components

 multi-component column - feed contains more than two components

The number of product streams they have

 multi-product column - column has more than two product streams

where the extra feed exits when it is used to help with the separation,

 extractive distillation - where the extra feed appears in the bottom

product stream
 azeotropic distillation - where the extra feed appears at the top product
stream

The type of column internals

 tray column - where trays of various designs are used to hold up the
liquid to provide better contact between vapour and liquid, hence
better separation
 packed column - where instead of trays, 'packings' are used to enhance
contact between vapour and liquid.

1.3-The purpose of the experiment:-

specializes modular process systems for solvent recovery, product
purification, organic chemical separations, renewable energy
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 production, steam stripping, polysilicon polysilicon production and
environmental applications.
2.BASIC DISTILLATION
EQUIPMENT AND OPERATION:-
Main Components of Distillation Columns:-
Distillation columns are made up of several components, each of
which is used either to tranfer heat energy or enhance materail transfer.
A typical distillation contains several major components:
 a vertical shell where the separation of liquid components is carried out
 column internals such as trays/plates and/or packings which are used to
enhance component separations
 a reboiler to provide the necessary vaporisation for the distillation
process
 a condenser to cool and condense the vapour leaving the top of the
column
 a reflux drum to hold the condensed vapour from the top of the column
so that liquid (reflux) can be recycled back to the column

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 Basic Operation and Terminology:-
The liquid mixture that is to be processed is known as the feed and this is
introduced usually somewhere near the middle of the column to
a tray known as the feed tray. The feed tray divides the column into a top
(enriching or rectification) section and a bottom (stripping) section. The feed
flows down the column where it is collected at the bottom in the reboiler.

Heat is supplied to the reboiler to generate

vapour. The source of heat input can
be any suitable fluid, although in
most chemical plants this is
normally steam. In refineries, the
heating source may be the output
streams of other columns. The
vapour raised in the reboiler is re-
introduced into the unit at the bottom of the column. The liquid removed
from the reboiler is known as the bottoms product or simply, bottoms.

The vapour moves up the column, and as it exits the top of the unit, it is
cooled by a condenser. The condensed liquid is stored in a holding vessel
known as thereflux drum. Some of this liquid is recycled back to the top of
the column and this is called the reflux. The condensed liquid that is
removed from the system is known as the distillate ortop product.

Thus, there are internal flows of vapour and liquid within the column as well
asexternal flows of feeds and product streams, into and out of the column.

COLUMN REBOILERS

There are a number of designs of reboilers. It is beyond the

scope of this set of introductory notes to delve into their
design principles. However, they can be regarded as heat-
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exchangers that are required to transfer enough energy to bring the liquid at
the bottom of the column to boiling boint.

3.Relative Volatility
Relative volatility is a measure of the differences in volatility between 2
components, and hence their boiling points. It indicates how easy or difficult
a particular separation will be. The relative volatility of component ‘A’ with
respect to component ‘B’ is defined as
α AB=α A /α B

α A The volatility of materail A.

α B The volatility of materail B.

α AB The relative volatility of materail A to materail B .

4.Result and calculation:-

Tc ° PA PB XA YA α

80 760 300 1 1 2.533333333

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 84 852 333 0.823 0.922626316
2.558558559
88 957 379.5 0.659 0.829819737
2.52173913
92 1078 432 0.508 0.720557895
2.49537037
96 1204 492.5 0.376 0.595663158
2.444670051
100 1344 559 0.256 0.452715789
2.404293381
104 1495 625 0.155 0.304901316 2.392
108 7059 704.5 0.008 0.074
10.01987225
110 1748 760 0 0
2.3

( P−P B )
X A=
(P A −P B)

PA XA
Y A=
P

α =P A /P B

P=760mmHg

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 1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
YA

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

XA