CRITICAL BOOK REVIEW

“BASIC NUCLEAR”

Created by:
Fadhilla Ananda (4203121054)
PESP 20

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
FACULTY OF MATEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCE
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2024
 Table of Contents
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................................................ 3
1.1 Rationalization of The Importance CBR.................................................................................. 3
1.2 Problem Formulation .............................................................................................................. 3
1.3 The Purpose of Writing a Critical Book Review ...................................................................... 3
1.4 Book Identity .......................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II........................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Summary of Book 1 ................................................................................................................ 5
2.2 Summary of Book 2 ................................................................................................................ 5
CHAPTER III ......................................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Discussion of Book 1 .............................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Discussion of Book 2 .............................................................................................................. 8
3.3 Implication ....................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER IV ......................................................................................................................................... 9
4.1 Conclusion..................................................................................................................................... 9
4.2 Suggestion ..................................................................................................................................... 9
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................... 10
ATTACHMENT ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

1.1 Rationalization of The Importance CBR

Nowadays, we as students already know that there are many books circulating, both
in the market and in bookstores. However, among all the books, not all of them meet the
applicable rules. In the sense that not everything sold in the market is good and suitable as
a guide for us, especially students. We still find many books circulating in the market that
are not as desired, both in terms of content, language and benefits. Moreover, the book is a
guide for us to learn if it is not in accordance with our lessons or contrary to our lessons, it
will be difficult later. For example, the selection of books for CBR assignments, if the
books we choose are arbitrary, the results of the CBR we are doing will be random. So on
this occasion the author will make a paper that contains criticism of a book and in this case
the author will criticize the education management book.
The author chose this book as a book report is that this book provides an
understanding of the earth's layers, especially the lithosphere, where this book contains
everything related to the layers of the earth. Another reason is because this book is complete
and fulfills the requirements as material used in lectures.
The author's CBR making skills can test the ability to summarize, understand and
analyze a book and compare the analyzed book with other books. By making CBR writers
can recognize, rate and criticize a written work that is analyzed. Comparing two or more
books, the author will be able to find the strengths and weaknesses of a book and get more
competent information.

1.2 Problem Formulation

1. What is the content of the first book?
2. What is the content of the second book?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the two books?

1.3 The Purpose of Writing a Critical Book Review

1. Knowing the information about the topic contained in the main book.
2. Knowing the information about the topic contained in the second book.
3. Find out the advantages and disadvantages of the two books.
1.4 Book Identity
 First Book (Main)
A. Tittle : Indonesia Pusat Gravitasi Industri Baterai Dunia
B. Edition : 1st edition
C. Author : Cyrillus Harinowo dan Ika Maya Sari
D. Publisher : Gramedia Pustaka Utama
E. City of publication : Jakarta
F. Year of publication : 2023

 Second Book (Comparison)

A. Tittle : Engineering In Medicine
B. Edition : 1st edition
C. Author : M.Scaldach, S.Furman
D. Publisher : Springer Berlin Heidelberg
E. City of publication : New York
F. Year of publication : 2013
G. ISBN : 9783642661877
 CHAPTER II
SUMMARY OF BOOK CONTENTS

2.1 Summary of Book 1

Nuclear batteries are a device that converts radiation energy emitted by the natural decay of
radioisotopes into electrical energy for long-lasting electricity supplies and requires a pragmatic
shift towards realizing cleaner, safer and renewable energy sources. The conversion of radiation
energy into electrical energy is not new, nuclear battery technology began in 1913 when Henry
Moseley, an English physicist, first demonstrated beta cells using radium as a radioactive source
(Moseley, 1913). Natural radioactivity produces enough particle energy to produce electrical
energy. The power produced by a nuclear battery ultimately comes from the energy released by
radioisotopes, similar to a nuclear reactor. Radioisotope-based nuclear reactors utilize heat
generated from the spontaneous decay of radioactive materials into non-radioactive materials.
One type of nuclear battery is a betavoltaic battery. This betavoltaic battery uses beta decay. Beta
decay is a radioactive decay process in which the nuclear charge changes but the number of
nucleons remains the same. Production of negative beta and positive beta.
Selection of appropriate radioisotopes for use in nuclear batteries is critical to their acceptance and
use. Characteristics of radioisotope materials selected for nuclear batteries include long half-life,
radiation decay energy, production method, low radiation emissions and generation of other
radiation by the emitted energy. Radioisotopes must be able to be produced in sufficient quantities
and at a reasonable cost. Must be able to be used safely in all circumstances and with little chance
of accidents.
The battery life needs to be based on the half-life of the radioisotope, which must be longer than
the operational life of a nuclear battery. The half-life is the time it takes for the original isotope to
decay to half its initial value. The isotope production method is an important factor because of cost
is an important consideration for nuclear batteries.While some radioisotopes occur naturally as
part of the decay chain, some are the production of nuclear reactions (i.e. fission and fusion), while
others can be intentionally produced by radiation in nuclear reactors or high-powered accelerator
facilities.
Pm-147 is an ideal candidate for use as a radiation source because it has a power density of (15
μW/cm2 of Pm2O3) and has a low biological hazard because it emits low energy gamma photons.
Sr-90 is one of the ideal candidates because it emits low beta energy (0.546 MeV) and is produced
in nuclear reactors as a form of Uranium fission production and is considered a waste product.

2.2 Summary of Book 2

Society introduced nuclear energy in nuclear power plants but did not use batteries. Nuclear
batteries are actually more similar to nuclear power plants than traditional batteries because they
use radioactivity to generate power rather than storing some charge. When compared with
chemical batteries, nuclear batteries are characterized by higher volumetric energy density
(resulting in longer battery life) and stronger endurance under harsh conditions. This report will
explore the current state of nuclear battery technology and discover these new innovative
possibilities.

a.Radioactive Thermoelectric Generator (RTG)

Radioactive Thermoelectric Generators use heat generated spontaneously from radioactive
substances. This technology requires a large space to effectively capture the heat that escapes
within the semiconductor. The disadvantages of RTG technology are its poor efficiency of 6%,
low power density, and large size.

NASA calls their technology Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG),

and in 2016, NASA announced the next generation Enhanced Multi-Mission Radioisotope
Thermoelectric Generator (eMMRTG). As Figure 1 illustrates, eMMRTG improves on the original
MMRTG with a new thermoelectric technology called Thermoelectric Couple Assembly.
Increasing eMMRTG efficiency will also help NASA conserve the plutonium that is in severe
shortage in the United States.

b. Betavoltaic Cells
Betavoltaic cells, also known as betavoltaic devices, are a nuclear battery technology used in small
devices that cannot use Radioactive Thermoelectric Generators. Betavoltaic cells utilize the decay
of beta isotopes such as tritium. Tritium is a byproduct of nuclear power plants, so making
betavoltaic cells with tritium is the best way to turn nuclear waste into useful goods. A
disadvantage of betavoltaic cells, compared to chemical batteries, is their low output power.
According to Jonathane Greene, CEO of Widetronix, which produces betavoltaic cells, a package
one square centimeter wide and two-tenths of a centimeter high produces one microwatt of power.
For comparison, a smartphone using 50% CPU, a Wi-Fi connection, and a white screen would use
1857 mW, making nuclear batteries unsuitable for consumer electronic devices

c. Aqueous Nuclear Battery

Baek Hyun Kim and Jae Won Kwon at the University of Missouri published a paper in 2014
proposing the possibility of next-generation nuclear battery technology. Aqueous Nuclear
Batteries, also known as air-based nuclear batteries, use liquid media for radiolysis, absorbing the
energy of beta kinetic particles lost in betavoltaic cells. In Kim and Kwon's design using platinum-
coated nanoporous titanium dioxide semiconductors, a high efficiency of 53.88% was achieved at
a potential of 0.9 volts.The use of air solutions for radiolytic energy conversion results in higher
energy levels and lower temperatures compared to using solid materials.

d. Diamond Nuclear Battery

The University of Bristol published a press release in 2016 introducing the possibility of next
generation nuclear battery technology using carbon in the form of diamonds. Nuclear power plants
produce radioactive waste that is not easily disposed of. In the UK alone, 95,000 tonnes of
radioactive C-14 are stored and rotting. Researchers at the University of Bristol found a way to
heat and gasify radioactive concentrations of C-14 on the surface of stored nuclear graphite waste,
and condense the gas into artificial diamonds. Artificial diamonds generate an electric current
when placed in a radiation field, and diamonds made from C-14 generate a radioactive field
spontaneously. Therefore, diamond batteries can produce a constant electric current as long as they
are still radioactive. Although C-14 can only produce 15 joules per gram (compared to 700 joules
per gram of standard alkaline batteries), C-14 diamond batteries can produce power for 7746 years
before reaching 50% charge (compared to one day of use for standard batteries). alkaline battery).
C-14 diamonds can be packaged in a non-radioactive diamond shell that will block all radiation
and protect the battery in harsh conditions. The resulting batteries are made from the world's
toughest materials, so the industry can finally overcome the psychological barriers of sensitive
clients such as patients using IMD.

e. Based Semiconductor P-N Junction

Semiconductors are materials that have moderate conductivity Among the electrical conductivity
of good electrical conductors and insulators are gallium arsenda (GaAs), There are two types of
semiconductors known as intrinsic semiconductors and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic
semiconductors have no impurities and the number of electrons in the conduction band is the same
as the number of holes in the valence band. Extrinsic semiconductors control impurities that are
added by substitution to increase electron or hole carriers. Extrinsic semiconductors are classified
as P-type semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. P-type semiconductors have a hole density
greater than the electron density. In this type of material, holes are called the majority carriers and
electrons are called the minority carriers. N-type semiconductors in which electrons are the
majority carriers and holes are called minority carriers because the electron density is much greater
than the hole density.
 CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION

3.1 Discussion of Book 1

 Advantages of Book I
1. explain clearly what a nuclear battery is
2. Attractive book appearance and cover
3. A brief discussion of nuclear batteries but very easy for readers to understand
 Disadvantages of Book I
1. this book only explains a little about nuclear batteries
2. This book may have limited topic coverage
3. still not explaining in detail about nuclear batteries
3.2 Discussion of Book 2
 Advantages of Book II
1. This book explains a little more and in detail about nuclear batteries
2. this book explains a wider range of topics than the first book on nuclear batteries
3. Attractive book appearance and cover
 Disadvantages of Book II
1. It is still not complete in explaining broadly about nuclear batteries
2. just like the first book, there is no explanation of how nuclear batteries work even
though this is a very important thing for readers to know
3. The cover appearance is a little less attractive than the first book
 CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
4.1 Conclusion
Nuclear batteries are a device that converts radiation energy emitted by the natural decay
of radioisotopes into electrical energy for long-lasting electricity supplies and requires a pragmatic
shift towards realizing cleaner, safer and renewable energy sources. The conversion of radiation
energy into electrical energy is not new, nuclear battery technology began in 1913 when Henry
Moseley, an English physicist, first demonstrated beta cells using radium as a radioactive source
(Moseley, 1913). Natural radioactivity produces enough particle energy to produce electrical
energy. The power produced by a nuclear battery ultimately comes from the energy released by
radioisotopes, similar to a nuclear reactor. Radioisotope-based nuclear reactors utilize heat
generated from the spontaneous decay of radioactive materials into non-radioactive materials.

4.2 Suggestion
From all the summary descriptions in the first and second books, it is hoped that this book
will become a storehouse of knowledge for many readers regarding nuclear batteries and hopefully
in the future the author of the book can add more in-depth things about nuclear batteries.
 REFERENCES

Harinowo, C. (2023) Indonesia pusat gravitasi Industri baterai dunia. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

M. Scaldach (2013) Engineering In Medicine. 1st edn. New York: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.