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PDF A Dictionary of Biology 8th Edition Robert Hine All Chapter
PDF A Dictionary of Biology 8th Edition Robert Hine All Chapter
Robert Hine
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CHAPTER VII.
ARMY RATIONS: WHAT THEY WERE.—HOW
THEY WERE DISTRIBUTED.—HOW THEY WERE
COOKED.
The Mikado.
Now, as to the quality the case is not quite so clear, but still the
picture has been often overdrawn. There were, it is true, large
quantities of stale beef or salt horse—as the men were wont to call it
—served out, and also rusty, unwholesome pork; and I presume the
word “hardtack” suggests to the uninitiated a piece of petrified bread
honeycombed with bugs and maggots, so much has this article of
army diet been reviled by soldier and civilian. Indeed, it is a rare
occurrence for a soldier to allude to it, even at this late day, without
some reference to its hardness, the date of its manufacture, or its
propensity for travel. But in spite of these unwholesome rations,
whose existence no one calls in question, of which I have seen—I
must not say eaten—large quantities, I think the government did
well, under the circumstances, to furnish the soldiers with so good a
quality of food as they averaged to receive. Unwholesome rations
were not the rule, they were the exception, and it was not the fault of
the government that these were furnished, but very often the intent
of the rascally, thieving contractors who supplied them, for which
they received the price of good rations; or, perhaps, of the
inspectors, who were in league with the contractors, and who
therefore did not always do their duty. No language can be too
strong to express the contempt every patriotic man, woman, and
child must feel for such small-souled creatures, many of whom are
to-day rolling in the riches acquired in this way and other ways
equally disreputable and dishonorable.
I will now give a complete list of the rations served out to the rank
and file, as I remember them. They were salt pork, fresh beef, salt
beef, rarely ham or bacon, hard bread, soft bread, potatoes, an
occasional onion, flour, beans, split pease, rice, dried apples, dried
peaches, desiccated vegetables, coffee, tea, sugar, molasses,
vinegar, candles, soap, pepper, and salt.
It is scarcely necessary to state that these were not all served out
at one time. There was but one kind of meat served at once, and
this, to use a Hibernianism, was usually pork. When it was hard
bread, it wasn’t soft bread or flour, and when it was pease or beans it
wasn’t rice.
I will speak of the rations more in detail, beginning with the hard
bread, or, to use the name by which it was known in the Army of the
Potomac, Hardtack. What was hardtack? It was a plain flour-and-
water biscuit. Two which I have in my possession as mementos
measure three and one-eighth by two and seven-eighths inches, and
are nearly half an inch thick. Although these biscuits were furnished
to organizations by weight, they were dealt out to the men by
number, nine constituting a ration in some regiments, and ten in
others; but there were usually enough for those who wanted more,
as some men would not draw them. While hardtack was nutritious,
yet a hungry man could eat his ten in a short time and still be hungry.
When they were poor and fit objects for the soldiers’ wrath, it was
due to one of three conditions: First, they may have been so hard
that they could not be bitten; it then required a very strong blow of
the fist to break them. The cause of this hardness it would be difficult
for one not an expert to determine. This variety certainly well
deserved their name. They could not be soaked soft, but after a time
took on the elasticity of gutta-percha.
A HARD-TACK—FULL SIZE.
A BOX OF HARDTACK.
When General Lyon heard the men singing these stanzas in their
tents, he is said to have been moved by them to the extent of
ordering the cook to serve up corn-meal mush, for a change, when
the song received the following alteration:—
The name hardtack seems not to have been in general use among
the men in the Western armies.
But I now pass to consider the other bread ration—the loaf or soft
bread. Early in the war the ration of flour was served out to the men
uncooked; but as the eighteen ounces allowed by the government
more than met the needs of the troops, who at that time obtained
much of their living from outside sources (to be spoken of hereafter),
it was allowed, as they innocently supposed, to be sold for the
benefit of the Company Fund, already referred to. Some
organizations drew, on requisition, ovens, semi-cylindrical in form,
which were properly set in stone, and in these regimental cooks or
bakers baked bread for the regiment. But all of this was in the
tentative period of the war. As rapidly as the needs of the troops
pressed home to the government, they were met with such despatch
and efficiency as circumstances would permit. For a time, in 1861,
the vaults under the broad terrace on the western front of the Capitol
were converted into bakeries, where sixteen thousand loaves of
bread were baked daily. The chimneys from the ovens pierced the
terrace where now the freestone pavement joins the grassy slope,
and for months smoke poured out of these in dense black volumes.
The greater part of the loaves supplied to the Army of the Potomac
up to the summer of 1864 were baked in Washington, Alexandria,
and at Fort Monroe, Virginia. The ovens at the latter place had a
capacity of thirty thousand loaves a day. But even with all these
sources worked to their uttermost, brigade commissaries were
obliged to set up ovens near their respective depots, to eke out
enough bread to fill orders. These were erected on the sheltered
side of a hill or woods, then enclosed in a stockade, and the whole
covered with old canvas.
AN ARMY OVEN.
When the army reached the vicinity of Petersburg, the supply of
fresh loaves became a matter of greater difficulty and delay, which
Grant immediately obviated by ordering ovens built at City Point. A
large number of citizen bakers were employed to run them night and
day, and as a result one hundred and twenty-three thousand fresh
loaves were furnished the army daily from this single source; and so
closely did the delivery of these follow upon the manipulations of the
bakers that the soldiers quite frequently received them while yet
warm from the oven. Soft bread was always a very welcome change
from hard bread; yet, on the other hand, I think the soldiers tired
sooner of the former than of the latter. Men who had followed the sea
preferred the hard bread. Jeffersonville, in Southern Indiana, was the
headquarters from which bread was largely supplied to the Western
armies.
SOFT BREAD.