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Мирончук Практикум перекл
Мирончук Практикум перекл
Мирончук Практикум перекл
ПЕРЕДМОВА
Дисципліна “Практикум перекладу” є одним з навчальних предметів у системі
професійної підготовки студентів за спеціальністю “Країнознавство”. Як практичний курс,
він має на меті практичне застосування перекладацьких технологій та трансформацій, що
були програмним матеріалом курсу “Теорія та практика перекладу” при виконанні
перекладів текстів суспільно-політичного профілю.
Навчальний посібник до курсу «Практикум перекладу» укладено з метою сприяння
студентам в підготовці до аудиторних практичних занять, організації самостійної роботи та
опанування тем, що виносяться на самосійне опрацювання. Структурно матеріал зруповано у
блоки, що висвітлюють основні граматичні, лексичні, стилістичні аспекти перекладу; наявні
також тексти для вправляння у усному послідовному/ скоповому перекладі, перекладі з
аркушу, письмовому перекладі реферуванні та анотуванні. Основою для практичних завдань
є текстовий матеріал, дібраний з наукових статей, газетно-журнальних матеріалів,
публіцистичних творів та есеїстки суспільно-політичного змісту.
Навчально-дидактичний матеріал посібника передбачає вирішення наступних
завдань:
• ознайомити студентів з лексичними, граматичними, стилістичними особливостями
текстів суспільно-політичного змісту;
• зосередити увагу на труднощах, що виникатимуть при перекладі текстів суспільно-
політичного змісту з англійської мови на українську та навпаки;
• вправляти студентів у вдалому застосуванні перекладацьких трансформацій,
доречних у текстах офіційно-ділового та публіцистичного стилів;
• практикувати письмовий переклад з англійської мови на українську та з української
мови на англійську текстів суспільно-політичного характеру;
• практикувати усний послідовний переклад та переклад з аркуша текстів
публіцистичного характеру;
• навчати техніці реферування та анотування текстів зі спеціальності.
Тренувальний матеріал посібника охоплює низку тем, де відбито основні проблеми і
питання практичного перекладознавства, а також дотичну лексику з таких актуальних
галузей як питання міжнародного життя, суспільного устрою України та провідних держав
світу, висвітлення найважливіших подій засобами масової інформації у сфері політики,
суспільного життя, економіки, освіти та культури тощо.
Вимоги до знань та вмінь студентів:
Студенти повинні знати:
основні поняття та терміни теорії перекладу;
основні лексичні, граматичні та стилістичні особливості текстів суспільно-
політичного змісту;
основні види перекладацьких трансформацій;
основні методи, засоби та прийоми адекватного перекладу текстів суспільно-
політичної тематики;
аломорфні та ізоморфні риси лексичних та граматичних систем української
та англійбької мов;
термінологічну лексику, яка вживається в міжнародних і суспільно-
політичних текстах (англійських та українських).
Студенти повинні вміти:
здійснювати адекватний письмовий переклад з англійської мови на українську та з
української мови на англійську текстів міжнародного та суспільно-політичного
характеру;
використовувати у перекладі основні перекладацькі трансформації та робити
загальний перекладознавчий аналіз тексту;
здійснювати усний послідовний переклад та переклад з аркуша текстів суспільно-
політичного та економічного змісту;
реферувати та анотувати тексти галузевого спрямування.
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Ex. 3. Group the below given nouns into the following subclasses:
a) singular in form – singular in meaning;
b) singular in form – plural in meaning;
c) plural in form – plural in meaning;
d) ending in “-s” – singular in meaning.
Weather, gentry, stairs, oil, poultry, music, anger, tongs, mumps, bowls, foolishness,
classics, ethics, athletics, butter, goods, clergy, aerobics, capacity, childhood, trust, furniture,
glasses, gymnastics, information, progress, measles, research, diabetes, statistics, cards, darts,
clothes, remains, wastes, troops, riches, salt, pride, spectacles, dominoes, vermin, scissors, silver,
tights, advice.
Ex. 4. The following are the Singularia Tantum Ukrainian nouns. Translate them into
English. Do they belong to the same class in English?
Щастя, радість, вишняк, молоко, золото, відпочинок, літо, мед, тюлька, солома,
гайвороння, сором’язливість, привід, селянство, цукор, сталь, велич, біль, молодь, гречка,
смородина, олія, Київ, смола, жито, пісок, слава, осінь, очерет, садівництво, сажа, каша, доба,
індустрія, волейбол, листя, худоба, людство, телебачення, доброта, чуйність, відлюддя, депо,
убогість, іржа, вірність, віск, вовна, хода.
Ex. 5. The following are the Pluralia Tantum Ukrainian nouns. Translate them into English.
Do they belong to the same class in English?
Двері, дріжджі, висівки, дрова, витрати, посиденьки, піжмурки, заручини, хрестини,
Карпати, Піренеї, Філіппіни, відвідини, теревені, гордощі, збори, солодощі, граблі, шахи,
роковини, зернові, жнива, кеглі, окуляри, відносини, регбі, хитрощі, труднощі, негаразди,
статки, ворота, груди, пахощі, розваги, лінощі, Альпи, сани, цимбали, будні, злидні, Бермуди,
ревнощі, проводи, вершки, перемовини.
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Ex. 6. Give English equivalents of the below stated Ukrainian nouns. Which of them reveal
isomorfic features in the category of number?
Погода, гроші, добро, шахмати, зміст, розбіжність, антикваріат, духовенство, сходи,
розваги, митниця, житло, околиця, ваги, бінокль, Нідерланди, Афіни, оплески, вантаж, кір,
вигляд, зусилля, молодь, більшість, народність, білизна, волосся, спагеті, ювелірні вироби,
осуд, ножиці, персонал, аудиторія (люди), борошно, краєвиди, дрова, літаки/ авіація.
Ex. 7. Translate into English using the bracketed prompt words and compare the nature of
the subject-predicate agreement in both languages.
1. Зимовий спорт (sports) мало поширений в південних країнах. 2. Її мізерні пожитки
(belongings) віднесли нагору. 3. У цьому приміщенні погана акустика (acoustics). 4. Зелений
туризм – порівняно дешевий засіб (means) відпочинку. 5. Щоб намалювати коло, потрібен
циркуль (compasses). 6. Дорослі (grown-ups) часто не розуміють проблем підлітків. 7. При
деяких офтальмологічних захворюваннях окуляри (glasses) – єдиний засіб корекції зору. 8.
Умови (terms) контракту вимагають розсудливості та неабиякого знання справи. 9. Місцева
влада (authorities) не проти додаткового фінансування малозабезпечених громадян. 10.
Перехрестя (crossroads) було реконструйоване з метою поліпшення руху транспорту. 11.
Чорно-біле зображення (pictures) – атрибут кінематографа XIX століття. 12. Духовенство
(clergy) деяких країн виступає проти введення електронної паспортної реєстрації громадян.
13. Прилегла територія (premises) підприємства була власністю західного інвестора.
Ex. 8. For some English nouns the singular and the plural forms coincide. Consider the
following examples and use proper grammar means of singularity/ plurality identification
when translating back into English. What serves the markers of the number category of the
Ukrainian Nouns?
Singular Plural
a/ one crossroads several crossroads
headquarters, means, series, species, Swiss, works, raft, sheep, trout, grouse, salmon, moose,
reindeer, rendezvous, gallows, whitebait, mullet, patois, précis, chassis, insignia, mews,
greenfly, particulars.
Ex. 9. Some English nouns have different meanings in the singular and plural. Match
Ukrainian lexemes with the right English form of the noun.
Перемовини (talk/ talks), манірність (air/ airs), попіл (ash/ ashes), вміст (content/
contents), зміст (content/ contents), митниця (custom/ customs), збитки (damage/ damages),
кальсони (drawer/ drawers), грошові засоби (fund/ funds), скло (glass/ glasses), погляд (look/
looks), спосіб (manner/ manners), етикет (manner/ manners), протокол (minute/ minutes),
зусилля (pain/ pains), масштаб (scale/ scales), ваги (scale/ scales), збереження (saving/ savings),
заощадження (saving/ savings), видовище (spectacle/ spectacles), відстань (step/ steps),
підприємство (work/ works), грунт (ground/ grounds), земельна ділянка (ground/ grounds),
помешкання (quarter/ quarters), нагороди (honour/ honours), юність (youth/ youths), молодь
(youth/ youths), враження (experience/ experiences), стан (condition/ conditions), обставини
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Ex. 10. Group the Ukrainian adjectives into gradable and non-gradable. Translate them into
English. Are they the same groups in English?
Зеленавий, важкий, ультрамодний, терпкуватий, свіжий, замалий, глухонімий,
порядний, холоднуватий, живий, прегарний, малесенький, дрібнесенький, теплуватий,
здоровенний, довжелезний, лисий, світлий, кривий, готовий, більш-менш готовий, старша
медсестра, молодший медперсонал, порожній, русий, темний, довгуватий, білявий, тутешній,
предивний, крутий, пологий, пречесний, вишневий, золотистий, нікудишній, лисячий,
позаминулий, відповідальний, бадьорий, змістовний, інтелігентний, босий, голий.
Ex. 11. Divide the following words into three groups: shape, material and color. Devise word
combinations with them. Which of them are gradable in both languages?
Circular, gold, grey, rubber, cotton, cylindrical, nylon, straight, glass, wooden, metal,
scarlet, purple, oval, triangular, round, crimson, rectangular, silver, iron, navy blue, square, maroon,
turquoise.
Ex. 12. Arrange the following word combinations into two groups: of purely adjectival nature;
of participial nature. Translate them into English. Do they show allomorphic or isomorphic
features when contrasted?
Пекучий погляд; солоне м’ясо; солені кавуни; колюча зброя; колюча стерня; писаний
красень; написаний диктант; квітнучий край; квітуючий степ; співучий народ; співаючий
телефонний дзвінок; передплатне видання; передплачений журнал; незлічений товар;
незліченні скарги; замкнута кімната; замкнуте коло; здійсненна мрія; здійснена мрія;
неоцінена площа нерухомості; неоціненна допомога; непримиренні сторони; примирені
сторони; неприбрана ділянка; неперевірені відомості; натомлена земля.
Ex. 13. Choose the better suited adjective to form a collocation. Translate the collocations into
Ukrainian and analyze them into the volume of semantics.
1. There you are: (the very/ utter) person I was looking for. 2. The novel tells the story of a
teenager driven to (total/ pure) despair by the hypocrisy of the adult world. 3. Most of what they
told us was (pure/ outright) fantasy. 4. Most of the population lives in (grinding/ true) poverty. 5.
The film was (absolute/ mere) rubbish. 6. What you say is (sheer/ strong) nonsense. 6. I felt a
(complete/ sheer) idiot, standing there in front of all those people. 7. When I asked if she had
cheated in the exam, she gave an (utter/ outright) denial. 8. The (mere/ close) sight of him makes
me angry. 9. He showed an (entire/ out and out) ignorance. 10. The whole project was an (out and
out/ utter) disaster. 10. The runner collapsed into the state of (full/ total) exhaustion. 11. The fact I
had done the exam essay a week earlier was (pure/ comprehensive) luck. 12. It was (sheer/ full)
will-power that enabled me to win. 13. Deliberate handball is (out-and-out/ comprehensive)
cheating. 14. The athlete has (pure/ supreme) confidence in his ability. 15. He was reprimanded for
his (very/ crass) stupidity. 16. Giving his nephew the job was (complete/ downright) favoritism. 16.
He carried off the role of Hamlet with (supreme/ perfect) skill.
Ex. 14. In every line combine each adjective to the right of the slash with an intensifying
adjective to the left of the slash to receive adjectival collocations. Pick up their Ukrainian
equivalents. Compare the semantics of the intensifiers in each language.
1. Freezing, hoping, soaking, raving, scalding / Wet, hot, cold, silly, healthy, quick;
2. Blinking, blithering, blooming, blundering, thumping/ Angry, beautiful, mad, wrong;
3. Stinking, crashing, flaming, piddling, whooping, thundering/ Boring, rich, small, big, loud, great.
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Ex. 15. Translate the Ukrainian adjectival word combinations into English. Each time use a
proper intensifying adjective for the meaning of “дуже” to form authentic English
collocations.
Дуже холодний; дуже гарячий; зовсім замерзлий; дуже лінивий; дуже наляканий;
зовсім новий; дуже схвильований; повністю пробуджений; зовсім змоклий; дуже малий;
дуже багатий; дуже красивий; надзвичайно гучний; надзвичайно швидкий; безмежно
знуджений.
Ex. 16. Fill in each gap with the missing intensifier from the box. Translate sentences with
adjectival collocations into Ukrainian. Compare the nature of figurative transferences caused
by the bound combinability of the collocation constituents in both languages.
brand, stiff, kicking, wide, fast, bone, solid, ice, silly, sound, sick, tidy, easy, boiling
1. My son won’t get out of bed. He is ___ idle. 2. Careful with the soup. It’s ___ hot. 3. I
can’t eat the ice-cream. It’s frozen ___. 4. The first thing I do every morning is have a cold shower.
Then I feel ___ awake. 5. Thank goodness you phoned! I’ve worried myself___. 6. I didn’t hear the
phone. I must have been ___ asleep. 7. The film was awful. I was bored ___ from beginning to end.
8. Ugh! This tea is _____ cold. 9. Look after my bike, won’t you. It’s ___ new. 10. I’m scared ___
at the sight of dogs. I don’t know why. They just frighten me. 11. The missing climbers were found
alive and ___. 12. I was so relieved when I got home safe and ____. 13. I’ll show you a dish that is
really quick and___. 14. Her hair is always so neat and ___.
Ex. 17. Arrange the adjectives into four groups according to their meanings. Make up word
combinations with them. Translate them into Ukrainian and comment on the transformations
applied to keep the evaluative semantics in the target language.
1 2 3 4
big (physical size) silly surprising/ impressive painful
Ex. 18. Translate into English using comparison patterns. Analyze how comparison is built in
the sentences of source and target languages (lexically, morphologically or analytically).
1. Сьогодні я не такий втомлений, як вчора. 2.Чартерні рейси дешевші, ніж ті, що за
графіком. 3. Нова автотраса набагато гірша за стару. 4. Мій одногрупник так само
непристосований до наднормової праці, як і я. 5. У цьому супермаркеті товари у тричі
дешевші, ніж на ринку. 6. Цьогорічні показники сукупного валового продукту найнижчі за
останні п’ять років. 7. Його знання історії далеко не найгірші серед одногрупників. 8.
Більшість продуктів харчування ввозиться в країну. 9. Платина важча за золото. 10. Ватикан
– найменша держава світу. 11. Цей збудник грипу залишається найбільш недослідженим у
медицині. 12. Китай – друга за розміром країна у світі. 13. Джек не такий недотепа, як наш
син. 14. Їхній будинок не такий просторий, як наш. 15. Заміська зона вже не така затишна, як
колись. 16. Ті будинки – як справжні маєтки. 17. Він все ще наче дитина. 18. Вони не такі
красуні, як здаються. 19. Така поведінка – більше, як нечесна. 20. Це найпереконливіша
неправда, яку я коли-небудь чув від тебе. 21. Це одна з найблискучіших відповідей. 22. Нова
версія фільму не така вдала, як попередня.
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Ex. 19. State what part of speech the following derivatives are in Ukrainian. Pick up their
English equivalents. Identify English derivatives that maintain numerical morphemes.
Два – двійка, двійня, по-друге, подвоїти, другий, дворічний, двоє, двозначність, вдвоє (у
два рази), удвох.
Три – трійка, Трійця, втретє, тригонометрія, тризначний, троє, потроїти, третій, втричі,
утрьох, по-третє.
Чотири – четвер, четвертувати, чверть, четвірка, чотирьохсотліття, вчетверо (у чотири
рази), четверо, учотирьох, по-четверте.
П’ять – п’ятірка, п’ятиповерховий, п’ятеро, п’ятий, по-п’яте, уп’ятьох, вп’ятеро (у п’ять
разів).
Кілька – кількість, кількісний, кількісно, по кілька.
Derive nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs from the following numbers: 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 100 in
Ukrainian and in English.
Ex. 21. Read the numbers and define what they denote.
17o C; $ 17, 568 per annum; 5’8’’; 7.42 (a.m.); 48%; p.vіі; 75 mph; 2.2 lb; 6.03 ft 2; 13 ft
x17 ft; 4, 000 ml journey; fly at 4, 000 ft; 06/ 05 /83; August 13, 2004; in one’s 50s; gloves (9 1/2);
World War II; in 1500 B.C.; the 1970s; 3-07-49-22; XVII Century mahogany carpentry; a size 7
shoe; 15.8 miles/ gallon; ‡3.65; Monday – Friday 8 a.m. – 20 p.m.; best before 01.12.2006; 20 p;
Arsenal- Manchester: 3 – 0; ‡1..90 a gallon; a loan at 15% interest; to earn 10% interest.
Ex. 23. Choose the correct form for each sentence. Differentiate between nouns of the
numerical stem and numerals proper.
1. The Roman glass vase is worth several (million/ millions) pounds. 2. I’ve got (million/
millions) of letters to write. 3. (100, 000 thousand/ thousands) of pounds have been spent on the
new hospital. 4. A crowd of (thousand/ thousands) watched the children’s procession. 5. Who’s
going to wade through a novel of more than (a thousand/ one thousands) pages? 6. There were
(dozen/ dozens) of complaints after the broadcast. 7. There were at least two (dozen/ dozens) people
in the restaurant at the time of the shooting. 8. The refugees arrived by the (dozen/ dozens), hungry
and cold, all needing food and shelter. 9. For a lot of people (hundred/ a hundred) dollars is a lot of
money. 10. I’ve told you (a hundred/ hundreds) times not to do that. 11. (Hundred/ hundreds) of
people gathered at the stage door after the performance. 12. I’m better than I was last week, but I’m
still not (a hundred/ hundreds) per cent. 13. The whole collection of pictures at the National Gallery
is worth (billion/ billions). 14. (15 billion/ 15 billions) dollars have been spent developing this new
car. 15. Cosmetics is (a billion/ billions) dollar industry – the profits are huge.
Ex. 24. Practise translating into English paying attention to the adequate rendering of the
numeric expressions.
1. У прямокутному трикутнику квадрат гіпотенузи дорівнює сумі квадратів катетів.
2. При перетині діагоналей ромба кут між ними дорівнює 90º.
3. Щоб додати дроби з однаковими знаменниками, треба додати їх чисельники, а
знаменник залишити той самий.
4. Щоб знайти різницю дробів з однаковими знаменниками, треба від чисельника
зменшуваного відняти чисельник від’ємника, а знаменник залишити той самий.
5. Сума кутів трикутника дорівнює 180º.
6. Дріб дорівнює нулю тоді, коли чисельник дорівнює нулю, а знаменник відмінний від
нуля.
7. Сума кутів будь-якого чотирикутника дорівнює 360º.
8. Тангенс кута 60º дорівнює кореню квадратному із трьох.
9. Синус кута 90º дорівнює 1.
10. Вектор називається одиничним, якщо його абсолютна величина дорівнює 1.
11. Арифметичною прогресією називається послідовність, кожний член якої, починаючи
з другого, дорівнює попередньому члену, до якого додають одне й те саме число.
12. Найвища гора світу Джомолунгма, яка має висоту 8.848 м, знаходиться у Непалі.
13. Річка Ніл, яка знаходиться в Африці, має довжину 6671 км. Це найдовша річка земної
кулі.
14. В Україні налічується 34 області й Автономна республіка Крим.
15. У Київській області знаходиться 25 міст.
16. Найбільша область України – Одеська, її площа становить 33,3 тис. км 2, а найменша –
Чернівецька, ї площа становить 8,1 тис. км2.
17. Площа Австралії становить 7687 тис. км2. Це найменший материк земної кулі.
18. Солоність Чорного моря дорівнює 33‰ (проміле), а Середземного – 38‰.
19. Найменша країна світу, Ватикан, що розташована в Римі, має площу лише 0,44 км2.
20. На одному дереві какао буває 100 тис. квітів, але тільки 20-та їх частина дає зав’язь.
21. Найглибше озеро України – Світязь. Його максимальна глибина становить 58,4 м.
22. Жайворонка не видно, коли він злітає на висоту 300 м, а його пісню чути навіть з
висоти 600 м.
23. Рижі лісові мурашки одного мурашника можуть знищити за літо біля 10 млн.
шкідників.
24. У холодну погоду білка спить близько 20 год. на добу.
25. Дослідження погоди і клімату України розпочато у 30-х роках 18 ст.
26. Якщо до восьми десяти п’яти цілих семи десятих додати дванадцять цілих чотири
десятих, то буде дев’яносто вісім цілих одна десята.
27. Територія України простягається із заходу на схід на 1316 км.
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28. Найвищий водоспад світу Анхель, який знаходиться у Венесуелі, має висоту 1054 м.
29. Максимальна глибина Тихого океану, Маріанський жолоб, знаходиться на глибині 11
км 22 м.
30. У 1876 році у Швейцарії з бобів какао вперше було виготовлено шоколад.
Ex. 25. Differentiate between the reflexive and the limitive meanings of the Ukrainian word
“сам” when translating sentences into English. Analyze the means of rendering reflexiveness
in the contrasted languages.
1. Пригощайтеся! 2. Я також приготую собі чашечку кави. 3. Поводься належним
чином. 4. Ніхто з нас не знався на музиці. 5. Настрій може впливати на сам організм. 6.
Надішліть нам саме дані. 7. Вона насилу змусила себе змовчати. 8. На першій сторінці
помістили аналітичну статтю, написану самим редактором. 9. Він і сам невисокої думки про
себе. 10. Не відволікайся, а краще розберись, зосередься і заверши роботу сам. 11.
Бешкетники не знали, де сховатися і причаїлися за платтяною шафою, проте через невміння
вгамуватися, видали себе. 12. Вона назвалася Улляною. 13. Ти сам сплів ці корзини? 14.
Стежина вела до самого лісу. 15. Дитина вагалась хвилю, а потім вмостилася поряд з ними.
16. Зроби сам. 17. Вони купили собі нове приміщення під офіс. 18. Відрекомендуйтесь. 19.
Хлопчина вхопив вогнегасник і сам загасив вогонь. 20. Дитина впала на каміння і вдарилася.
21. А що кохання, як і воно саме згаса.
Ex. 26. Pick up proper Ukrainian equivalents of the English negative and indefinite pronouns.
What semantic class do they belong in Ukrainian?
1. As a young man he had been something of an athlete and had rowed in the Oxford boat,
and he was known to be one of the best shots in England. (Maugham) 2. You could never have
thought her anything in the world but the respectable relict of a North-country manufacturer of
ample means. (Maugham) 3. He saw nothing of Ginger Ted. (Maugham) 4. Everyone knows that
you never can tell with veronal. I wouldn't take it myself for anything in the world. (Maug ham) 5.
After all, though he didn't pretend to know much about it, he did like music, indeed liked nothing
better than music, and there would be sure to be something he could enjoy. (Priestley) 6. He looked
like nothing on earth. (Maugham) 7. True, Theodore and Tottie Bill were anything but plain country
people. (Cary) 8. Something of the same sort happens in the case of the memoir writers and
autobio-graphers, who have created almost a fresh branch of literature in our age. (Woolf) 9. He is
without ambition and he has no desire for fame; to become anything of a public figure would be
deeply distasteful to him. (Maugham) 10. I'm anything but lost. (Cronin) 11. He thought nothing of
spending a pound. (Lee) 12. I was asked to spend weekends in the country. They were something of
a trial on account of the tips you had to give to the butler and to the footman who brought you your
morning tea. (Maugham) 13. There was just then something of a vogue in Paris for that sort of
China. (Maugham) 14. From the darkness a man came forward with nothing but a towel round his
loins. (Maugham)
Ex. 27. Translate the sentences containing definite pronouns into Ukrainian. What class are
they in the target language?
1. In many areas of these countries every third child is said to face severe malnutrition. 2.
Our products need to be competitive in terms of both quality and price. 3. Hillary’s the same age as
me. 4. Climate change and rising sea level threaten the whole world. 5. Her interest in the
newspaper business came from her parents, both of whom were journalists. 6. Every time I go to
London I get caught in a traffic jam. 7. In both cases, a coded warning was received from the
bombers before the explosion. 8. It rained every day of our holiday – all the same we had a good
holiday. 9. You have to stand up in court and promise to tell “the whole truth and nothing but the
truth”. 10. The movie is in every way the masterpiece of the cinematography. 11. I’ll do everything
in my power to prevent a war. 12. Everyone in favour of this proposal please raise their hand. 13.
Any idiot with a basic knowledge of French should be able to book a hotel room in Paris. 14. Every
passenger but one was killed in the accident. 15. She brought up her children in just the same way
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her mother did. 16. Her dance compositions added a whole new dimension to the contemporary
dance repertoire. 17. You can get there by train or by bus - in either case it’ll take an hour. 18. Men
are all the same. 19. Every effort has been made to minimize civilian casualties. 20. Either of us
would be envious of such a protection. 21. Her parents died when she was a child, so I was all the
family she had. 22. We can catch the vast majority of people, but hunting down every last tax
dodger is virtually impossible. 23. They all wore the same-coloured dresses. 24. She’s obsessed
with Elvis Presley and collects anything and everything connected with him. 25. I’m sorry, but
you’ll have to wait your turn like everybody else. 26. The offer was that you could have any three
items of clothing for $30. 27. Any advice you can give me would be greatly appreciated. 28. She
sharpened the stick carefully at both ends. 29. She could be anything from 30 to 40. 30. All for one,
and one for all. 31. I had to use all my powers of persuasion to get her to agree. 32. Either person
would be good for the job.
Ex. 28. Choose the best alternative. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Cнігу випало (хтозна-скільки/ казна-скільки/ скільки-небудь). 2. Крізь пелену
туману проступали (якісь/ які-небудь/ казна-які) силуети. 3. Уночі (хтозна/ казна/ будь) від
чого скрипіли двері, шелестіло сіно, щось перешіптувалось. 4. Еней стояв і дожидався, щоб
вийшов з хати (будь-хто, хто-небудь, казна-хто). 5. Старий зараз (абиякої/ ніякої/ деякої)
роботи не визнає, окрім пасіки. 6. Увечері збирались біля вогню і розповідали (щось, дещо,
казна-що). 7. Раптом (хтось/ будь-хто/ хто-небудь) починав кричати. 8. Він щоразу заводив
мову про (якісь/ деякі/ будь-які) дитячі пригоди. 9. З (самого/ абиякого/ будь-якого) початку
думай, яким буде кінець. 10. Про себе дбай, але й про (інших/ інакших/ усіх) не забувай. 11.
Вартий поваги (той/ всякий/ котрий), хто шанує мову рідного народу, береже її. 12. (Всяка/
будь-яка/ кожна) робота легка, якщо робиш її охоче. 13. (Щось/ Дещо/ Абищо) незвичайне
було у погляді дівчини.
Ex. 29. Translate the sentences into English paying attention to the ways of rendering
pronouns. What sentences should the transformation of substitution be applied to?
1. В неї мати дуже захворіла, а доглядати нікому (О. Гончар). 2. Проїдемо – не
проїдемо, а спробувати треба, нічого не поробиш (М. Стельмах). 3. Він не раз ходив до її
хатини, що над яром стоїть, послухати весну (Є. Гуцало). 4. Цей дріт приносить телеграми
хтозна з якої далини (М. Рильський). 5. Старий зараз ніякої роботи не визнає, окрім пасіки
(М. Стельмах). 6. Скільки б їх у неї не було, чи десятком Бог благословив, чи тільки одним-
одно, – для неї усі рідні, усіх рівно пестує, за всякого рівно вбивається (Г. Квітка-
Основ’яненко). 7. Скільки ти горя зазнала – не злічити, не зміряти (М. Старицький). 8. Було
щось невимовно радісне, життєдайне в цьому сонячному дощі (О. Довженко). 9. Сонце ніжно
і тепло всміхалося з блакитного неба, і від усмішки тої земля цвіла (А. Головко). 10. Від усієї
картини віє чимось пісенним (О. Довженко). 11. Ніколи не думав Арсен, що і йому
доведеться іти в неволю цією проклятою дорогою (В. Малик). 12. Дехто, а їх було дуже
мало, намагалися пробити хід крізь стелю. З них кепкували, їх відмовляли (Нар. казка). 13. З
дерев облітало пожовкле листя, вітер підхоплював його, кружляв ним по подвір’ю (І. Нечуй-
Левицький). 14. Я слухав цей вечір, заглиблюючись в нього, бо мені праглося з’єднати
минуле, яке пахло ранковою росою, й теперішнє, у якому є такі вечори (В. Шевчук). 15.
Сонце на всіх людей однаково світить (Нар. мудрість). 16. Дивно, либонь із самого дитинства
Максим не бував під такою зливою, не відчував плечима її пружних доторків, тепер усім
єством тішився музикою зливи (П. Мисник). 17. Його розумових здібностей не вистачало на
сю складну і мудру професію. Але, як і кожна людина, він мав свій талант і знайшов себе у
ньому (О. Довженко).
11
Ex. 30. Use a reliable dictionary to guide you in the meanings of the phrasal verbs (bring,
come, go, look, set). Insert each gap with the best suited postpositive. Sometimes double verbal
particle is needed. Suggest Ukrainian translational equivalents of the postpositional verbs.
Identify what morphemic means conveys the semantics of the English postpositives in
Ukrainian?
BRING
1. Major changes will have to be brought ... in British industry. 2. Dad brought a notebook ... to the
beach, in case he was seized by sudden inspiration. 3. The youngest son has only brought ... trouble
on the family. 4. The warm sun brought the flowers ... 5. The smell of these flowers brings ...
memories. 6. I was brought ... to respect the law. 7. Those who oppose our wishes will be brought ...
8. And the earth brought ... grass. 9. Are you going to bring any of the other board members ... on
your plan for the election? 10. More study should bring ... your English.
COME
1. The doctor says Mother is coming ... nicely now. 2. He comes ... as someone who means what he
says. 3. How did genetic engineering come...? 4. He has come ... from Oxford with a history degree.
5. His name came ... whenever the matter of nuclear energy was discussed. 6. 30 years ago
scientists came ... ... the theory that protons and neutrons are composed of three smaller particles. 7.
When the last test results came ..., she was quite disappointed. 8. I pulled at the handle and it
came ... in my hand. 9. Why don't you come ... to our place one evening? 10. He came ... ... a
foolish remark that annoyed his old uncle.
GO
1. The quickest way to go ... the city is by underground train. 2. You may have some difficulties at
first, but you’ll find it easier as you go ... 3. He wants to go ... to the old and tried method. 4. You
should never go ... ... your promise to a child. 5. You have to go ... the author’s words to understand
what he meant. 6. You cannot go ... what he says, he’s very untrustworthy. 7. All my attempts to
help him went ... the drain. 8. The police went ... the man’s story to see if he was telling the truth. 9.
Guards go ... every vehicle to prevent drugs being smuggled into the country. 10. The light went ...
as the policemen entered the room.
LOOK
1. We should look ... carefully before deciding which house to buy. 2. The church stands on the hill
looking ... ... the village. 3. My hotel room looks ... ... the lake. 4. Every child needs someone to
look ... ... and copy. 5. If you can afford a new car your business must be looking ... 6. She looked ...
... Jim and thought he was not worthy of her daughter. 7. If I’m here on business again, I’ll look you
... 8. As for doctors, when you go to see them they just look right ... you. 9. You’ll catch a cold if
you don’t look ... 10. If you drink and drive, you're looking ... trouble.
SET
1. He tried to have the contract set ... because conditions had changed. 2. The cost of the war has set
... national development by ten years. 3. Pushing people need to be set.... 4. I set his bad temper... ...
his recent illness. 5. You'd better paint the woodwork before decay sets ... 6. Direct speech is set ...
from the rest of the sentence by speech marks. 7. The wedding gifts are set ... in the next room for
guests to admire. 8. Someone is always setting stories ... that the Prince is to be married. 9. They
needed the money to set ... a special school for gifted children. 10. The boy's education has set
me ... more than $3000.
Ex. 31. Single out a converted element in each word combination; define its syntactic function
in the word group and the pattern of conversion. Suggest ways to translate word
combinations into Ukrainian.
An ourbreak of meningitis, a stand-up comedian, knock-down prices, a throwaway line, a
mass breakout from prison, to have a workout in the gym, an influx of money, marriage breakups,
breakdowns in the provision, a low intake of new students, a severe setback to the school’s financial
health, check-outs in the supermarket, the outlook over the next few days, Shuttle lift-off, to
recognize right from the outset, my stand-in in the position, a great carry-on over the packing, the
12
manager’s fiery outburst, to give children a real telling-off, the President’s downfall, another
motorway pile-up, production output, a rip-off service, a take-off of a spacecraft, an outcry over
government inactivity, drawbacks of the current system, Monopolies Commition takeovers, hand-
me-down clothes, an insurance pay(-)out, the outgoing governor, to kill an innocent bystander, a
walk-in closet, a put-up job, to need a little pick-me-up to stay awake, the backwash of the crisis, a
closing-down sale, an April torrential downpour, a breakthrough to the Internet, at the first set-out, a
carry-out service, a carry-over from communism.
Ex. 32. The examples that follow are nominal asyndetic clusters characteristic of the English
syntagmatic relations. State the componental pattern of each. Suggest the possible ways of
conveing their meaning in Ukrainian.
The Republican Party candidate, the Tory Government policy, Scotland Yard spokesman,
the Hertfordsire County Council, Common Market grain prices, Noise Advisory Council working
group, Nobel Peace Prize Winners, Harwell atomic Energy Research Centre, the continental China
off-shore islands oil deposits, the National Union of Railwaymen jubilee celebration, the Natural
Resources Defence Council, the Suez Canal Zone, the Air Traffic Control Staff, Motor Industry
Joint Labour Council, public support for the Coal Miners strike decision, Caterpillar Diesel Tractors
trials, trade union movement, office supplies request form, bullet proof jackets, white collar steel
industry strike, pre-tax profits, gross margin figures, rob Peter and pay Paul policy, British health
service, target stores, upmarket brands, discount retailers, world’s most attention-grabbing
advertising, socializing facilities, fair-trade food, consumer satisfaction questionnaire, after-sales
service, production processes innovations, car sales executive, research and development
department, supply and demand market research survey, laisser-faire regulation policy.
Ex. 33. Select the right form of the predicate. State what number it is in Ukrainian.
1. The whole of America (was/ were) shocked by what had happened. 2. Nearly all of the
increase (has/ have) been caused by inflation. 3. Only a few of the attackers (was/ were) armed. 4.
Some of the heard (was/ were) embarrassing. 5. Some (have/ has) compared his work to Picasso’s.
6. Few of these organizations (survive/ survives) for long. 7. Much of the day (was/ were) taken up
with the classes. 8. Very large quantities of aid (was/ were) needed. 9. Plenty of holiday makers
(tramp/ tramps) through Petra’s rocky tombs. 10. Plenty of bread (was/ were) baked for our journey.
11. There (is/ are) large numbers of inaccuracies in the report. 12. Fewer people nowadays (go/
goes) to church. 13. He thought that lots of lovely money (was/ were) the source of happiness. 14.
(Has/ Have) any of this been helpful? 15. Two of these (has/ have) been helpful. 16. Each of the
drawings (is/are) slightly different. 17. Masses and masses of food (was/ were) left over. 18. I’ve
got two bright students, but the rest (is/ are) average. 19. The Beatles had their first hit record in
1962 and the rest (is/ are) the history. 20. There (was/ were) no union, nobody to look after us. 21.
No tracks (was/ were) seen. 22. None of this (has/ have) happened without our consent. 22. Neither
sex (has/ have) a monopoly on thought or emotion. 23. Neither of these extremes (prove/ proves)
anything.
Ex. 34. Translate into English using quantifiers. Mind subject-predicate agreement.
1. Дещо з його промови було повчальним. 2. Крізь затягнуті фіранки у кімнату
проникало мало сонячного світла. 3. Ніхто з першокурсників не був присутнім на вечорі-
зустрічі з випускниками вузу. 4. Жоден студент не знає правильної відповіді. 5. Мало
ліхтарів освітлює вулицю вночі. 6. За період відпустки зібралась низка питань негайного
вирішення. 7. Більшість африканських країн потерпає від голоду. 8. Більшість країни було
затоплено повінню. 9. Переказ потребує менше творчості, ніж твір. 10. У нього зовсім мало
фахових знань, що недостатньо для вступу на юридичний факультет. 11. У холодильнику
недостатньо яєць, щоб приготувати омлет для сім’ї. 12. Залишились якісь цукерки? – Ні,
жодної. 13. Були якісь представники з нашого університету? – Ні, нікого. 14. Усі пропозиції
було відхилено. 15. Все з запропонованого було розкритиковано. 16. Багато залежить від
13
рівня освіченості людини. 17. Ще не все відомо про древні письмена. 18. Силу силенну
народу було взято у полон. 19. У цьому середовищі ніякі докази не беруться до уваги. 20.
Кожен прибулий проходить митний огляд. 21. У господарстві знадобиться усякий
інструмент. 22. Потрібно мужньо зносити всякі обставини життя. 23. Перша-ліпша думка
варта більше його вишуканих порад.
Ex. 35. What accounts for the use of the tense forms in the following English sentences? What
transformation should be resorted to to retain the emotive charge of the source language
sentences in their target language equivalents?
1. It’s taking her so long to write that book. 2. I was thinking of going to London this
weekend. 3. I was wondering whether you’d thought of going to see that new film. 4. If you will
insist on the best, then you must expect to pay more for it. 5. I’ve been meaning to tell you about it
since the weekend. 6. She’s been rather obstinate at the moment. 7. She’s having a baby. 8. My
dear, how you throw about your money! 9. “Chi-Chi is in the pen. She walks over to the traveling
box. Chi-Chi climbs on the rock. The crowd moves closer to Chi-Chi.” 10. She arrives full of life
and spirit. And about a quarter of an hour later she sits down in a chair, says she doesn’t feel well,
gasps a bit and dies. 11. People are always blaming their circumstances for what they are. 12. Dear
Amy, I’ve settled in now and I’m liking my new life very much. 13. We’ve all been young once,
you know. 14. A little break is just what she’s been needing for all these years. 15. He would often
wake up and scream in the night. 16. Cedrik, what’s come over you? You used not to talk like this
before. 17. “I was wanting to catch you, Eliot.” 18. No sooner had they established themselves in
the house than he perceived to his dismay the return of her gloomy mood. 19. Now I feel absolutely
dopy. God knows what I shall be saying in a minute. 20. I had known Palmer, when the story starts,
for nearly forty years.
Ex. 36. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian to maintain the semantics of
concession. Compare the connectives and syntactic structures of the sentences in both
languages.
1. No matter how often they ask me, I’m not working overtime. 2. A marriage will always
have its rocky moments, however well the couple get on. 3. Hard as we tried, we couldn’t get them
lower the price. 4. Wherever we went and whoever we spoke to, we got the same answer. 5.
Although this year’s colour is grey, I find I look extremely dull in it. 6. Whatever was said in the
heat of the moment, it needn’t affect our relationship. 7. She remains cheerful despite her chronic
ill-health. 8. Whereas he’s always been pretty conservative, she often reveals more left-wing
tendencies. 9. It shouln’t affect an athlete’s performance, whichever lane they are drwawn in. 10.
Hard as they tries, the two sides couldn’t agree a peace agreement. 11. Difficult though it was, they
finally managed to reach a compromise. 12. Much as I detest the idea of punishing children, I can
see it has itd uses. 13. He left me in the luch, but still I have tender feelings for him. 14. I know
standards have changed, but even so such scenes on TV are unacceptable. 15. Even though thre
were minutes left to the deadline, we refused to panic.16. Our project is not meeting with much
success, much as we might dislike it. 17. I spent hours on the Internet even though I knew I was
wasting my time. 18. Despite his youth, he had a very mature approach to life. 19. Fines are a good
way of punishing people. 20. However, they are of now use if they cannopt be paid. 21. The wind
blew all the time. Nevertherless, we still managed to enjoy ourselves. 22. I know there’s an
economic recession. All the same, our profits should be higher.
Ex. 37. Translate English syntactic structures of reason and effect into Ukrainian. What
Ukrainian language means render the syntanctic relations of this type?
1. For days upon end we do nothing but read. (Woolf) 2. She was thirty-five if she was a
day, but she was blonde and luscious. (Maugham) 3. She was a smallish, sharp-featured woman of
thirty, with a prow of a nose and fine open eyes. (Snow) 4. And neither of her sisters, even if they
14
were unmarried, had ever attracted him. The languid, fragile, lovely Letty, always being rescued
from crabs and wrapped up from the cold; the rat-tailed Francie, at six with her red button of a nose,
hurling herself into the seas. (Cary) 5. That was a good thirty years ago if it was a day. (Joyce) 6. I
settled down to being a wine merchant, even here feeling myself something of an amateur and none
the worse for that. (Murdoch) 7. But suddenly, as it were, accidentally, she gave an enormous sigh
of relief, of very special happiness. (Cary) 8. The story that it originated in Robinson, credible or
incredible, had been shameful for me to hear, let alone Sheila; if I could, I wanted to spare her that.
(Snow) 9. For all the boredom of this evening's meeting of the Historical Association, for all the
wretched prospect of Christmas at Inge's today promised to be really a very pleasing one. (A.
Wilson) 10. Sheila's father, for all Mrs Knight's care and his own gallantness, would not always be
there for his daughter to see. (Snow)
Ex. 38. Translate into Ukrainian and contrast the nature of the syntactic relations in source
language sentences and target language sentences. What language means and methods of
translation help to avoid syntactical and grammatical polysemy?
1. The problem of unemployment has become worse in recent years, so right actions must be
taken now. 2. The World Wildlife Fund is currently launching its most important campaign ever to
protect species of wildlife from extinction. 3. Curitiba has gained an international reputation for
good city management lately with its innovative programmes for public transport. 4. Arthur went up
to the room. Nothing in it had changed since his arrest. 5. I’ve been working in a shop near home
for the summer and have managed to save some money. 6. She was stirring a pot over the fire, in
which threads were undergoing coloration from a red die made from special roots. 7. Christopher
Columbus had been working as a woolen cloth weaver with his father before he began his nautical
career at the age of twenty-two. 8. After John admitted his offence, his parents agreed to cooperate
with the court to avoid the harsher route through the juvenile court system. 9. Beware of holes in the
pavement when you to walk round the city. 10. We’re steadily destroying the ecology of the planet
on which we depend for our survival. 11. By the end of the third millennium technology will have
disposed of cables and offices. 12. By the time I recovered from the shock, a stranger had
disappeared round the corner. 13. Jupiter’s nearest moon is called “lo” and has active volcanoes
which continuously erupt. 14. When our understanding of brain development has advanced,
genetics will be able to give the parents the chance to choose intellectual gifts for their children. 15.
The trial has been going on for a long time. I wonder what the verdict will be. 16. How much does
she owe you now? 17. It was 11.54 p.m. and the night train for Bangalore was leaving in 6 minutes.
18. Since you arrived we’ve been learning the grammar of nappy-changing. 19. They’d argue on
their 3-month trip, and he’d go off many times to cool down. 20. I had just come out of relations, so
I wasn’t looking for a boy friend. 21. I have never believed in fate, but when something like this
happens, you realize that odds are billions to one. 22. “You are being late every morning this
week”, the boss growled. 23. While I wondering whether to buy a dress or not, I was robbed of my
purse. 24. For 60 years I did my washing in hand; then last year I bought a washing mashing. 25.
The scientists are trying to save Venice, but by the time they have found the answer the city will
have sunk. 26. We were both in the same year. Paul was studying law, but he was not much
interested in it. 27. Over the past few months libraries in Britain have improved their security
system. 28. The famous film director, Alfred Hitchcock, telephoned the prolific Belgian crime
novelist, who, by the time had completed 400 novels.
Ex. 39. Point out the means of grammatical inversion in each sentence. When translating
sentences into Ukrainian use appropriate transformations to keep the emotive charge of the
inverted structures. What language level is emphasis mostly rendered in Ukrainian at?
1. Not only was he good looking, he was very intelligent. 2. No sooner had I put the phone
down than it rang again. 3. Barely had I got my breath back when it was time to go again. 4. Not
until he apologizes will I speak to him again. 5. Not since I was little have I had so much fun. 6. Not
for one minute do I imagine they’ll come back. Only after several weeks did she begin to recover. 7.
Only in the last few days has the truth started to emerge. 8. Little did she realize what was about to
15
happen. 9. Nowhere was a replacement to be found. 10. In no way should this be regarded as an end
of the matter. 11. Under no circumstances can we accept the offer. 12. Had he been asked, he would
have helped. 13. Such fear was he preoccupied with that he could hardly breathe. 14. Only when
they had left, did he burst into tears. 15. Only by paying the fees in full may we guarantee a place
on the course. 16. In exceptional circumstances you may take what he says seriously. 17. Up came
the file and down sat the editor. 18. Every hour in every day she could wound his pride.
Ex. 40. State what produces emphasis in the English sentences that follow. Translate them
into Ukrainian maintaining emphatic semantics. Compare the structures and syntactical
means that are used in both languages.
1. It was not often that she cried, but in states like that (Snow). 2. It was Daisy really who
was so unkind, she who was not even one of the family, exept by marriage (Wilson). 3. …it was
then that he had understood that thingds were not quite as obviously simple as they used to be
(Jacob). 4. I did not realise what he wanted, but instead I did realize another thing (Snow). 5. It was
he who felt his own pulse, who gave the cry of alarm and she who in duty and reverence echoed it
(Snow). 6. It was as a short story and not a very long one either, that I first thought of this novel
(Maughtam). 7. It was Hamlet who advised the players to remember that there was in every
audience one judicious one, the censure of which must overweigh a whole theatre of others
(Redgrave). 8. It was thus with disinclination that I began to read the Magician (Maugham). 9. And
yet he could not forget the past, and he did not want to, so that, as he stood between us on our own
hearth-rug, it was not Sheila, it was I, it was he who dispensed the patronage (Snow). 10. It must
have been the same week, probably, the very next day that R. Robinson came to dine (Snow). 11. It
was only as the evening went on that her gait and her speech became relaxed (Snow). 12. She
became convinced that it was he who out of duty insisted on attending, and she who was obliged to
stop him (Priestley).
Ex. 41. Apply proper transformations to translate the sentences in the Passive Voice into
Ukrainian. What grammar classes do they make in Ukrainian?
1. The house opposite the college is being pulled down. That’s why we’re using the back
entranced at the moment. 2. She came back to see that her house had been burgled. 3. In ten year’s
time all private residents will have been driven out and there will be one hotel after another. 4. It
was an archetypical old house that had been deserteed for fifteen years - nobody was brave enough
to buy it. 5. Seeing it, Hudson was convinced that the book had been plagiarized. 6. She was in
floods of tears when she was told she had been made redundant. 7. The road race is held yearly and
the entry for the main stand is free. 8. Above the bed five video cameras areo directed at the patient
to ensure that s/he is moving and breathing. 9. The power of weather conditions has been reduced
by the latest advances in the “breathable fabric” technologies that keep wind and cold away. 10. If
toxic wastes are burried in underground storage sites, they may leach to rivers and lakes with long-
term effects on living organisms. 11 The key factor to the city civic development has been its
majors, whose enthusiasm and persistence have been maintained for over 40 years. 12. A picture by
George Stubbs, found in the attic of Rochester’s house, has just been valued at $ 500,000. 13. The
hawk, a film that a public has been waiting for for so long has finally been released. 14. The seas
surrounding Britain have been polluted by the oil spills for over the past ten years. 15. Our cooker
was being repaired when the lights went off. 16. She dislikes doing the ironing and has it done by
the cleaner. 17. In a long tradition handed down from generation to generation, the palm leaves are
gathered by the men and the hats are woven by women. 18. She has just had her tooth extracted; no
wonder she is suffering from a maddening pain. 19. Mrs Jones will have the attendant fetch her car.
20. An ancient village was uncovered recently by archeologists. 21. World treasuries are being
ruined steadily by the unstoppable march of tourists. 22. Hopefully, she will have been promoted by
the end of the month. 23. It was years since any woman had spoken to him; Mr. Honey had
irresistibly been reminded of his dead wife.24. What has been questioned innumerable times is the
capacity of the movies for doing good. 25. If you have a good piece of material that hasn’t been
filmed yet, there is a brand new audience for it. 26. See at what intervals the guard are relieved at
16
the bridge. 27. As fewer people are prepared to work at their relationships, marriage vows are
broken and many couples are left scarred. 28. Her career blossomed after she was nominated for
Oscar.
Ex. 42. Translate sentences with –ING forms and the infinitive into Ukrainian. What syntactic
differences do the sentences in the contrasted languages reveal? What transformations are
applied to render English predicative complexes into Ukrainian?
1. She became a local celebrity as a result of appearing once on television. 2. Everywhere
you go in central London you see blocks of flats be pulled down and huge hotels being erected. 3.
For the woman to be need is everything in life. 4. Are English people fond of being spoken highly
about? 5. The danger of the process of genetic engineering is that producing new plants or
organisms may bring disasters as well as apparent advantages. 6. What is disturbing is the fact that
the advertisements are now targeting the very young aiming to establish the brand loyalty. 7. I
remember being taken to Paris when I was young. 8. Foggy conditions and the danger of
earthquakes made constructing the Golden Gate Bridge a much trickier business. 9. We don’t have
the chances of being paid higher salaries. 10. Our furnace will need servicing soon. 11. Tom
confessed to scratching the CD. 12. He is sure to boast of having been taken to Paris last summer.
13. He was accused of having entered the country illegally. 14. What an extraordinary place to have
a picnic! Fancy sitting there with the traffic swirling round. 15. Would you mind showing to us
some proof of your identity? 16. You needn’t have told him my telephone number. He knew it. 17.
Each palm leaf is split up to 25 times to obtain a straw that is fine enough to be woven into a hat.
18. We regret to inform you that tonight’s performance will be cancelled. 19. He told his name and
went on tointroduce us to his wife. 20. She is afraid to climb this ramose apple-tree in case it cracks
or she falls. 21. There was nothing to do but escape. 22. He’d do nothing from morning till night but
wander at random. 23. You should have spoken to her when you saw her. 24. You shouldn’t have
eaten those mushrooms unless you were sure they were not poisonous. 25. He couldn’t have
recognized you. He’s very short-sighted. 26. Advertisers who break the Code’s rules risk receiving
damaging adverse publicity. 27. The president has suggested staging the world Cup in tennis every
two years instead of four. 28. There was no telling how his father would react to the news. 29. If
you go on letting your dog chase the cars he’ll end up under one. 30. How proud I was of having
invented the code. 31. Imagine having to get up at 5 a.m. 32. Now I must be off. Excuse me for
giving you so much trouble. 33. She showed no sign of being impressed. 34. I wonder at Jolyon’s
allowing the engagement. 35. I haven’t had a chance to do any riding since coming here. 36. Your
hair needs cutting. You’d better have it done tomorrow. 37. Shelton had a sense of being exploited.
38. I’ll never forget being fined for the first time for speed driving. 39. Don’t you dare be late again!
40. You’d better admit to your guilt. 41. Andrew was the third to be interviewed. 42. For the last
few days she seemed to have been talking to nobody but strange men. 43. To have been recognized
by some local personage afforded her a joy which was very great. 44. He seems to be working hard
on a solution to the problem. Don’t interrupt him. 45. They were waiting for dinner to be
announced. 46. I would die sooner than ask him for another penny.
Spain a Spaniard
Belgium the Belgians
Brazil Brazilian
Mexico Mexican
Russia a Russian
Scotland the Scots
Turkey a Turk
China the Chinese
Japan Japanese
Switzerland a Swiss
England the English
France a Frenchman/ -woman
Wales Welsh
Ireland the Irish
Holland a Dutchman/ -woman
Afghanistan the Afghani
Canada Canadian
the Philippines a Filipino
Portugal the Portuguese
USA American, the US
Finland a Finn
Australia Australian
Germany the Germans
Iceland an Icelander
Iraq Iraqi
Thailand Thai
Costa Rica a Costa Rican
Monaco Monacan
Indonesia an Indonesian
Iran Iranian
Pakistan Pakistani
Ex. 45. These geographical names refer to English speaking countries. Suggest their
Ukrainian equivalents. State the cases rendered by means of transcription and transliteration.
Avon, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Cheshire, Cornwall, Cumbria, Derbyshire, Essex,
Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwickshire,
Bedforshire, Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire, Somerset, Devonshire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire, Lake
Country, Swansea Bay, the Highlands, the Caingorms, Trinidad, the Gulf of Mexico, the
18
Appalachian Mountains, the Hudson river, the Rio Grande, the Cordillera, the Missouri, the Yukon,
the Coastal Ranges, the Rocky Mountains, the Great Plains, the Coast Valleys, Manitoba,
Saskatchewan, Tasmania, the Snowy Mountains, Great Barrier Rief, Ayers Rock, the Tasman Sea,
Fiordland, Lake Wakatipu, Mount Aspiring, Lake Wanaka, Lake Tecapo, Cape of Good Hope, the
Gulf Stream, the North Sea, the Skagerrak, the Kattegat, the Farroe Islands, the Dam, the Gulf of
Bothnia, the Aland Islands, Saimaa Lakeland, Lake Pielinen, Koli Mountain, the Gulf of Finland,
the Ticino Canton, Lake Lugano, the Ardennes, theGood Land, Pretoria..
Ex. 46. Translate into English. Mind the correct use of the articles with the proper names.
1. Ірландія острів, чи континент? 2. Уральські гори вищі, ніж Альпи, чи не так? 3. Хто
населяє Європу? 4. У яких країнах розмовляють німецькою? 5. Волга довша, ніж Темза? 6.
Яка мова важча китайська чи японська? 7. Турки, араби, афганці, індійці, китайці, японці
населяють Азію. 8. Монголія така ж за величиною як Канада? 9. Фінляндія, Норвегія,
Швеція, Данія розташовані у північній Європі. 10. Де знаходяться Великі озера? 11. На якому
континенті пустеля Гобі? 12. Він вважає себе американцем, хоча батько – поляк, а мати
родом з Італії. 13. На північному полюсі не так холодно, як на південному; хоча тут буває
півроку ніч, а півроку можна бачити Північне Сяйво. 14. Велика Британія – острівна країна,
яка відділена від Франції протокою Дувр. 15. Африка відділена від Австралії Індійським
океаном. 16. Дунай протікає сімома європейськими країнами. 17. Тейлори живуть у маєтку у
передмісті Бірмінгему. 18. Філіппіни – індонезійська країна. 19. Бангкок – столиця Таїланду.
20. Канарські, Багамські, Сейшельські острови – улюблені місця відпочинку заможних
ділових людей та знаменитостей. 21. Скелясті гори простягаються уздовж західного
узбережжя Північної Америки. 22. Вестмінстерське Абатство, Букінгемський палац,
лондонський Тауер, будинок парламенту – архітектурні пам’ятки історичного Лондону. 23. З
аеропорту Хітроу можна дістатись у сімдесят країн світу. 24. Ейфелева вежа – у Парижі,
Акрополь – в Афінах, а Ватикан – у Римі. 25. Площа Пікаділі вважається історичним
перехрестям Лондона й серцем сучасного театрального життя.
Ex. 47. Make compounds or composites with the following combinatory forms. Translate
them into Ukrainian. Mind the spelling rules. What English lexemes and their Ukrainian
equivalents are semantically congruent?
Auto-, chrono-, demo-, homo-, photo-, tele-, hypo-, video-, ono(ma)-, -graph-, -phone-, -
scope, -phobia, astro-, mono-, cyber-, mega-, super-, -burger, hyper-, -friendly, -speak, -driven, -led,
-intensive, -free, -proof, -abuse, -aid, -city, -compatible, -free, -holic, -line, -lout, -mail, -nomics, -
person, -something, -size, -style, -watch.
Ex. 48. Decompose the blended words into the stems constituting them. What translation
method is most appropriate when rendering them in the target language?
Buppie, yummie, chuppie, huppie, netiquette, selectorate, televangelism, petrodollars,
petrocurrency, docudrama, twelveplex, ageism, sexism, ragazine, datamation, masscult, kidult,
slumlord, airtel, artocrat, multiversity, slumpflation, fantabulous, animatronics, infomercial,
teleport, sexcapade, ecotourism;
сонцемобіль, парламенталітет, реанімобіль, метробус, банкомат, електропед,
суржикоїнець, Азіопа, кучмонізм, витріщатик.
Ex. 49. Rewrite the following words or word groups using shortening or blending. In what
ways can they be translated into the target language?
Christmas, compact disc, direct current, fraternity, gladiolus, hi-fidelity, laboratory,
limousine, linotype, margarine, mathematics, parachute, preparatory, public house,
telecommunication, trigonometry, veterinary, teleprinter + exchange, cybernetic + organism,
formula + translation, middlebrow + culture, mimicry + memoralization, animal liberation, Nixon +
economics, big momentum, neo-conservative, hi-fidelity, science fiction, atomic bomb, learner-
driver, victory day, teenage person;
19
Ex. 50. The following are the examples of the interlingual homophones that may account for
the phenomenon of the false friends of the translator. Suggest proper translation equivalent of
each word.
Action/ акція, actual/ актуальний, affair/ афера, aspirant/ аспірант, baton/ батон, billet/
білет, cabinet/ кабінет, camera/ камера (тюремна), complexion/ комплекція, cross/ крос
(спорт.), diversion/ диверсія, mode/ мода, novel/ новела, obligation/ облігація, replica/ репліка,
scholar/ школа, major/ майор, data/ дата, servant/ сервант, trainers/ тренери, physic/ фізик,
capital/ капітальний, magazine/ магазин, fabric/ фабрика, intelligence/ інтелігенція, prospect/
проспект, compositor/ композитор, accurate/ акуратний, rapport/ рапорт, note/ нота, decay/
декада, study/ студія, politics/ політики, cereal/ серіал, objective/ об’єктивний, storm/ шторм,
genie/ геній, mascara/ маскарад, topic/ топік (предмет одягу), modal/ модель, palate/ палітра,
regiment/ режим, bizarre/ бізе, censure/ цензура, terrier/ терорист.
Ex. 51. State the way of word formation in the following innovations in English and their
Ukrainian equivalents. What translation method is most appropriate for each word?
Nanosatellite, nanotech, environmentally-friendly, glamorati, journarati, couplehood,
thrillerdom, netiquette, X-press, cradle-to-grave, just-in-time (politics), dot-comer, loadsamoney,
nanny state, reporterette, spin-doctor, IT-friendly, ape-diet, salad-dodger, restaurateur,
entrepreneur, guestworker, zhlub vote, additive-free, twentysomething, market-driven, market-led,
webmail, barfmail, ecospeak psychobabble, milkaholic, eco-efficiency, fattyism, geneism,
heterosexism, smokeism, e-school, e-business, i-biology, T-short-able, T-shaped, CD reader, HIV-
infected.
Ex. 52. Define the meanings of the following paronyms. Use them in the sentences of your
own.
Career-carrier, cause-course, courage-carriage, cost-coast, draught-drought, human-humane,
major-mayor, personal-personnel, sergeant-surgeon, suit-suite, very-vary, access-excess, campaign-
company, politics-policies, economical-economic, civic-civil, manifesto-manifest, logic-logistics,
advance-advancement, popular-populous, conscious-consciencous, canal-channel, altar-alter, collar-
colour, contemptible-contemptuous, corps-corpse, cost-coast, crash-crush, lay-lie, momentary-
momentous, ellipse-eclipse, regimen-regiment, antidote-anecdote; perverse-pervasive; amicable -
amiable.
кровний - кривавий, дійовий - діючий, сильний - силовий, білити - біліти, дільниця -
ділянка, підозріливий - підозрілий, гарнітур - гарнітура, степінь - ступінь, м’язи - в’язи,
берегти - стерегти, жирний - жировий, вникати - уникати, економний - економічний,
уважний - уважливий, статичний-статистичний, шанований - шанобливий, поважний -
розважливий, соромливий-соромітний, громадський-громадянський, абонент-абонемент,
холодний-холодовий, авторитарний - авторитетний.
Ex. 53. Choose between the paronyms. Use the required words in the proper word form.
1.The accident cut short her (carrier-career).
2.The ruin of the empire was (cause-course) by the loss of freedom and the growth of despotism.
3. Her legs were long and fine, her hips slender, her (courage-carriage) erect.
4. The road was slightly downhill, so we just (cost-coast) along enjoying ourselves.
5. The new engine gives the knives an additional (draught-drought).
6. A new prison governor is more (human-humane) than his predecessor.
7. Our department gives a literature (major-mayor).
8. Opponents are often (persona-personnel) friends, but that makes no difference.
9. He is not (suit-suite) to be a teacher.
20
Ex. 54. Determine the language the following translation loans came from into English and
Ukrainian. State if they are congruent in semantics when translated into a target language?
Sonata, datum, concentrate, macaroni, potato, tobacco, fatigue, gondola, cigar, cocoa,
chauffer, rock, diagnosis, sloop, yacht, phenomenon, pogrom, balakaika, Cossack, wonder child,
curriculum, autumn, etiquette, garage, balalaika, seraphim, tae kwondo, karaoke, Cossack,
blitzkrieg, prima donna, tete-ά-tete, khan, bungalow, Ramadan, cliché, crisis, nirvana, dolce vita,
Messiah, amethyst, operetta, kvass, cocaine, epigram, monopolize, monograph, radio, vandal,
sprint, ferment, gravity, leitmotif, samizdat, wolfram, pogrom, tweed, appetite, geisha, hidalgo,
opossum, condor, Jacuzzi, khaki;
артрит, сонце, Бог, чай, маклер, терція, акваріум, персона нон грата, комюніке,
франчайзинг, реінкарнація, фрахтувати, долоня, батько, вуста, інгибіціонізм, мазурка, кунфу,
маршал, гетьман, ігумен, хан, кенгуру, таксі, рандеву, де факто, фата моргана, балетмейстер,
портмоне, дебют, тобоган, константа, гашиш, карма, геній, криза, колібрі, монарх, авокадо,
макарони, плебісцит, агент, вігвам, балет, тайфун, сквош, порцеляна, ортодоксальний,
лейтенант, болеро, портик, томагавк, ікебана, орігамі.
Ex. 55. Where possible give the plural form of the following international words and
translation loans. Comment upon the peculiarities of its formation and the degree of the
semantic assimilation of the lexemes.
Phenomenon, stimulus, matrix, genii, tabula rasa, taxi, status quo, kangaroo, volcano,
boycott, Decembrist, moccasin, torpedo-boat, sabotage, garage, idol, gymnastics, slalom, tattoo,
hierarchy, terror;
леді, пікнік, джин, бінго, гот дог, чипси, тариф, куліш, бойскаут, пуд, мюзлі,
макінтош, рандеву, піца, табу, вальс, спагеті, соло, євхаристія, анорак, доміно, йена, амеба,
оазис, кімоно.
Ex. 56. Explain the meaning of the Ukrainian lexical innovations. State the language they
came from and the methods they were translated into Ukrainian.
Валеологія, омбудсмен, скансен, макарена, папараці, бамбіно, скудото, автобан,
полтергейст, кіч, бундесліга/ оберліга, бутик, візаж, транш, клуазонізм, ню, декодер, марміт,
мондіалізм, матракаж, фритюр, блайзер, паркінг, легінси, скоч, кейс, рег-тайм, реп, степ,
ремікс, скейтборд, кікбоксер, бодибілдінг, шейпінг, ріелтер, провайдер, тюнінг, ноутбук,
сайт, біде, кунг-фу, тінейджер, андеграунд, гранд.
Ex. 57. State the donor language of the English and Ukrainian borrowings. Give their native
equivalents. Analyze the borrowed and native lexemes into the nature of the semantic
processes (deterioration, amelioration, narrowing, broadening).
Etiquette, tete-ά-tete, hypothesis, domestic, feminine, cardiologist, silhouette, advent,
corporal, matrimonial, assemble, eloquent, coalesce, elucidate, phosphoriesce, sombrero, fiesta,
gondola, manifesto;
ажіотаж, прокрустинація, гелікоптер, антагоністичний, ремінісценція, егоїзм,
хронологічний, реабілітація, амністія, дефініція, капітуляція, автономний, емпатія,
рекогнисцирування.
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Ex. 58. Group phrasal innovations topically (politics, economics, technologies, social life,
trading, business affairs, hobbies and entertainment, environment, order and law). Supply
Ukrainian translation equivalents of them. What difficulties arise when rendering neologisms
into the target language?
Anti-money laundering investigation, business-to-business (B2B), clicks and bricks clicks
and mortal, defense dividend, pensions time-bomb, return on talent, street spam, global villager,
junk culture, road warriors, ethnic cleansing, human shield, killing fields, smart gun, anthrax
cleaning, daisy cutter, debris storm, facial profiling, overkill anthrax, Terrible Tuesday, women of
cover, World Trade Center cough, friendly fire, collateral damage, human bomb, mega terrorism,
shoe bomb, suicide bomber, state terrorism, weapons-grade drug, computer fraud, computer fraud
squad, identity theft, salami crime, boiler shop, bucket trading, consumer terrorism, drug king-pin,
white collar crime, spousal abuse, clean up rate, crime stopper electronic cash, digital cash, e-
recruiters (e-cruiters), computer-aided education, webcast wedding, alpha geek, computer gap, dot
bomb, dot com rage, face time, killer application (killer app), lunch box, mouse potato, smart
phone, stores with doors, technology butler, teleworkaholic syndrome, virtual pet, wallet
computers, word of mouse, contraceptive corn, crazy tobacco, designer crop, gene rush, gene smog,
golden rice, molecular farming, terminator seed, cloning pregnancy, handmade cloning,
reproductive cloning, quantum cloning, therapeutic cloning, baby-making industry, market
multiculturalism, hate crime, majority minority, racial profiling, shopping while black, diversity
fatigue, diversity training, cultural feminism, glass ceiling, glass floor, glass wall, grass ceiling,
mommy track, new man, new woman, silicon ceiling, the Fifth World, the Lost Sex, neo-cold
warrior, oppo research, push poll, smoking bed, stealth candidate, caviar left, the anxious class, at-
risk kids, cosmetic underclass, dumpster diver, gutter tribe, urban lumberjack, white overclass,
twentysomething (20-something), Generation Ecstasy (Generation E, Gen E), Net Generation (N-
Gen), digital generation (Generation D), Echo Boom Generation, Bull Market Babies.
Ex. 59. Analyze the following innovations into the nature of semantic motivation and
structural patterns. Suggest Ukrainian translation equivalents of them.
Baby boom generation, sandwich generation, club-sandwich generation, silver surfers,
white-collar boomers, acid rain (yellow rain), Agenda 21, bottle bank, can bank, deep ecologist,
Earth Summit, ecological footprint, greenhouse gas (GHG), light green, ozone fatigue, soil
remediation, zero-emission vehicle, zero waste, animal lib, animal welfare, animal rightists,
bioethics, eco-alarmist, ecodefender, eco-vigilant, food desert, food-in film, Frankenstein food,
gene food, one-handed food, raw foodist, toy food, nouvelle cuisine, global cuisine, fusion cookery,
sleep-sick society, sleep camels, stress puppy, sleep debt, benefit tourism, eclipse tourism, green
tourism, grief tourist, intellectual tourism, labour tourist, space tourism, sun-and-sea tourism,
sustainable tourism, weather tourism, comfort TV, extreme sports, ski football, street lunge, urban
yoga, volunteer vacationer, white water rodeo, net nuptials, starter marriage, toxic bachelor, two-
pay-check family, webcast wedding, tug of love child, drop-seat pants, fuck-me heels, thigh-high,
business casual, casual Friday, dress correctness, dress-down day/Friday, dress-up Thursday,
grunge dressing, charter school, computer-aided education, digital gap, distance learning,
“intermediate” college, magnet school, school inside school, social promotion, paper books, e-
books, e-mentor, computer fraud, computer gap, computer hip, computer junkie, computer
refusenik, smart drug, smart dust, smart gun, smart home, smart phone, smart pistol, dot bomb, dot-
com deathwatch, dot-com rage, dot snot, designer beer, designer crop, designer drug, designer lager,
virtual advertising, virtual community, virtual Friday, virtual manager, global ageing, global
corporation, global cuisine, global female icon, global dimming, global government, global villager,
green accounting, green aid, green ammunition, green bill, green bullet, green energy, green guru,
green party, green talks, green skeleton, green sweater worker, green tax, green wash, golden bullet,
golden share, golden fleecing, golden goose, golden handshake, first jobber, job gap, job summit,
job share, job lock, job spill, parachute candidate, stealth candidate, Seabiscuit candidate, charity
scam, goldilocks economy, attention economics, bubble economy, experience economy, grey
economy, bazaar economy, tiger economy, retail politics, just-in-time politics, wholesale politics,
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dress correctness, political correctness, emotional correctness, gender correctness, jobless worker,
dog-collar worker, clockless worker, scarlet collar worker, portfolio worker, career coach, health
coach, life coach, trading coach, cup-holder cuisine, deprivation cuisine, drive-through cuisine, chip
head, barking head, shouting head, crack head, CNN effect, Gulliver effect, house money effect,
lipstick effect, revenge effect, slashdot effect, wealth effect; economy class syndrome, Jurassic Park
syndrome, Stendhal’s syndrome, sudden loss of wealth syndrome, underload syndrome, civic
journalism, gotcha journalism, horse-race journalism, solutions journalism, spin journalism,
acoustic terrorism, franchise terrorism, new terrorism, extreme tourism, grief tourist, intellectual
tourist, narco tourism, weather tourist, garbage gap, geek gap, gender gap, jargon gap, wealth gap,
urban forest, urban lumberjack, summit, urban theology, urban tribe, urban yoga.
Ex. 60. Translate the following expressions with partitives into Ukrainian. How do English
word combinations and their Ukrainian translation equivalents compare as to the content side
of their semantics?
A cube of ice; a ball of string; a jar of jam; a bag of flour; a period of calm; a spell of work;
an army of unemployed; a bunch of parsley; a set of cutlery; a swarm of bees; a board of directors; a
flock of sheep; a drop of water; a meter of cloth; not a grain of truth; a pile of logs; scraps of
conversation; a touch of mockery; a mountain of debts; a blob of wool; a morsel of cheese; not a
shred of evidence; a speck of dust; a trace of anger; a wave of heat; a touch of garlic; a pinch of salt.
Ex. 61. Put these back into English using a partative. Comment upon the language means and
the language levels the semantic feature of “partativeness” is conveyed by and at in the
contrasted languages.
Спалах блискавки; клубок ниток; вуглинка; ні йоти довіри; віхтик паперу; подих
вітру; столова ложка меду; рада директорів; приступ гніву; жбан молока; горнятко сметани;
рій бджіл; ключ журавлів; зграя вовків; косяк риб; табун коней; стадо худоби; родина
коралів; низка намиста; гроно винограду; пасмо волосся; крихта хліба; брила чорнозему;
купа сміття; плитка шоколаду; пучка кропу; гуркіт грому; щіпотка солі; вияв ревнощів;
присмак кореанду.
Ex. 62. Define ethnically marked vocabulary. Suggest translation equivalents to convey both
denotative and connotative semantics of realia words. Single out key words of the text that
provide background information to obtain pragmatic equivalence of the translation.
Через століття пройшла ця давня, як і сама історія, оповідка: домашнє осідло
тримається на двох хатніх кутках – печі та жорнах. Адже піч і жорна не тільки годували,
обігрівали. Вони і гуртували людей у родинну спілку. З появою землеробства наш далекий
предок утрадиційнив найпростіші знаряддя для обробки зерна. Такою первинною формою
були жорна. Потім з’явилися млини, згодом вітряки.
Жорна - це ручний млин, пристрій яким у домашніх умовах розмелюють зерно. Млин
- це споруда, обладнана спеціальними машинами для розмелювання зерна чи крупи. Вітряк –
вітряний млин. Млинарство в Україні відоме з давніх-давен. Про нього згадує перший звід
законів – „Руська правда”. Млини будувалися і водяні, і вітряні.
Історія вітряка – це історія нашого традиційного побуту. Адже біля млинів часто
збиралися люди гуртом, ділили радість і смуток.
У багатьох піснях, легендах, приказках опоетизовано цього невтомного трудівника.
Увічнено образ вітряка і в художній літературі... (за В. Крамар).
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Ex. 63. Suggest faithful translation of the extract into English. What method is most
appropriate to translate proper names? Comment upon the transformations necessary to
resort to when dealing with syntax. Do the comparative analysis of the structure of the
sentences in the text of the source language and the text of the target one.
КИЄВО-МОГИЛЯНСЬКА АКАДЕМІЯ
Серед пам'яток архітектури Подолу привертає увагу будинок Києво-Могилянської
академії - взірець українського бароко XVIII століття з його точними пропорціями,
стриманими формами, приємним пластичним вирішенням фасадів, оригінальним заломом
даху. На фасаді, що дивиться на площу, дві меморіальні дошки, які сповіщають, що тут свого
часу навчалися такі видатні уми, як Михайло Ломоносов і Григорій Сковорода. Академія,
заснована на початку XVII століття, була світильником, звідки струменіло світло по всіх
обширах слов'янських.
З 1615 по 1632 рік це була Братська школа. 1632 року з ініціативи Петра Могили
об'єдналися Лаврська школа на Печерську і Братська на Подолі. Новий навчальний заклад,
названий іменем свого фундатора Петра Могили Києво-Могилянською колегією, здобув
статус вищої школи. Це був водночас університет (оскільки викладалися ті ж дисципліни й
за тією ж системою, що і в західноєвропейських університетах), і Академія наук (майже всі
професори водночас були і вченими), і Академія мистецтв (викладалися поетика, ораторське
мистецтво, музика, театр, образотворче мистецтво). Усе робилося для того, щоб з
обдарованого підлітка зробити освічену й інтелігентну людину. Навчалися в колегії 12 років.
Об'єднуючи Лаврську й Братську школи, Петро Могила запровадив одну з
найдемократичніших для XVII століття систему екзаменування учнів при переході з нижчого
класу у вищий або при закінченні повного курсу навчання. Знання перевірялися не
індивідуальним опитуванням, а на публічному річному диспуті. Кожен міг сповна проявити
себе, своє вміння володіти словом, творчу винахідливість (за Д. Степовиком).
Ex. 64. In the cases of simile that follow state the animalistic components that serve the
foundations for the metaphoric comparison and associations created. Translate them into
Ukrainian by chosing an appropriate pragmatic equivalent for them to keep connotative
similarity with the source language units.
To go like a bat out of hell; as crazy as a jay bird, to eat like a bird, as the crow flies, to live
like fighting cock, as black as a the crow, as dead as a dodo, like a duck in a thunderstorm, like
water off a duck's back, to take to smth. like a duck to water, as stupid as an owl, as blind as an owl,
to struck/ well like a turkey, as proud as a peacock, as a bull in a china shop, to grin like a Cheshire
cat, like a cat round hot milk, as a cat loves mustard, to treat smb like a dog, to drink like a fish, as
fussy as hen with one chick, as scarce as hen’s teeth, to eat like a horse, to work like a horse, as
gentle as a lamb, like a lamb to the slaughter, as stubborn as a mule, as strong as an ox, to stare like
a struck pig, to breed like rabbits, as well be hanged for a sheep as (for) a lamb, as blind as a bat, as
cross as a bear with a sore head, as busy as beaver, to run like deer, as sly as a fox, like a hen with
one chicken, to fight like Kilkenny cats, mad as a March hare, as timid as a hare; like a hog in the
squall/storm, independent as a hog on ice, drunk as a drowned mouse, as quiet (mum, mute, still) as
a mouse (in a cheese), to speak like a mouse in a cheese, like a drowned mouse, neither man nor
mouse, as wet as a drowned rat, like a rat in a hole, to work like a tiger, as snug as a bug in the rug,
as close as a clam, as happy as a clam at high tide, packed as close as herring, as like as an apple to
an oyster, as close/ dumb as an oyster.
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Ex. 65. Analyze the following bahuvrihi into connotations they produce. State what register of
the vocabulary they form. Are they admitted of the dignified use? Pick up Ukrainian
nominative equivalents of them maintaining sememic components of “the qualifying
character traits” they have in English.
Goody-goody, soft-soaper, coma-counter, pot-boiler, cockbrain, scratchcat, bottlelicker,
egg-sucker, money-bags, penny-pincher, bad-mouth, rough-neck, fill-belly, whistle-blower, slow-
bellies, wind-bag, no-hoper, go-getter, do-gooder, well-wisher, brown-bagger, in-betweener, leg-
puller, hard-head, bold-face, butter-finger, sly-boats, cabbage-head, pudding-head, faint-heart,
fathead, lie-abed, windbag, scoffer/ miocker, dryasdust, weathercock, diggy person/ dimwit,
highbrow, brown nose, eagle-eye, bluebottle, hunchback, blackshirt, hotspur, rubberneck,
goldilocks, slowcoach, sourbelly, pot-belly, penny-wit, beef-head, slowbelly, madcap, bigwig, rat-
face, banana-head, dollface, deadneck, flat-tire, egghead, red-neck, dirty-neck, fatherhead.
Ex. 66. State what character features are designated through the following nominations in
Ukrainian. Give English equivalents of the following Ukrainian words that name qualifying
features of the doers of the action. Maintain connotative component of their meaning.
Ангел, антихрист, ас, брязкало, бузувір, вандал, вилупок, вишкварка, віслюк, ганчірка,
гидота, гнида, горлиця, деспот, дзиґа, єзуїт, живчик, жук, зануда, зозуля, книш, кендюх,
князь, кремінь, крук, крендель, кретин, лакей, лантух, лебідка, лемішка, личина, макітра,
мерзота, мікроб, мімоза, міняйло, мотлох, мумія, нахаба, ненажера, нишпорка, нещастя,
облуда, оборотень, опудало, осел, пава/ павич, пампушка, паразит, пацюк, перевертень,
перекотиполе, перепілка, писанка, підошва, пітекантроп. плазун, погань, покидьок, покруч,
помело, порохня, профан, пустоцвіт, пуцьвірінок, п’явка, ратиця, реп’ях, рило, садист,
самець, самородок, сверблячка, свинота, світило, світоч, святенник, серденько, рибонька,
ластівка, лебідонька, зіронька, сич, скотина, слимак, сльота, смердота, сокіл, соловей,
сомнамбула, сопляк, стоїк, страховисько, стукач, тараня, теля, тетеря, тиран, торбешник,
трутень, трухляк, туз, тума, устілок, фарисей, фашист, фея, фітіль, хам, хмара, холера, хрущ,
цвіркун, цуцик, черв’як, черепаха, чудовисько, шкапа, шкарбан, шкуродер, шльондра, шляпа,
шмаркач, шушваль, ябеда, щеня, яга, ягідка, ядуха, яничар.
Ex. 67. Translate the following Ukrainian biblical phraseological expressions into English or
Ukrainian respectively and state the degree of semantic congruence between the units in the
source and target languages.
A. Aгнець Божий; багато покликаних, та мало вибраних; блудний син; Богові – боже,
а кесареві – кесареве; Божий промисел; Вавилон; Вавилонська вежа; Вавилонське
стовпотворіння; вдовина лепта; Велика субота; виноградна лоза; відділити пшеницю від
полови; Віфлеємська зірка; вічні муки; води Йордану; вливати старе вино у старі бурдюки;
вогняна колісниця; ворота раю; впасти в благодатний грунт; всесвітній потоп; голос
волаючого в пустелі; гора Синайська; дерево пізнання добра і зла; десятина; діла Господні;
до третіх півнів; добрий пастир; добрий самарянин; єгипетська неволя; за часів Адама;
заборонений плід; закланна вівця; закопати талант; Земля обітована; золоте теля; золоте
руно; зцілення розслабленого; іти на Голгофу; Каїнова печать; кара Божа; кінець світу; ключі
від раю; козел відпущення; манна небесна; Месія; митники і фарисеї; мудрість Соломона;
наріжний камінь; наситити п’ятьма хлібинами; натягнути тятиву і пустити стрілу; не хлібом
єдиним; немає пророка у своїй вітчизні; неопалима купина; нести свій хрест; Новий
Єрусалим; Ноїв ковчег; об’явлення Христа; око за око, зуб за зуб; пальмове віття;
первородний гріх; покірні як голуби, мудрі як змії; пожинати плоди; помазаник Божий;
Понтій Пилат; поцілунок Юди; сад Гефсиманський; Святая Святих; скинія небесна; скрижалі
закону; Содом і Гомора; Страсті Господні; страшний суд; східні мудреці; Тайна вечеря;
терновий вінок; труби Єрихону; умивати руки; Хома невірний; Царство Небесне; час
розкидати каміння й збирати каміння; чаша терпіння; шляхи Господні незвідані; яблуко
розбрату.
25
B. Guiding star; to follow the star; the massacre of the innocent; a voice in the wilderness;
generation of vipers; to lay the axe to the root of sth; not to be worthy to unloose the lather of sb’s
shoes; to sift the grain from the chaff; hunger and thirst; pure in heart; blessed are peacemakers; salt
of the earth; to hide one's light under a bushel; think not that I am come to destroy the law or the
prophets: I am not come to destroy, but to fulfil; if thy right eye offend thee pluck it out; whosoever
shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other cheek.
Ex. 68. State what these euphemisms mean in common language. In what ways can they be
rendered into Ukrainian to keep the emotive charge of their semantics?
Differently-abled, internment camps, people of colour, shell shock, battle fatigue,
operational exhaustion, post traumatic stress disorder, derrière, copulation, perspire, urinate,
security breach, mierda de toro, prophylactic, feces occur, barbecue sauce, visually impaired, berk,
Sunshine Units, neutralize the target, collateral damage, pacification, to buy the farm, friendly fire,
outgassing, runoff, Number One, Number Two, 'my master', Zoo Doo, groin, crotch, Queer as Folk,
restroom, acting like rabbits, making love to, getting it on, doing it, sanitary landfill, transfer station,
Civil Amenity, ill-advised, pre-owned vehicles, to hold back a grade, correctional facility, the big C,
bathroom tissue, t.p., custodian or caretaker, sanitation worker, Where can I wash my hands?,
Where can I powder my nose?, breathe one’s last, depart to the world of shadows, expire, pay one’s
debt to nature, go the way of all the flesh, join the majority, go to one’s last home, garden of
remembrance, God’s Acre, necropolis, be economic with the truth, embroider the truth, equivocate,
misguide, fib, fudge the issue, misrepresent, comfort station, retiring room, washroom,
committable, unbalanced, unstable, irrational, extramarital, physically challenged, chemical
dependence, unmotivated, overweight, unattractive, appropriate, detainee, casket.
Ex. 69. Group the disused words into archaic and historical ones. Give modern forms of the
archaic words. What translation methods are applied to the translation of the obsolete
vocabulary?
Abide, aby, amongst, archer, aught, beget, behold, betwixt, baldrie, battering, blazon,
bludgeon, blunderbuss, breast-plate, brigantine, brougham, burgher, catapult, chain-mail, chander,
chariot, corvette, cuirass, didst, diligence, dost, doth, ere, fletcher, foil, galleon, gauntlet, halberd,
hast, hath, hearken, helmet, heralds, hereof, hither, knight, lance, landeau, maiden, mayst, methinks,
naught, phaeton, raiment, ram, quoth, shalt, shield, sling, steed, thee, thereupon, thou, thy,
truncheon, unto, visor, welkin, wert, whereupon, whit, woe, ye, yeoman.
Ex. 70. Pick up proper translation equivalents to the following slang words commonly used in
the news-paper style.
To ace sb/one out (v), acidhead(n), be all wet (v), awesome (adj.), bad rap (n), to go bananas
(v.), basket case (adj/ n.), beef (n), big gun (n), bimbo (n), to blow off (v), to go bonkers (v),
bottomline (n), bro (n), broad (n), to make a quick buck (v), bullshit (n), bum (n), to butt in (v),
cakewalk (n), (the) cat’s pajamas (n), cheesecake (n), chickenshit (n), chips (n), cinch (n), take one
to the cleaners (v), clout (n), con (n), con job (n), couch potato (n), get cracking (v), creep (n), croak
(v), to cut sb/one some slack (v), to cut to the chase (v), digs (n), dinky (adj)., doozy(-ie) (n), dopey
(adj.), dork (n), dough (n), drag (n), to dry out (v), dude (n), ego trip (n), fall guy (n), fix (n), flack
(n), flaky (adj.), fling (n), to flip out (v), freak (n), freebie (n), gas (n), to get laid (v), to get off on
smth (v), gig (n), gold-digger (n), groove (n), grub (n), to hang out (v), hang-up (n), hanky panky
(n), hard-ball (n), high and low (n), hooker (n), hotshot (adj.), hunk (n), hype (n/v), jive (n/v), joint
(n), junkie (n).
Ex. 71. Study the following acronyms and their homoforms that function in current
cyberlanguage. What stylistic effect do they make?
GAL (Get А Life); JAM (Just А Minute); HAND (Have А Nice Day); Tips (Terrorism
Information and Prevention System); ELF (English as Lingua Franca); NOTE (Not over there,
either); BANANA (Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything); CAM (Complementary
26
and Alternative Medicine); SCORE (Special Claim on Residual Equity) also (System on
Computerized Order Routing and Execution); STARS (Securities Transferred and Repackaged)
also (Short-Term Auction-Rate Stock); CATS (Certificate of Accrual on Treasury Securities) also
(Computer Assisted Trading System); BBS (Be Back Soon) also (Bulletin Board System); CU (See
You) also (Cracking Up); CUL (See You Later) also (Catch You Later); G (Grin) also (Giggle);
WN (What Now?) also (What Next?); WRT (With Respect To) also (With Regard To).
Ex. 72. Supply literary translation of the following sentences. Define the means that help to
enhance expressivity in each sentence.
1. It was the man with owl-eyed glasses and he said “Amen to that” in a brave voice (Scott
Fitzgerald). 2. He was a tall, light-complexioned Negro, loose-limbed and very thin (A. Maltz). 3.
Kentucky women are difficult to begin with, keyed-up and hellion-hearted (T. Capote). 4. Andy’s
main complaint would be Roy’s trickery, Roy’s back-handed betrayal of his cold-bloomed
wantonness (J. Albridge). 5. And only Mrs. Buster, on whose skimpy-haired head a bump was
pyramiding, could have justly complained of injury (T. Capote). 6. Allie rubbed his big, stubby-
fingered hands as if they were frost bitten (D. Carter). 7. George was of medium height, bold and
pot-bellied and spindly-legged (A. Sillitoe). 8. The figure seated on a large boulder at the foot of the
round tower was that of broad-shouldered, deep-chested, strong-limbed, frank-eyed, red-haired,
freckled, shaggy-bearded, wide-mouthed, large-nosed, long-headed, deep-voiced, bare-kneed,
brawny-handed, hairy-egged, ruby-faced, sinewy-armed hero (W. Meys). 9. It was as if a memory
or a hope , or mere pig-headedness kept him going with her (J. Lindsay). 10. Gerald weise is a
smiling, blue-eyed giant of a man (St. Ellin). 11. He was a twingling-eyed, pimple-faced man, with
his hair standing upright all over his head (Ch. Dickens). 12. Many guests were still at breakfast, a
glum, silent, red-eyed lot (H. Wouk). 13. On my right there was this very Joe Gale-looking guy, in
a gray flannel suit and in one of those flinty-looking Jettersell vests (Ibid). 14. Except for a few
pimpy-looking guys and whory-looking blondes … they were mostly old, show-offy-looking guys
with their dates (J.D. Salinger). 15. Steely-eyed, short back’n front McQueen, is sprung from jail by
a corrupt politician. 16. He was greeted with very constrained and not very polite reticence by the
elder Hartlys, and gazed at by such an inordinate member of round-o-eyed, Youthful Hartlys (R.
Aldington). 17. You dead-gut, you Gestapo-eyed gut, you flap-mouthed scumpot (A. Sillitoe). 18.
What sort of stiff-necked pride is it that stops me from saying what I want to say (J. Lindsay). 19.
Brian was out of breath, but barrel-chested Albert went on and on (A. Sillitoe). 20. Thin-lipped
wisdom spoke at her from the worn chair (O. Wilde). 21. He sat on the very edge of his chair, as
though trying to disown its costly, deep-cushioned presence (D. Charter). 22. His sons worked in
the bank, prissy-mouthed, prudent men, who might have been twins, for they both were mask-
mallow-white, slump-shouldered watery-eyed (T. Capote). 23. Bald, beefy, moonfaced, broad pf
shoulder and of girth, he loomed over, a Gulliver among the Lilliputians (D. Junshnet).
Ex. 73. Dwell on the syntactic value of the detached elements in each sentence.Translate them
into Ukrainian to maintain structural emphasis.
1. You never liked her, she says, and you have made him feel that she isn’t worthy of him
(Dreiser). 2. Already he was doing the right things, so he thought, in surgery, and the elder men in
his line were regarding him with a rather uneasy eye (Dreiser). 3. As I say, I was fortunate to get her
(Murdoch). 4. Her conduct, it was clear, was little satisfactyory to her mother who scarcely
mentioned her it was best to say nothing (Thackeray). 5. Thomas Esmond - captain Thomas, as he
was called - became engaged in a gaming-house brawl, of which the consequence was a duel
(Thackeray). 6. Two electric fires were burning in the room, but Antonia had insisted on lighting a
coal fire, to cheer me up, as she put it (Murdoch). 7. But July arriving and his plan still indefinite,
the first thing that occurred to him was that they might go off to some inexpensive esort somewhere
(Dreiser). 8. When he was born, Winifred, in the heyday of spirits, and the craving for distinction,
had determined that her children should have names such as no others had ever had (Galsworthy). 9.
Behind him the nurse did he knew not what, for his father made a tiny movement of repulsion as if
resenting that interference; and almost at once his brewathing eased away, became queit; he lay
27
very still (Galswaorthy). 10. Soon, however, although the old woman never ceased to inspire in her
a kind of awe which nearly amounted to terror, she fell into paying her no more attention, for
practical purposes, than if she had been another quaint piece of furniture (Murdoch).
Ex. 74. Define stylistic devices that deal with the completeness and the structure of the
sentence. What effect do they produce? How can they be retained in the translation versions?
1. I might as well face facts: good-bye Susan, good-bye a big car, good-bye a big house,
good-bye power, good-bye the silly handsome dreams (J.Braine). 2. It is she, whom he has loved,
admired, honoured and set up for the world to respect (Ch. Dickens). 3. She was crazy about you. In
the beginning (R. Warren). 4. Out came the chase - in went the horses - on sprang the boys - in got
the travelers (Ch. Dickens). 5. Malay camp. A row of streets crossing another row of streets. Mostly
narrow streets. Mostly dark streets (P.Abrahams). 6. His forehed was narrow, his face wide, his
head large, and his nose all on one side (Ch. Dickens). 7. In manner, close and dry. In voice, husky
and low. In face watchful behind the blind (Ch. Dickens). 8. Bella soaped his face and rubbed his
face, and soaped his his hands and rubbed his hands, and splashed him, and rinsed him, and toweled
him, until he was as red as a beetroot (Ch. Dickens). 9. “What sort of place is Dufton exactly?” “A
lot of mills. And a chemical factory. And a grammar school and a war memorial and a river that
runs different colours each day. And a cinema and fourteen pubs. (J. Braine). 10. They went side
by side, hand in hand, silently and quietly (Galswaorthy). 11. Michelangelo began to pictures in his
mind: of struggles between men, of the rescue of women, of the wounded, of the dying (Stone). 12.
The receiving overseer, Roger Kendal, though thin and clerical, was a rather capable man (Dreiser).
Ex. 75. Detect a syntactic means that adds up to the expressivity of each sentence. Practise
translating sentences into Ukrainian maintaining sentence topicality.
1. It was marvelous to be made to love like that (Prichard). 2. It is the month that makes
you talk to yourself in that silly way (Shaw). 3. If this is liberty, it isn’t going to mean a thing
(Heym). 4. A ship - the Vestris- is reported to be arriving to Joppa (Douglas). 5. Ethel, the youngest,
married a good-for-nothing little waiter (Mansfield). 6. To think that a man of his abilities woud
stoop to such a horrible trick as that (Dreiser). 7. There was a blackbird perched on the cherry-tree,
sleek and glistening (Braine). 8. But the doctor - a family physician well past fifity - was not
impressed (Carter). 9. Sally was seating on the front seat of the buggy, dump and unhappy at being
ignored (Prichard). 10. At the top of the stairs she stopped to wave him (Douglas). 11. JAnathan
shokk his head slowly, without looking up, his tongue bulging his teeth (Douglas). 12. With all her
faults she was candor herself (Hardy). 14. They were returning to Fofgarty’s; their hands full of
flowers (Prichard). 15. She pressed his hand mutely; his eyes dim (London). 16. In a room within
the house , Coperwood, his coat and vest off, was listening to Aliien’s account of her troubles
(Dreiser). 17. He was surprised, evidently, to find Sally so much at home and bustleing about like
that (Prichard). 18. Stout, middle-aged, full of energy, clad in a grese-stained dark blue print dress,
she bustled backwards and forwards from the kitchen to th dining-room (Prichard). 19. Never
before had the friar such power and never had his voice rung out with such a clap of doom (Stone).
20. And yet, as though overcome, she flung down on a coach and pressed her hands to her eyes
(Mansfield).
Ex. 76. Analyze the following headlines into the structure and vocabulary. State what stylistic
devices and language means produce strong emotional effect. Practise translating the
headlines into Ukrainian the way they maintain their expressivity in the target language.
BRITAIN ALMOST "CUT IN HALF"(Morning Star); STАТЕ AUDIT FINDS NEW CITY
DEFICITS (The Тiтes); FIRE FORCES AIRLINER ТО TURN ВАСК (The Guardiaп); СABIN
FILLED WITH SMOKE (Morпiпg Star); SAFE LANDING FOR 97 PASSENGERS; ATLANTIC
DRAMA IN SUPER VC 10; ТAX AGENT A CHEAT (Dаilу World); CAKES AND BITTER
ALE (The Suпday Тimes); COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF STILL AT LARGE (The Guardiaп); THEY
THREW BOMBS ON GIPSY SITES (Morпiпg Star); ALLIES NOW LOOK TO LONDON (The
28
Ex. 77. Dwell on the differentiating features of the paremii texts. Match the source language
proverbs and the target language proverbs. Do the translation analysis of the given paremii
texts.
Ex. 78. Analyze the below given proverbs and sayings into the structure and composition.
Specify the tropes and language means that reveal the sense of “veritas per analogiam”.
Suggest translation equivalents of the following proverbs. State what method is applied in
each case to maintain an allegory of the proverb.
1. “The end of an ox is beef, and the end of a lie is grief.” (African proverb)
2. “Lies that build are better than truths that destroy.” (Senegalese proverb)
3. “Before you criticize a man, walk a mile in his shoes.” (Zen proverb)
4. “A house is made with walls and beams. A home is made with love and dreams.” (Author
unknown)
5. “Man is harder than iron, stronger than stone and more fragile than a rose.” (Turkish proverb)
6. “A lazy man's best day is tomorrow.” (Irish saying)
7. “On a long journey even a straw weighs heavy.” (Spanish proverb)
8. “Rest breeds rust.” (German proverb)
9. “The older the fiddler, the sweeter the tune.” (English proverb)
10. “Know safety, no injury. No safety, know injury.” (Author unknown)
11. If you have two loaves of bread, sell one and buy a lily.” (Chinese proverb)
12. “If you are buying a cow, make sure that the price of the tail is included.” (Tamil proverb)
29
13. He who buys what he needs not, sells what he needs.” (Japanese proverb)
14. “To him that you tell your secret you resign your liberty.” (Zen proverb)
15. “If you want to feel rich, just count the things you have that money can't buy.” (Japanese
proverb)
16. “Life is the gift of nature; Love is the gift of life, a Kiss is the gift of Love.” (Chinese saying)
Ex. 79. What is the transferred meaning of each quote? What tropes help to elaborate it?
What translation methods can be proper to maintain the aphoristic character of the
quotations?
1. “Patriotism is when love of your own people comes first; nationalism, when hate for people other
than your own comes first.” (Charles de Gaulle)
2. “Modern technology owes ecology an apology.” (Alan M. Eddison)
3. “At a dinner party one should eat wisely but not too well, and talk well but not too wisely.” (W.
Somerset Maugham)
4. “Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.” (Seneca)
5. “To win without risk is to triumph without glory.” (Pierre Corneille)
6. “Once is happenstance. Twice is coincidence. Three times is enemy action.” (Auric Goldfinger)
7. “No man ever wetted clay and then left it, as if there would be bricks by chance and fortune.”
(Plutarch)
8. “Very often a change of self is needed more than a change of scene.” (Arthur Christopher
Benson)
9. “You can tell the ideals of a nation by its advertisements.” (Norman Douglas)
10. “We give up leisure in order that we may have leisure, just as we go to war in order that we may
have peace.” (Aristotle)
11. “He who rejects change is the architect of decay.” (Harold Wilson)
12. “Don't judge each day by the harvest you reap, but by the seeds you plant.” (Robert Louis
Stevenson)
13. “A good decision is based on knowledge and not on numbers.” (Plato)
14. “Four hostile newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets.” (Napoleon
Bonaparte)
15. “News is what somebody somewhere wants to suppress; all the rest is advertising.” (Lord
Northcliffe)
16. “Laws control the lesser man... Right conduct controls the greater one.” (Mark Twain)
17. “Nobody has a more sacred obligation to obey the law than those who make the law.”
(Sophocles)
18. “By swallowing evil words unsaid, no one has ever harmed his stomach.” (Winston Churchill)
19. “To be able to ask a question clearly is two-thirds of the way to getting it answered.” (John
Ruskin)
20. “The world is divided into two classes, those who believe the incredible, and those who do the
improbable.” (Oscar Wilde)
21. “If you can believe it, the mind can achieve it.” (Ronnie Lott)
22. “The Six Ws: Work will win when wishing won't.” (Todd Blackledge)
23. “Sport is dead when “citius, altius, forties” is replaced by “fixius, drugius, corruptius. (Simon
Barnes)
24. “Laws are spider webs through which the big flies pass and the little ones get caught.” (Honoré
de Balzac)
25. “To receive gifts is to lose freedom.” (Kanye West)
30
Ex. 80. Specify the markers of the style the following text is performed in. Analyze its topical
vocabulary. What method is proper to translate terms and determed words? Translate the
text into Ukrainian maintaining its stylistic peculiarities.
15 King George St.
Lucia 45325
Bacardia
Tel: 8030-333-3333
e-mail: ashugara@bac.com
March 13, 2000
Ms Jeremy Keruga
Personnel Officer
BWB Group Headquarters
12 Georgetown St.
Lucia 45322
Bacardia
Dear Ms Keruga,
I am very interested in your advertisement in the March 10 issue of Bacardia Post since I
believe that I have the skills and qualities required for filling the position of an accountant in the
Accounting Sector of your company. Besides having good professional training in accounting, I
also have had three years experience as a part-time accountant.
I received a BA degree in finance and accounting from Lucia University in 1997. My
training gave me the opportunity of acquiring all the skills needed for successful practical work in
accounting jobs of various types, including the use of computers and the most advanced computer
accounting.
As a result of my training I was able to find a job as a part-time accountant with Lucia
Enterprises Inc. immediately after graduating from the university. Although only a part-time
position, my work in this company has given me valuable practical experience. I am now ready to
move forward, and believe that working in a full-time position for your company can open new
career prospects for me.
Because skills and experience may best be explained at a personal meeting, I would like to
solicit an interview with you. I would appreciate your calling me by the telephone number indicated
on top of this letter any day after 2 p.m. to let me know about the day and time most convenient for
you.
Sincerely yours,
Kamil Ashugara
Junior Accountant, Lucia Enterprises, Inc.
Enclosures: CV, three letters of reference.
Ex. 81. The bellow running is an example of the proclamation. What style do the texts of the
given genre make? State lexical, morphemic, syntactical, compositional means that are
common to the texts of proclamation. Think of the effects proclamations produce. What
effect is made by this speech? Make a written summary of the proclamation in English.
Let's begin with a bit of history. Our company, Playciko, was founded more than a century
ago. In fact, it was at the turn of the century that we were founded - in 1898. Playciko was
established as a family business, and it remains a family business even now. You can see the
portrait of our founder, Jonathan Ciko, on the wall behind me. Now the firm is owned by the heirs
of Jonathan Ciko.
We started as quite a small business, employing only ten people. But the business was quite
successful, and by the 1920s it occupied the leading position in the toy industry in Bacardia. This
position is firmly held by our firm even now, so that two out of every three toys sold in Bacardia are
manufactured by Playciko. It was in the 1920's that the firm's products began to be sold in
international markets. It's quite probable that, in their childhood, some of your grandparents were
playing with toys produced by us.
Nowadays, Playciko mostly specializes in mechanized and educational toys. Our aim is not
only to amuse and entertain children, but to make them learn while playing. And children love our
toys! For every Bacardian child the name of Playciko means high quality, fun, a good time, and
development. Yes, quality is our password. We are ready to sacrifice everything for quality, and
never agree to lower our standards.
And it shows. Here in the graph you can see the growth of our sales in the last ten years. As
you can see, they have been steadily growing in the domestic market from year to year, and the
general tendency is non-stop growth. The production graph, which is also shown, demonstrates
slower growth than the sales graph. This is our policy. We prefer to manufacture even less than the
existing demand, so as not to sacrifice quality. We believe that sacrificing quality can hardly be
avoided if production grows too quickly.
On the other hand, our sales on the international markets are much lower than on the
domestic market. You can see that demonstrated in the third graph. We believe that the quality of
our goods deserves much more attention. Maybe that is because we are not known enough outside
Bacardia. That is the reason for our participation in this International Exhibition - to make ourselves
better known. And I hope today's presentation will help us. That's all I wanted to say. I would like
to thank you again for coming, and for listening to me so patiently. Our team is ready to answer all
your questions and to show you everything that we have. Feel free to see and try out everything on
display.
And oh yes - we would like you to enjoy yourselves while you are here. Please help
yourselves to the food and drinks that you see around you.
Ex. 82. Analyze the following piece of emotive prose into morphemic, lexical and syntactical
stylistic devices. Pick up translation equivalents to maintain their emotive charge.
A LONDON HOTEL
We are staying in a hotel in one of those squares at the back of Oxford Street. You will say
that we ought to have more sense, but we have our excuses. We had to come up suddenly, the
rooms we usually have were engaged; we were told that this was a good hotel. It is one of those
hotels that like to describe themselves as quiet places for gentlefolk. They are, I believe, a distinct
type. They have no bands nor dancing nor cocktail bars; they do not advertise themselves in the
illustrated weeklies; they are not very expensive but neither are they very cheap; and they maintain,
very firmly and consistently, a fairly high standard of inconvenience and discomfort. They occupy a
middle position between those dreary bed-and-breakfast warrens that are always near the big
railway stations, so that provincial nonconformist persons may dive into them five minutes after
giving up their tickets, and those palatial hotels where innumerable page-boys may be seen flitting
above ten-pile carpets, carrying Martinis and the Chicago Tribune, places indeed that I only visit in
the company of American publishers. There must be scores of hotels of this middle kind in London.
I have stayed at a round dozen of them myself, probably more, for I have never stayed twice at the
same one: I am not such a fool as that: but nevertheless I am fool enough to imagine at times that I
shall stumble upon one that is really different from the others. If possible, however, I try to make
other arrangements: my optimism has reasonable bounds.
32
Here we are, then. Once more we are quiet, dignified gentlefolk staying at a quiet dignified
hotel. My room is more fantastic than usual. It has all the appearance of having been at some time a
corridor, though possibly it is really a section of what was once an immense drawing-room. What-
ever it was, it is now an extraordinarily, inhumanly long and narrow apartment, a place ripe for a
German film producer. At one end is a long narrow window and at the other is a long narrow
wardrobe, which has a mirror that always offers me a monstrous distortion of myself, who appear in
it as if I were fully as broad as I am tall. This is, of course, an obvious opti cal illusion, but it adds
nothing to my pleasure. It is quite impossible to have a night's sleep in this room, which must have
been designed by someone who either never slept or never did anything else. Over the door is a
large fanlight that is brilliantly illuminated all night because the lights in the corridor outside are
never turned out. (They will be tonight, however, even if the bodies of the night-porter and the
boots are found afterwards near the switch). There is no escaping this illuminated fanlight once you
are in bed, and no doubt advertising people will soon take advantage of the fact. But that is not all.
This room is on the first floor, just above the main door of the hotel, and my pillow is not more than
a yard from the window, through which all the noises of the street, taxis starting up and hooting
away, come at all hours. For two nights now this room has offered me glimpses of eternity. It is
determined to make a thoughtful man of me. Mere reading will not do. The electric light is so
placed that you can only read at the cost of having smarting eyes. Moreover, when you have read
yourself into feeling sleepy again, you must then get up to turn out the light, with the result that you
are wakeful once more. If any man wishes to know what he thinks about life at quarter to three in
the morning, let him occupy this room for a few nights.
The only meal we are taking in this hotel is of course breakfast. There is something very
queer about these London hotel breakfasts. Everything seems to be there, porridge, fish, sausage,
kidney, eggs and bacon, toast and marmalade, tea and coffee. These viands are not merely names on
the menu but solid bodies set on the table for you to eat. You may spend twenty minutes disposing
of them. (From All about Ourselves and Other Essays by J. B. Priestley)
Ex. 83. Prior to translating the passage into Ukrainin define the style and the genre of the text
and its language markers (lexical, syntactical ones). Turn to a reliable dictionary to translate
commercial law terms. Elaborate the Ukrainian translation version respectively.
BANCRUPCY
The law of bancrupcy governs the situation where, when a person is unablw to pay his
creditors, his property is distributed among them pro rata. The law also provides for the discharge of
the bancrupt person in certain circumstances. The Court order which makes the debtor “bancrupt’
and causes his property to vest in a trustee for the benefit of his creditors is called adjudication
order. Bancrupcy must be carefully distingushied from the involvency. The former term should only
be applied after the making of the adjudication order. Involvency means that a person is unable to
pay his debts as they fall due. When a bancrupcy order has been made the bankrupt must submit a
Statement of Affairs to the official receiver. The statement of affairs includes his assets, liabilities
and a list of creditors. The official receiver may at any time apply to the court for public
examination of the bankrupt in regard to his affairs, dealings, property and causes of his failure.
The trustee in bancrupcy is usually appointed by court. Until a trustee is appointed the
official receiver is in control. It is usual for a trustee to work under supervision of a committee of
creditors. The Involvency Act of 1986 specifies in great detail the powers, duties and the
responsibilities of the trustee. Some powers may only be exercised with the sanction of the
committee, for example, carrying on the business of the bankrupt, or mortgaging any property of the
bankrupt to raise money to pay his debt. Other powers may be exercised without any sanctions, for
example, selling any property of the bankrupt. The trustee is entitled to such renumerations as is
fixed by the creditors or the committee of creditors. The trustee must keep accounts, which are
subject to the audit by the committee of creditors.
33
Ex. 84. Specify the genre and the style the below given exstract belongs to. Define the terms
and other scientific vocabulary. What translation method is best to render the denotative
semantics of the sentences?
DIESEL TRACTION
With the nearly universal electric transmission, the diesel engine is directly connected to a
main direct current generator that converts the mechanical energy produced by the engine into
electrical energy Through the appropriate control equipment, this is then used to dnve the traction
motors.
Other types of transmission are also used in diesel locomotives The hydraulic transmission has
become quite popular in Germany It employs a centrifugal pump or impeller driving a turbine in a
chamber filled with oil or a similar fluid The pump driven by a diesel engine converts the engine
power to kinetic energy m the oil impinging on the turbine blades The faster the blades move, the
less the relative impinging speed of the oil is and the faster the locomotive moves Mechanical
transmission is the simplest type, it is mainly used in low-power locomotives Basically, it is a clutch
and gearbox similar to those used in automobiles A hydraulic coupling, in some cases, is applied in
place of a friction clutch
There are four broad classes of railroad equipment that use diesel engines as prune movers.
1 The light railcar or rail bus (up to 180 horsepower) usually is four-wheeled and has mechanical
transmission It is often powered by a standard highway bus engine, it may be designed to haul a
light trailer car
2 The low horsepower railcar (up to 1,000 horsepower) may have either mechanical or hydraulic
transmission Most railcars can haul additional trailer cars, some are designed mainly for this
purpose, although they also have passenger and baggage accommodations
3 Tram sets (500 to 2,000 horsepower) are formations of more than one vehicle, usually designed to
be worked from a single set of controls The sets include one or more powered vehicles and usually
have hydraulic or electric transmission
4 Locomotives (up to 6,600 horsepower) may have mechanical, hydraulic, or electric transmission,
depending on power output and purpose They are frequently designed to work m multiple-unit
formations Lower powered units (up to 600 h/p) are usually designed for switching and light freight
services Medium-powered locomotives (600 - 1,200 h/p) are normally used for freight, passenger,
or heavy switching duties Locomotives over 1,200 h/p are required in main-line services in Europe
and North America In Europe locomotives in the 1,500 - 2,000 h/p range are the most popular for
express passenger work In North America road freight units may range as high as 6,600 h/p, and
several units totalling as much as 15,000 h/p may be used in multiple on heavy, fast trains.
Ex. 85. Specify the markers of the text of jurisprudence that follows. Consult a reliable
dictionary to make a faithful translation of the terms and determed legal vocabulary. Make a
synopsis of the part of a lecture in English.
Англосаксонська правова система представлена наступними країнами: Англія, США,
Нова Зеландія, Канада, Австралія, Індія, що були колоніями Британської імперії. В Англії
періоду нормандського завоювання існувала розрізнена, не зв'язана між собою локальна
нормотворчість, заснована здебільшого на місцевих звичаях. Починаючи з X століття,
королівські судді починають формування єдиного для всієї країни прецедентного права.
Вироблювані рішення приймаються за основу всіма іншими суддями. Під час відсутності
прецеденту суддя самостійно формулює рішення в справі. Таким чином, суддя здійснює
нормотворчі функції. Поступово складається єдина система судових прецедентів - так зване
загальне право. Загальне право - це судове право, випрацьовуване суддями в процесі
розгляду конкретних правових суперечок.
Одночасно існує й статутне право - система нормативно-правових актів, і
прецедентне. Але головне джерело англосаксонського права - судовий прецедент. Суддя тут
- суб'єкт правотворчості. Відомі аксіоми англосаксонського права: «право тільки там, де є
34
судовий захист», «закон - це те, що про нього говорять судді», «якщо немає прецеденту -
право мовчить». Сила прецеденту визначається місцем суду в ієрархії судової влади. Нижчі
суди прецедентів не створюють. При цьому кожний суддя формально зв'язаний рішеннями
вищих і рівних за чином судів.
Для англосаксонської системи права характерний не нормативний, а казуальний тип
юридичної свідомості: факт тут порівнюється не з нормативною моделлю, а з іншим
аналогічним казусом, судовою й правозастосовною практикою. Тому такий тип права часто
називають казуальним. Норми права в англосаксонських правових системах носять досить
детальний, казуїстичний характер, оскільки формулюються у вигляді прецедентів при
рішенні конкретних казусів - справ. Величезне значення надається формалізованим
процедурам, процесуальним нормам, засобам юридичного захисту.
Відсутній розподіл права на приватне й публічне. Як правило, немає й галузевого
розподілу норм. В англосаксонській моделі формальний пріоритет належить законодавству,
але фактично все залежить від розсуду судді, від того, як він витлумачить і застосує норму
закону. Саме на судове рішення, а не на первісну норму закону орієнтуються учасники
правовідносин.
Ex. 85. Identify the style differentiating features of the text that follows. Make a list of
engineering vocabulary. What lexical transformations prevail when translating scientific
vocabulary. Translate the instruction into English.
ЗАПОБІЖНІ ЗАХОДИ
Щоб уникнути пошкодження компонентів телевізора необхідно дотримуватись
наступних правил. Максимальна температура в приміщенні, де знаходиться телевізор, не
повинна перевищувати 35°С. Не перекривайте доступ до вентиляційних отворів,
розташованих на задній або бічній поверхнях телевізора. Встановлюючи телевізор, слідкуйте
за тим, щоб довкола нього було достатньо простору для вентиляції. У приміщенні, в якому
знаходиться телевізор, відносна вологість повітря не повинна перевищувати 85%. Якщо ви
дивитесь телевізор на відкритому повітрі, слідкуйте за тим, щоб на нього не попадала волога
(дощ, бризки тощо). Якщо ви внесли телевізор з холодного приміщення у більш тепле, це
може викликати утворення конденсату на його екрані і на деяких деталях всередині
телевізора. Перш ніж увімкнути телевізор у мережу, дочекайтесь, поки конденсат
випарується самостійно з екрану. Якщо ви збираєтесь на тривалий час йти з дому, вимкніть
телевізор за допомогою вимикача живлення. Але навіть у цьому випадку деякі його деталі
залишаються під напругою. Для повного відключення телевізора від електромережі
витягніть вилку шнура живлення з розетки. Під час грози, щоб уникнути електричних або
електромагнітних перевантажень, які можуть викликати пошкодження телевізора,
рекомендується відключати його від мережі живлення та виймати антенний штекер з
антенного гнізда телевізора. Ні в якому разі не розбирайте телевізор самостійно, щоб
уникнути ураження електричним струмом. Екранування телевізора є достатнім для
запобігання рентгенівському випроміненню.
Компанія не несе ніякої відповідальності у випадку недотримання вищенаведених
правил експлуатації цього телевізора.
Ex. 86. Analyze the text into its compositional parts, nature of the vocabulary and syntax.
Define what functional style the text belongs to. Do a faithful translation of the business
document into Ukrainian
CONTRACT
Lucia, Bacardia
June 6, 2001
Basic Machinery Inc., Lucia, Bacardia, hereinafter referred to as "the Seller", on the one
part, and Solaro Industries of Djakarta, Indonesia, hereinafter referred to as "the Buyer", on the
other part, have concluded the present Contract for the following
35
Discount $60,000
Total Contract Value $20740,000
3. Time of Delivery.
3.1. The machinery listed in Appendix 1 is to be delivered within four (4) months
from the date of payment specified in Clause 4.1 of this contract.
3.2. The delivery date is understood to be the date of the clean Bill of Lading issued in
the name of the Buyer, destination Djakarta, Indonesia.
4. Terms of Payment.
4.1. Within forty five (45) days from the date of signing this Contract, the Buyer is to make
a wire transfer of one hundred percent (100%) of the total contract value to the account of the Seller
at the Bank of Lucia, Lucia, Italy.
4.2. Wire transfer payment at the rate of one hundred percent (100%) of the total contract
value is to be effected in US dollars against the following documents:
4.2.1. Original Bill of Lading issued in the name of the Buyer, destination Djakarta,
Indonesia.
4.2.2. Shipping specification.
4.2.3. Certificate of Quality.
4.2.4. Insurance policy.
5. Guarantee of Quality.
5.1. The guarantee period is 18 month from the date of putting the machinery into operation,
this date is specified in an appropriate Act signed by representatives of the Parties to the present
Contract.
5.2. If the machinery proves to be faulty within the Guarantee period, the Seller must replace
it at his expense, as well as deliver the replaced machinery or parts to the Buyer.
6. Terms of Shipment.
6.1. The machinery is to be shipped by sea in containers packed and marked as specified in
Appendix 2 of this Contract.
6.2. The Buyer is to be informed by the Seller regarding the date of shipment, the Bill of
Lading number, number and weight of containers, the vessel name. Notification is to be done by fax
within twenty-four (24) hours after shipment.
7. Insurance.
7.1. Insurance policy is to be provided by the Seller who covers the insurance expenses from
the moment the machinery under this contract is dispatched until the moment it is delivered to the
Buyer at the port of destination.
8. Sanctions.
8.1. In the event of delay in delivery of the machinery, the Seller is to pay the Buyer a
penalty at the rate of 3% of the total contract value for every five (5) days of delay.
8.2. The delay of less than five days entails no penalty.
36
9. Force Majeure.
9.1. The Parties are released from their responsibility for partial or complete non-execution
of their liabilities under the Contract should this non-execution be caused by force majeure
circumstances, including: fire, flood, earthquake, war, strike, catastrophe at sea, and not limited to
these circumstances if they had a direct damaging effect on the execution of the present Contract.
9.2. The Party unable to fulfill its obligations under the present Contract is to inform the
other Party within one week (7 days) of the beginning of force majeure circumstances.
10. Arbitration.
10.1. The Seller and the Buyer will do everything in their power to settle any disputes or
differences which may arise out of the present Contract.
10.2. If the parties do not come to an agreement, all disputes and differences will be
submitted to arbitration in Helsinki, Finland, in accordance with the regulations of the Chamber of
Commerce in Helsinki and applying the laws of Finland.
11. Other Terms.
11.1. Any changes, amendments, and supplements to the conditions of this Contract are
valid only if set forth in a written document signed by authorized representatives of both Parties to
this Contract.
The Contract becomes effective and comes into full force from the date of its signing.
Buyer Seller
Passage 2. The World Trade Organization, in a closely watched decision, said on Tuesday that the
European Union and six of its member states had broken trade rules by barring entry to genetically
modified crops and foods, according to diplomats. In a confidential report, which the diplomats said
they were still studying, WTO trade judges found that the EU had applied what was effectively a
moratorium on imports of genetically modified food and crops for six years starting in 1998.
Moratoriums are barred under WTO rules. The preliminary ruling addressed a complaint brought
against the EU by the United States, Argentina and Canada, which together accounted for 80
percent of the area planted to biotechnology crops globally last year.
37
Passage 3. The term "the World Bank" is shorthand for "the World Bank Group", which consists of
several institutions. These include, most prominently, the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), which provide credit
to governments, and the International Finance Corporation (IFC), which works directly with the
private sector. The IBRD's function is to provide loans at market-based rates to middle-income
countries and better-off poor countries; IDA focuses on assisting development in the poorest
countries in the world, with highly concessional financing. As the bank enters what may well be a
ten-year period of leadership under Wolfowitz, it is necessary to ask whether changes to this
structure are needed if the bank is going to continue to flourish. Most important is the question of
how – or if – the IBRD can remain relevant to the needs of its middle-income clients and adapt its
own financial structure to the modern world of global finance.
Passage 4. How could the US military have become bogged down in places as remote from
traditional American concerns as Iraq and Afghanistan, with no clear end in sight? For a growing
majority of Americans, the stock replies – 9/11, oil, conspiracy, political blunders, Wilsonian
idealism - have become less and less satisfying. A more coherent answer to how America became
mired militarily in far-off lands can be found in a five-decade strategy of engaging in "limited wars"
intended to maintain and promote the US-led world order, which first began to take shape after
World War II.
A Harvard professor by the name of Henry Kissinger, who would later become national
security adviser and secretary of state in the Nixon administration, articulated a theory rationalizing
limited wars in 1957 in "Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy", a book that addressed the political
situation created by the Korean stalemate.
Passage 5. This past September, world leaders gathered in New York at the UN Millennium
Summit. They took stock of progress made toward the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in
the last five years, and examined the realities we face if the MDGs are to be met in the next decade.
The UN Summit has come and gone. But the momentum it generated should not be lost. Reducing
poverty in African and other developing countries worldwide is not an issue that the international
development community can embrace only during global conferences. It is a task that demands an
ongoing commitment. As a partner in the global effort to reduce poverty, the International Monetary
Fund is fully committed to doing its part to help countries meet the MDGs and halve extreme
poverty by 2015.
Passage 6. What have we learned from past poverty reduction efforts? More importantly, what
actions does the international community – low-income countries, donor nations, and multilateral
organizations – need to take now to make more rapid progress toward the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs)? Most importantly, low-income countries need to put in place policies that promote
economic growth, for it is growth that drives development and poverty reduction. There are three
prerequisites to achieving growth: economic and financial stability, policies that help the private
sector flourish, and support from the international community.
Passage 7. Free trade is crucial. While in the Republic of Benin earlier this year, I heard firsthand
from farmers and government officials from all over West Africa about the damage being done to
agriculture in developing countries by the industrial countries' protectionist policies. But even
without these barriers, many African countries would still be limited in their ability to compete.
Trade between African countries is among the most expensive in the world.
Africa's share in global trade has declined from 4 percent in the 1970s to about 2 percent at
present. Indeed, all countries, including developing countries, need to work together to lower trade
barriers and eliminate trade-distorting subsidies. This is why it is crucial that the international
community, led by the industrial countries, conclude the current round of trade negotiations, the so-
called Doha Development agenda, as soon as possible. A breakthrough in these negotiations would
help lift millions of people out of poverty and boost growth throughout Africa.
38
Passage 8. And we are also working to create a new service to help poor countries deal with shocks
such as hikes in oil prices and natural disasters. The IMF strives to be responsive to the needs of
low-income countries. Other parties must be responsive too. But the task is not a short-term one. It
is one that calls for an ongoing commitment. In today's world of increasingly globalized economic
activity, the well-being and security of all peoples are connected. We must be mindful that what
happens in low-income countries is integrally linked with developments and fortunes elsewhere.
Only international cooperation, combined with good policies at the country level, can meet the
challenge of reducing poverty.
Passage 9. Four years into a world in which Europeans carry the euro, rather than the French franc,
the Italian lira or the Spanish peseta, in their wallets, the conviction that the new currency deserves
the blame for pricier goods has become remarkably entrenched, according to survey data,
economists and interviews with ordinary citizens. In 2002, a surprised European Central Bank
found itself having to defend the infant currency against charges it raised prices following the cash
changeover. Now, bank's main measure of inflation shows it near a modest 2 percent, but traditional
gauges appear to hold little weight with a skeptical public.
Passage 10. Today's Russia is not the same country it was only six years ago. Back then, the
country was unsettled, tumultuous, impoverished. But it was free. Today Russia is different. Richer.
And not free. We can argue over where the wealth came from. But it's here, and that's a fact. We
can try to sort out how, when and why this turn from freedom came about. We can discuss whether
it was a secret plan or the logic of events, an ideological heritage or foreign pressures, old habits or
new possibilities. But this much is undeniable and indisputable: We are no longer at the crossroads
of a historic choice. That crossroads is behind us. The choice has been made. We live today in a
different country.
Passage 11. Another guiding principle of the new economic model is selectivity. One company is
confronted with the maximum possible (and sometimes impossible) tax bill; another gets unique
exemptions. In one case the sale of shares to foreigners is prohibited; in another it gets
overwhelming state support (along with financing beyond any limits set by law). In one case foreign
citizens are not allowed to work for a Russian company "for reasons of state security"; in another
they are eagerly recruited. One set of buyers pay one price; another, five times as much.
It is not only economic freedom that has left Russia. Political freedom is also gone. Political
prisoners are back. The international organization "Freedom House", which monitors political and
civil freedoms in 150 countries, reported a qualitative change in 2005: Russia moved from the
group of "partly free" countries to the "not free" group. Others in the group are Rwanda, Sudan,
Afghanistan.
Passage 12. "Corporatism" plays a central role in civil society as well. Freezing normal political life
has eliminated the social structures that identify, formulate and protect the political interests of the
public. Instead, society is structured along different interests – professional, religious, regional. The
corporate ideology may seem unclear at first glance. It does not look communist, or liberal, or
socialist, or nationalistic, or imperial. But it does exist: It is an ideology of "nash-ism" – "ours-ism".
It is an ideology of offering privileges, subsidies, credits, powers and authority to those who are
"nashy," "ours". It is handing out all sorts of state-owned and national resources to members of the
corporation, both current and prospective. "Ours-ism" is an ideology of protecting "our own" not
because they're right, but because they're "ours". It is an ideology of aggression to "others". It is a
return to barbarism.
Passage 13. Davos has come to symbolize the dominant force of our time – the wealth-creating,
job-destroying whirlwind of the global economy. Each year I come here I marvel at the reach and
leveling power of this economic hurricane. There are more Chinese, Indians and Arabs every year,
39
and less of an American presence. US investment banks, technologists and venture capitalists may
have spawned the globalization movement, but it has now floated free. The dealmakers come from
all over the world. The one thing they seem to have in common is that nearly all were educated in
the United States. That may not be much comfort if you work at an assembly plant in Dearborn, but
at least America still does one thing well: running universities.
My superstars at Davos this year are the university presidents. Larry Summers at Harvard, Rick
Levin at Yale, Lee Bollinger at Columbia and a half-dozen more are transforming their universities
into global institutions – seeking the best students from around the world and sending them to far-
flung places to learn the skills that will secure them places among the global elite.
Passage 14. Each time China reports an increase in its huge foreign exchange reserves, it is widely
seen as further evidence of the country's growing economic clout. To some analysts, the
accumulation of foreign exchange, like gold in earlier times, is one way to measure the country's
economic progress as it climbs the ranks of world trading powers. However, with China's reserves
now approaching the level of Japan's, there are fears that this vast hoard of foreign exchange
exposes the country to risks that could undermine future growth. Even the official news media are
beginning to question the wisdom of this policy after China's central bank, the People's Bank of
China, announced Sunday that foreign exchange reserves had increased almost $50 billion in the
fourth quarter last year to reach a record $819.9 billion.
Passage 15. The increase in the price of gasoline has been a concern to all who take interest in the
American economy. While prices today are not nearly as high, in real terms, as those of the early
eighties, the recent doubling in energy costs certainly places a damper on the economy. Congress is
threatening the oil industry with a "windfall profit tax" for their "excessive profiteering", and wall
street, by all appearances, is circling the wagons and preparing for the worst, even while non-energy
company profits continue to grow at respectable rates. Meanwhile, the government has managed to
erect barriers to entry for refineries and heavily tax the very lifeblood of machinery, oil.
Passage 18. Вже були суперечки навколо того, що наявний розвиток енергетики на планеті –
анахронізм і застарілий загалом "вік нафти і газу". Ще задовго до закінчення ХХ століття в
40
Passage 20. Рішення про будівництво термоядерного комплексу ІTER у Франції викликало
хвилю як національних гордощів, так і полеміки про енергетичне майбутнє людства. Певна
річ, переважає думка про те, що традиційні джерела мають межу, тож варто переходити на
принципово нові технології. Пожвавішали вчені-фізики, перед якими знову постала дилема
про долю термоядерного синтезу. Якщо звести думки вченого докупи, вони можуть мати три
основні аспекти. По-перше, вченим слід переконати людство, що термоядерні технології
отримання енергії є беззаперечною альтернативою усім іншим джерелам. По-друге,
відпрацювати власне технологію синтезу таким чином, щоб вона не мала жодних "хвостів",
як це сталося з атомною енергетикою. По-третє, провідним країнам працювати в цьому сенсі
спільно, ні в якому разі не підпускаючи до втілення проекту велику політику, що має
тенденцію розвалювати будь-що і будь-де.
«правові основи трудових відносин». Рінг та Снел (1998) удосконалили теорію, увівши у
модель поняття «менеджмент впроваджень», який передбачає стратегії пристосування
організацій до непередбачуваних обставин з метою виживання в умовах конкурентного
середовища.
Passage 25. Ця книга увійшла в історію нашої культури видатною пам'яткою української
мови. Понад чотириста тридцять літ тому в монастирі волинського містечка Пересопниця
було завершено переклад українською мовою, - наближеною саме до живої, розмовної, як
тоді говорилося, "посполитої", - святого письма. Таке замовлення зробила княгиня Анастасія
Заславська архімандритові монастиря Григорієві, якому допомагав у роботі чернець
Михайло Сяноцький. Удень і вночі, при скупому світлі свічок, скрипіли їхні невтомні пера,
інколи вони зупинялися, й перекладачі поринали в глибоку задуму. Адже так багато їм треба
було зважити, пройти через стільки сумнівів, перш ніж викласти святе письмо тими
простими словами, які звучали у звичайному земному житті українців. Декому це тоді могло
видатися неймовірним зухвальством, приниженням великої книги. Чи зможуть буденні слова
передати всю врочистість і велич думки Євангелія? Змогли. І цим ще раз переконали в
повноцінності української мови, її здатності служити людності рідного краю в усіх сферах
духовного життя.
Passage 26. Цей манускрипт відомий серед фахівців за назвою монастиря, в якому він і був
створений. 1623-1627 років у Густинському монастирі (на Чернігівщині) укладався твір, що
йому судилося увійти в історію під назвою Густинського літопису. Для нащадків збереглося
ім'я людини, яка переписувала розрізнені тексти, що під її пером стали цільним і завершеним
твором. Це ієромонах Михайло Лосицький. Вчені також висловлюють припущення, що
42
душею цієї багатолітньої роботи був славнозвісний Захарія Копистенський, який згодом став
архімандритом Києво-Печерської лаври. Вчений, проповідник, письменник, автор численних
творів, спрямованих проти унії й покликаних захистити чистоту віри, добирав тексти й
документи, що й стали основою Густинського літопису. Густинський літопис і сьогодні має
високу вартість для істориків. І не тільки як цінне джерело фактів з минулого нашого краю.
Головне його значення в тому, що за ним можна вивчати панівні літературні смаки та
ідеологію того часу. А без цього пізнання історії народу просто неможливе. Вони додають
чимало істотних штрихів до всієї складної картини нашого минулого (за М. Слабошпицьким)
.
Passage 27. Острів Хортиця пам'ятає хоробрих руських дружинників, що спинялися тут,
ідучи на ворога. Тоді до його берегів причалювали лодії, на яких майоріли знамена руських
князів. І вже в часи пізніші він став притулком для волелюбних людей, які втікали сюди з
усіх кінців української землі. Поселялися тут і жили з рибальського та мисливського
промислу. Часом доводилося й у сутичку з ворогом вступати, бо зовсім недалеко в степах
часто з'являлися татари в різних кінцях колись завойованих земель. Більше того - ратна
справа швидко перетворилася на їхню основну професію. Так почалася Січ. У Європі
з'явилася сила, яка відчутно впливала на міжнародне становище. Адже Туреччина
загрожувала всім великим державам, а Запорозька Січ постійно перебувала в стані війни з
нею.
Passage 28. Сохо, улюблена частина Лондона багатьох мешканців та туристів Англії. Цей
район знаходиться, якраз у центрі міста й включає площі Пікаділі та Лестер, а також
Шафтсбері Авеню. Майже завжди це - пожвавлений, колоритний та метушливий районю
Тут люди летять у своїх справах, а на кожному розі Вас чекають несподіванки. Назва «Сохо»
походить від оклику «со-хо», який було чути, як викрикують мисливці при переслідуванні
оленів в королівських лісопарках. Сьогодні більша частина району – пішохідна. Сохо –
багатонаціональний район з тих пір, як тут поселилися перші емігранти. Ними були
французькі Гугеноти, які прибули з континенту, щоб уникнути революції. В Сохо також
проживають німці, росіяни, поляки, греки та італійці. Сохо – вщент заповнений ресторанами,
продуктовими магазинами й китайськими пельменними, туристичними агентствами й
центрами звукозапису, музичними видавництвами, рекламними агентствами, вуличними
базарами. Шафтсбері авеню – центр театрального життя та безлічі клубів, пивних барів, кафе
Сохо - відомий тим, що, немов магніт, приваблює митців та молодих людей з усього світу,
які полюбляють сидіти у підніжжя статуї Ерос.
Passage 29. Найнищівніший вплив телевізії на дітей, які в інформаційному аспекті, як чистий
листок паперу. Вони беззахисні перед екраном телевізора, бо ще зовсім несформовані ні
психічно, ні морально. Діти позбавлені повноцінного родинного виховання, бо батьки
переймаються проблемою заробляння грошей більше, ніж спілкуванням та вихованням своєї
дитини. «Тому маємо те, що маємо». А треба бити на сполох! Залежність, яка виникає від
бездумного перегляду телевізійних програм, за своєю силою куди сильніша за
наркозалежність. Філософи, психологи, лікарі й інші науковці вже давно намагаються
привернути нашу увагу до цієї загальнолюдської проблеми. Вони наголошують, що ми ще не
усвідомлюємо справжніх руйнівних масштабів телебачення. Але того, що на сьогодні
достовірно відомо про вплив телебачення на людину, достатньо, щоб зрозуміти його
згубність.
Passage 30. Стаття присвячена проблемам впливу глобального інформаційного суспільства
на духовний та моральний розвиток особистості, ролі ЗМІ в процесі формування ціннісної
орієнтації людини, питанням доступності та відкритості інформації з метою її використання
для забезпечення гармонійного духовного розвитку окремої людини та суспільства в цілому.
Аналізується проблема співвідношення сучасної цивілізації і цінностей традиційної
43
themselves the exercise of their natural function, child-bearing which has a beneficial effect on a
woman’s mental and physical health.
The supporters of birth control claim that it is used mainly to limit, and not to avoid, child-
bearing. Many women are no longer content to spend the most active years of their lives solely in
bearing and rearing children; they wish to plan their family in the way they could play their full part
in the life of the community.
6. Nonverbal Behavior
People from different cultures attach a wide variety of meanings to the same specific non-
verbal behavior looking another person in the eye, laughing in a certain way, touching a person on
the head, holding up two fingers, and so forth. Many misunderstandings between culturally different
people arise simply because a non verbal signal of some kind was misinterpreted. One of the best
ways to keep such misinterpretations to a minimum is to remember that it is rare for people to act
deliberately disrespectful or insulting towards others, especially towards strangers or visitors. This
rule applies to the people of the U.S. just as it does to almost all other peoples of the world.
Therefore, if you have the feeling that an American has slighted or insulted you through a certain
behavior you probably have made the common mistake of interpreting acceptable U.S. behavior
according to the standards and expectations of your own home culture. Non-verbal behavior
involves innumerable complex and subtle sounds of the voice and movements of the body.
In general, people in the U.S. do not touch each other frequently. What is particularly
lacking is the freedom to come into lengthy and frequent bodily contact with other people of the
same sex. Women are freer about touching each other than men are; nevertheless, one rarely sees
women walking arm-in-arm, as is common in some other cultures. Men shake hands at such times;
men who are good friends and who have been (or expect to be) separated for a long time may give
each other a brief hug. Men never kiss each other. In general, the same rules apply to women
greeting or separating from other women, although they are free to kiss each other lightly on one or
both cheeks (or to touch cheek-to-cheek and kiss the air) if this is common in their social circle. The
distance that is maintained between people in conversation can vary; for example, a larger distance
is likely to be maintained between people who have a clear superior-subordinate relationship, while
a lesser distance is common between peers who are good friends.
9. Stress Control
People wonder whether it is possible to influence stress situations and to control them.
Before answering this question it is necessary to decide which sort of stress requires control. Hans
Selye, a Canadian scientist who invented the term “stress”, offered a differentiation between
“distress” and “emostress”. The first is harmful for human health. The second is a good companion
in any productive activity and presents no danger. It is closely linked with efforts to overcome
difficulties, to solve routine and professional problems. Distress begins as a result of refusing to try
and solve difficult situations in life. Distress must be controlled.
Outside factors or information which cause stress are divided into physical and psychic. The
first, with the exception of gravitational and climatic fluctuations or injuries, rarely leads to distress.
Distress is mainly caused by conflicts between the requirements and wishes of a person and the
possibility of meeting or fulfilling them. Normally they are associated with outward obstacles or the
resistance and counteractions of other people. Moreover, they are more frequently associated with
the fact that the requirements of a person run counter to the requirements of other people, and the
person in question fails to find a compromising solution within his or her internal conflict. This
happens, for example, when we can attain a goal only on the condition that it leads, it would seem
to us, to a loss of self-respect or respect of our environment. In most cases distress originates due to
a lack of communication culture and inadequate perception. If not, then due to the inability to
understand the desires and wishes of other people and coordinate them with our own.
There is no doubt that the best preventive treatment of psychic and emotional stress is correct
upbringing and higher standards of communication culture. This is a difficult task which takes a
long time. It does not exclude more concrete efforts aimed at increasing individual resistance to
stress by those who are already in need of it.
milder hand gesture — the semi-clenched fist. With the thumb uppermost, on top of the bent
forefinger, this half-fist is jerked in the air to emphasize point after point in the speaker’s words. It
is almost as if he is serving an invisible writ on his audience. This gesture is favoured by politicians.
In a more dominant mood, the speaker introduces the palm-down hand posture, usually with
a few slight downward movements. In this he is symbolically calming down his audience, as if it
were composed entirely of unruly children. If he is less sure of himself, he uses the opposite hand
signal, with the palm up. This is a gesture of the beggar, reaching out his hand for help. This
particular gesture is universal and can even be seen in wild chimpanzees when begging for food
from companions.
If the speaker wishes his audience to embrace his ideas, he offers them a hint of an embrace
in his hand gestures. He reaches out both hands, with his palms facing one another, as if trying to
hug his audience at a distance. This is a favourite gesture of good communicators, who know the
value of making their audience feel intimate with those on the platform.
Finally there is one more special forefinger gesture much loved by the more aggressive politicians,
which is a prodding forefinger, aimed straight towards the audience, as if stabbing them into
submission. There are, of course, many other gesticulations employed during speech-making.
Because both the speaker and the audience are primarily focused on the words being spoken, none
of these gestures is deliberately made or deliberately read. They form a sub-text which carries with
it a mood communication system that imparts far more information than any of those present may
realize.
11. Vegetarians
The word “vegetarian” was coined in about 1840 to mean people who lived without killing
for food, either for moral or health reasons, or both (but the practice is much older than that). Greek
philosophers recommended vegetarianism and famous people who had practiced it in the past
include Leonardo da Vinci, Tolstoy and Voltaire, Milton, Newton and Bernard Shaw. Surely this
proves that mental ability does not depend on flesh foods. What are the arguments that might stop
us from eating meat? Man's body is more like those of fruit-eating animals than like those of flesh-
eating animals. For millions years man must have lived on fruit, nuts and leaves and so developed
digestive system. Perhaps the more we move away from this diet towards meat-eating, the less likely we
are to be healthy. Cancer, tuberculosis and heart disease are certainly more common in meat-eating
communities. Man may have started eating the flesh of animals during the Ice Age when most of the
vegetation was destroyed. A diet of vegetables, fruit, grains and nuts together with a few dairy
products can give us all the vitamins and minerals we need. By eating meat we are getting the basic food
elements second-hand after they have been digested by the animal. Modern men and women must come
to terms with their Stone Age bodies and learn to eat a healthy diet if they want to live longer and stay
slimmer. A diet of more bread, potatoes and fruit, with less sugar, alcohol and salt could leave a community
a trimmer nation at less risk of heart attacks, gut cancers and tooth decay. But the energy intake in food
stays the same or rises. Alcohol consumption has doubles since the war. Amounts of fatty foods including
cakes, pastries, margarine, butter and cream eaten have also risen. At the same time, evidence that high fats
diets may be linked to heart diseases, a series of ills from coronaries to diabetes has emerged.
The progression of this pathological condition is also difficult to detect in shy older
adolescents who don’t drink or take drugs. And the longer it is left untreated, the worse the
condition gets. As children, they tend to develop complexes, and when older, sociophobics will
usually choose a profession that doesn’t involve public contact, and will voluntarily deprive
themselves of careers. They feel uncomfortable and awkward around people. These quiet introverts
rarely go to see doctors, and rarely do doctors pay much attention to them either. Fearing criticism,
negative comments, derogatory words and mean looks from other people make sociophobics begin
to panic. They begin by fussing with their clothes and their hair, and looking around all the time.
This gives way to a constant fear of disaster, for instance when talking to one’s boss, reading a
lecture and even when meeting with friends. This constant fear of social contact is often
accompanied by many other symptoms like heart palpitations, tense muscles, dryness of the mouth,
headaches and other unpleasant feelings. The symptoms are deeply rooted and are the essence of a
social introvert. Such people have trouble asserting their opinions and standing up for their rights,
which is why they are often looked upon as undesirable workers.
13. Gardening
Much leisure time is spent in individualistic pursuits, of which the most popular is
gardening. Most English people love gardens, their own above all, and this is possibly one reason
why so many people prefer to live in houses rather than flats. Particularly in suburban areas it is
possible to pass row after row of ordinary small houses, each one with its neatly-kept patch of grass
surrounded by a great variety of flowers and shrubs. Many people who have no gardens of their
own have patches of land or “allotments” in specially reserved areas – though a group of allotment
gardens, with its mixed-up collection of sheds for keeping the tools and the dull arrangements of the
rectangular sections of land, is usually not a thing of beauty. Although the task of keeping a garden
is so essentially individual, for many people gardening is the foundation of social and competitive
relationships. Flower-shows and vegetable-shows, with prizes for the best exhibits, are immensely
popular, and to many gardeners the process of growing the plants seem more important than the
merely aesthetic pleasure of looking at the flowers or the prospect of eating the vegetables. In many
places a competitive gardeners’ ambition is to grow the biggest cabbages or leeks or carrots, and the
plain fact that the merits of most vegetables on the table are in inverse ratio to their size seem often
to be forgotten. For myself, the garden holds sufficient interest. This doll’s-house garden is a magic
land, a forest of flowers through which roam creatures I have never seen before. Among the sick,
silky petals of each rose-boom live tiny, crab-like spiders that scuttle sideways when disturbed.
Their small bodies are coloured to match the flowers they inhabit: pink, ivory, wine-red or buttery-
yellow. On the rose-stems lady-birds move like newly painted toys. Among the white cobbles large
black ants stagger and gesticulate in groups round strange trophies. As an accompaniment to all this
activity there comes from the olive groves outside the fuchsia hedge the incessant shimmering cries
of the cicadas.
eagerly fell like pieces of straw, was there nothing to hold their roots in the earth. Older plants, like
the tomatoes and the sweetcorn, stayed upright, electing to die on their feet. A recently planted bed
of kohlrabi,, tiny purpled leaves just formed, stayed two inches high for weeks on the end and then
died as a body. It was a struggle without hope, and yet we hoped ass the time.
європейських мов схема частин мови не підходить для багатьох мов Азії, Африки й
Америки. Отже, відмінності в частинах мови різних мов стосуються як самого складу, так і
обсягу окремих частин мови. Якщо основні частини мови – ім’я та дієслово – виділяють в
усіх мовах світу, що є відображенням універсальності функціонально-семантичних категорій
субстанціональності та процесуальності (тобто предмета та дії), то в інших частинах мови
існують суттєві розбіжності. Так, у деяких мовах Північної Америки й Африки не
розрізняють прикметника та прислівника. У китайській мові виділяють такі частини мови, як
ім’я (куди відносять іменник та числівник), предикатив (куди входять дієслова та
прикметники) , а також прислівник. Прикметники об’єднані з дієсловами в одну частину
мови на основі здатності бути присудком без допоміжної зв’язки. Подібне маємо і в
бірмінгемській мові. У деяких мовах виокремлюють лише іменник і дієслово, як, наприклад,
в індіанській мові. В англійській мові протиставлення іменника та прикметника зведене до
мінімуму. У тюркських мовах є проблема тлумачення так званих «зображувальних слів»,
тобто таких, які імітують звук або є «образними», як окрему частину мови. Ускладнюють
класифікацію слів за частинами мови і явища переходу слів із однієї частини мови в іншу,
що свідчить про існування більш-менш стабільних проміжних ланок між частинами мови. У
тюркських, монгольських та тунгусо-маньчжуських мовах перехід іменників у прикметники
та прислівники і навпаки має масовий характер.
цінуємо у людей, але які часто намагаємося прищеплювати вербальними, тобто словесними,
методами або простим привчанням, навчанням чи вправлянням.
Граючись, дитина вчиться жити. Під час гри вона досить легко опановує, розуміє суть
і запам'ятовує її основні правила. В подальшому такі навички їй знадобляться, зокрема під
час навчання у школі. Більше того, під час гри, залежно від її ходу, дитина мусить оцінювати
ситуацію і самостійно ухвалювати рішення; пізнає потребу співробітництва, привчається
поважати права іншого учасника гри, навчається стримувати себе і свої негативні емоції;
натомість виробляти доброзичливість і щирість. Жодна інша діяльність не здатна дитині
дошкільного віку дати стільки позитивних емоцій, які так потрібні їй для здорового
психічного і фізичного розвитку. Не меншу користь приносять ігри і в старшому віці, але за
умови поглиблення їх соціального змісту.
30. Конфлікти
Проблема конфлікту завжди була в тій чи іншій мірі актуальна для будь-якого
суспільства. Однак в Україні на всіх етапах розвитку конфлікти залишали не просто помітне
місце, а, як правило місце, яке має вплив на її історію. Війни, боротьба за владу, боротьба за
власність, міжособистісні і міжгрупові конфлікти в організаціях, вбивства, побутові і сімейні
конфлікти, самогубства як способи вирішення внутрішньоособистісних конфліктів – основні
причини загибелі людей у нашій країні. Конфлікт був і у майбутньому буде вирішальним
фактором, що впливає на безпеку України і її громадян. Життя доводить, що конфлікт не
відноситься до тих явищам, якими можна ефективно керувати на основі життєвого досвіду і
здорового глузду. Конфлікт найбільш гострий спосіб усунення протиріч, що виникають у
процесі взаємодії, що полягає в протидії суб'єктів конфлікту і звичайно супроводжується
негативними емоціями. Сімейні конфлікти— найдавніший вид людської взаємодії, унікальне
явище. У системі інтенсивної родинної взаємодії не можуть не виникати суперечки,
конфлікти і кризи. У залежності від суб'єктів взаємодії сімейні конфлікти підрозділяються на
55
Extract 3. У математиці є так звані сталі величини. Наприклад, щоб знайти довжину кола,
його радіус множать на 3, 14, або на 22/7, що майже те саме. Існує також постійне
співвідношення, яке дорівнює приблизно 3/5 або, точніше, 0, 618. Це золотий переріз, його
застосовують там, де йдеться про гармонію, – в архітектурі, живописі.
Extract 4. Дніпро – головна річка України, третя за площею водозбору річка в Європі (після
Вологи і Дунаю). Довжина її 2285 кілометрів, площа басейну 503 тисячі квадратних
кілометрів. Довжина Дніпра в межах України 1205 кілометрів. Початком Дніпра вважається
невелике болото на Валдайській височині у Смоленській області. Басейн Дніпра
простягається з півночі на південь майже на 1000 кілометрів.
Extract 5. Сила звуку рок музики на рок-концертах надзвичайно велика і досягає 120 дБ, а
смертельним для слуху людини є 160 дБ. Психофізіологічними факторами дій року є
збудження підкоркових структур головного мозку з необумовленими біологічними
реакціями; різке зростання збудженості ЦНС тощо. Перші результати дій року проявляються
в слуховому апараті людини. Приблизно 40% любителів року 13-15 років страждають
слуховими шумами.
Extract 11. Інтернет має деякі дуже небезпечні вади. Він стає потужним інструментом
«вестернізації» світу, нав’язування західної культури та системи цінностей іншим
цивілізаціям, котрі втрачають свою ідентифікацію, самобутність і культурну різноманітність.
Цьому сприяє використання англійської мови як універсального засобу спілкування, тому що
мова – це душа культури, її носій. Особливо сильно ці неґативні тенденції впливають на
підростаюче покоління, котре більш пов’язане з Інтернетом.
Extract 12. Економісти здавна шукали відповіді на питання про джерела економічного росту.
Одні знаходили їх у природних ресурсах, інші - у витратах живої й упредметненої праці,
треті - у науці і технології, четверті - у соціальній мотивації людини. Безумовно, у всіх цих
підходах можна знайти об'єктивні причини, що дозволяють так чи інакше вивчити джерела
економічного росту. Однак сучасний суспільний розвиток вніс свої корективи до цих
підходів, виходячи із сучасних економічних, демографічних, екологічних і соціальних вимог.
Відповідно, пошук однозначної відповіді на поставлене питання є помилковим.
Extract 13. Коли адаптаційний потенціал системи в еволюційному циклі майже вичерпаний,
вона попадає в стан катастрофи, що визначає необхідність реструктуризації. В цьому
випадку, у рамках еволюційного підходу пропонується стратегія скидання інформації -
принцип поведінки системи в зоні катастроф, що характеризується скиданням інформації
про її минулий адаптаційний потенціал. Для держави це означає реструктуризацію
промисловості, перенавчання трудових ресурсів, реформу системи освіти і відмовлення від
старих методів державного управління. Ця стратегія є об'єктивним механізмом, що діє
природно чи штучно.
Extract 14. У розвитку світових інтеграційних процесів нині спостерігаються дві основні
тенденції. По-перше, одержала широке визнання концепція так званого "відкритого
регіоналізму", тобто регіональної інтеграції, підгрунтям якої є низькі митні бар'єри та
відкритість для світового ринку. По-друге, модель розвитку, орієнтована на досить ємні
національні ринки з одночасною реалізацією на зовнішньому ринку стратегії
багатосторонніх відносин. Орієнтація на загальну диверсифікацію торгівельних зв'язків
сьогодні досить обмежена, що спричинено передусім істотним посиленням міжнародної
конкуренції, зростанням державної підтримки експорту, протекціоністськими заходами
стосовно національних товаровиробників у ряді зарубіжних країн, труднощами переговорів у
рамках ГАТТ/СОТ.
Extract 17. Swedish society is ethnically and religiously very homogenious, although recent
immigration created some social siversity. Historically Sweden rose from backwardness and
poverty into a highly developed postindustrial society and advanced welfare state with a standard of
living and life expectancy that rank among the highest in the world. Its innovative health, welfare,
pension, retirement, housing, immigration, and others are models for many to copy.
Extract 18. Norway’s long coastline is cut by deep fjords. From the coast the land rises to high
plateaus and mountain ranges.The highlands are cut by fertile valleys and rapid rivers and are dotted
with lakes. Mountainous areas occupy 72 per cent of the land, with forests covering 24 per cent.
Less than 4 percent of land is arable, although people have cultivated every crust of soil to such an
extent that Norway now is sel-sufficient in many kinds of grain and vegetables.
Extract 19. Denmark is said to be the “More Relaxed Scandinavia”. The weather tends to be cool
year round. But thanks to the Gulf Stream, winters are relatively mild, with daytime temperatures
averaging 34 degrees F in January, the coldest month. Summers also tend to be mild with showers
during the day and long chilly nights. Summer days average around 70 degrees F, although it’s
advisable to bring a light overcoat or raincoat.
Extract 20. The name Holland is derived from the region around Dordrecht, which was known as
Houtland (“Wooden Land”). It was originally given to one of the cores of what later became the
modern state. Holland originated in early 12 th century as a fief of the Holly Roman Empire ad was
ruled by the dynasty of counts. In the 17 th century Holland was the dominant power in the Dutch
Republic, and during the next 100 years, its capital, Amsterdam, became Europe’s foremost
commercial centre.
Extract 21. In the far north in Finland, above the Arctic Circle, you find the ares of Lapland where
the reindeer roam freely in the fell landscape. Here you have one of the world’s greatest hiking
countries topped with magnificent scenery. A long time ago Lapland was the site of a big gold rush.
The immense province of Lapland, situated at the very top of Europe, comprises a larger area than
Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlans combined. Situated right on the Arctic Circle, Rovaniemi
is the gateway to Lapland (and the home of Santa Claus).
Extract 22. Switzerland is separated into three major linguistic regions: German throughout much
of the northern, central and eastern portions, French to the west, and Italian in the south.
Swtzerlaand is a federal republic of 26 cantons which differ in history, customs and culture as well
as in size and natural setting. Landlocked amid the mountains of cental Europe it’s bordered by
France, Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Italy.
Extract 23. One of the smallest and mosr densely populated European countries, Belgium has been
since its birth a hereditary, representative and constitutional monarchy. Given its area and
population, Belgium today is one of the most heavily industrialized and urbanized nation in Europe.
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It’s a member of the Benelux Economic Union, the European Union, and the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization. For it was inhabited by the Celtic tribe known as “Belgie”, it offered the fiercest
resistance to his invincible conquering army in the year of 58 BC.
Extract 24. Monaco is an independent enclave on the south coast of France, while the island of
Corsica in the Mediterranean is treated as intergral part of the country. France’s two mountain
chains, th Alps in the east and the Pyrenees in the southwest, form natural frontiers. The climate is
generally moderate combining Atlantic, Mediterranean and continental influences.
Its continental territory is bordered by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain,
and Andorra.
Extract 25. Luxembourg has come under the control of many states and ruling houses in its long
history, but it has been separate, if not always politically autonomous, since the 10 th century. The
Grand Dutchy of Luxembourg is an independent sovereign state, a constitutional monarchy which is
hereditary in the house of Nassau. The executive power is in the hands of the Grand Duke and a
cabinet of 12 ministers. The legislative power rests with the Parliament or the Chamber of Deputies.
Extract 26. Rome is a repository of the country’s culture and history, a huge open-air museum of
priceless art. It houses Roman remains, seventeen-century palaces, fifteen century churches, and
twenty-century monuments and modern skyscrapers. It has been a centre of Christendom since its
beginning. The list of legendary sites is endless. The Vatican itself – a tiny principality with its own
shops, bank and even post office - has been the residence of Popes since 1378. It’s also home to one
of the world’s largest arts collections - there are four miles of rooms and galleries in the Vatican
museum housing everything from Egyptian mummies to Greek and Roman sculptures.
Extract 27. The independent principality of Monaco is located along the Mediterranean Sea in the
midst of the the resort area of French Riviera. There is an open frontier with France, without
customs or passport inspections. Legislative power is shared by the prince and the National Council.
Since 1819 the judicial system has been based on that of France, since 1962 the highest judicial
authority has been the Supreme Tribunal.
Extract 28. Greece is a parliamentary democracy where politics as well as the arts are vital part of
the national heritage. Under the constitution, parliamentary elections are held every four years. The
party or group of parties that gain the majority in the parliament form the government. This
mountainous country offers an invigorating climate and a challenging topography. The country
offers mountain climbing and hiking in summer and even some skiing in winter. Greece is a magnet
to the many Greek-Americans who come back to retire, as well as non-Greek lovers of art, history
and mythology.
Extract 29. The United Arab Emirates is a union of seven tiny emirates along the eastern Persian
coast of the Arabian Peninsula. Less than one-fifth of the emirate’s residents are citizens. The
remainder are mostly male foreign workers and their dependents constituting mostly half of the
population. The official language is English but Arabic and Farsi are also spoken. The cultural
traditions of the UAE are rooted in Islam, though Islam in emirates is less austere than in Saudi
Arabia. The Emitares offer a lot of sport activities like sailing, windsurfing, waterskiing, scuba
diving, horseback riding, trekking and safaris, squash, bwling and camel racing.
Extract 30. Seyshelles (officially, the Republic of Seyshelles), the island republic in the western
Indian Ocean, consists of about 115 islands. Seyshelles is composed of two main island groups: the
Mahe group of 40 central, mountainous granitic islands, and a second group of over 70 outer, flat,
corraline islands. The islands of Mahe are rocky and typically have a narrow coastal strip. The
overall aspect of these islands, with their lush tropical vegetation, is that of high hanging gardens
overlooking silver-white beaches and clear lagoons.
59
be passed by the Lords without amendment within a month of being presented in the House. The
Act of 1949 provides that any Public Bill passed by the Commons in two successive parliamentary
sessions and rejected both times by the Lords, may be presented for the Royal Assent, even though it
has not been passed by the Lords. The Lords, therefore, can only delay the passage of a Public Bill,
they cannot reject it.
3. The Executive
The executive can be divided into the three parts. The Privy Council developed from a small
group of royal advisers at court into the chief source of executive authority. But its Position was
weakened in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as more of its Actions were transferred to a
developing parliamentary Cabinet. Today its main role is to advise the monarch on a range of
matters, like the resolution of constitutional issues and the approval of Orders in Council, such as the
granting of Royal Charters to public bodies. The most important task of the Privy Council today is
performed by its Judicial Committee. This serves as the final court of appeal from those
dependencies and Commonwealth countries which have retained this avenue of appeal. It may also
be used as an arbiter for a wide range of courts and committees in Britain and overseas, and its
rulings can be influential. The office of Privy Councillor is an honorary one, conferred, for
example, on former Prime Ministers.
The Ministry is the government of the moment. The head of the Ministry is the Prime Minister. The
functions of the Prime Minister are: leading the majority party; running the Government; appointing
Cabinet Ministers and other ministers; representing the nation in political matters. Upon accepting
office the Prime Minister must form a government, that is, select a cabinet and ministry from among
the Members of Parliament of his own party. The Cabinet constitutes the centre of the government
and is composed of about 20 of the most important ministers. All major decisions of the
Government arc made by the Cabinet, and therefore it is the Cabinet which forms Government policy.
Decisions made by the Cabinet must be unanimous. It makes its decisions collectively and is
collectively responsible to Parliament.
After the Prime Minister has formed his cabinet, he selects the rest of his ministry. Most of these
ministers are the political heads of Government Departments and are members of one of the Houses.
Government departments are responsible for implementing Government policy. Each department is
headed by two people: a political head who is usually the minister, and an administrative head from
the Civil Service, called a permanent secretary. They are responsible for a permanent staff which
is part of the Civil Service. There are many such departments, for example the Home Office, the
Department of Education, the Ministry of Defence, etc. The most important department is the
Treasury, and the Prime Minister is usually its political head. It is the Department which controls the
economy of the nation. As well as government departments there are government agencies formed
to operate public services, e.g., the Post Office, British Rail, etc. Most of these agencies are subject to
the control of one of the government departments.
constituencies, where people can go for advice. Anyone who feels that he has been unfairly treated
by the central government can complain to their local MP who will do his best to see that the
problem is solved.
Members of Parliament have been paid salaries since 1911. The rate has lately been nearly twice the
average industrial worker’s wages. Since 1965 the allowances for travel, living in London, and paying
part-time secretaries and research assistants, have all been increased. Still many MPs insist that
they need to have outside earnings, through journalism, work in the law courts or business, to enable
them to live up to the standard they expect.
7. The Queen
The Queen is really a figurehead representing the country, but she has the power to prevent
any politician from establishing a dictatorship. The Queen and her family are a symbol that people can
identify with. The British public is obsessed with the details of the royal family life, and when people
feel that the Queen has problems with her children, or her sister, they see her as a "real person” with
the same worries and anxieties as themselves.
The monarchy has not always been popular. During the late 19th century there was a growing
republican sentiment, but the personality and family image of the Queen, her father and grandfather
have removed that feeling. The Queen is probably the wealthiest woman in the world, most of the
money coming from fatuity investments rather than the state. Her state salary (the Civil List) pays for
her servants and transport. In recent years the Queen has become a roving ambassador for Britain, and
if we calculate the increase in trade after a royal visit abroad, the nation probably makes a profit
from her activities, and that does not take into account the income from tourism in Britain generated
by the monarchy and great state events such as royal weddings.
Just how popular is she? In the late 1980s a newspaper conducted an opinion poll. People were
asked, "If there were no monarchy, who would you vote for as President?" More than 80 per cent
chose the Queen. Prince Charles came second, closely followed by his father, Prince Philip. The
prime minister of the day was the fourth - with 2 per cent of the votes.
be, laws would still be necessary. If we never told lies, never took anything that didn't belong to us,
never ommitted to do anything that we ought to do and never did anything that we ought not to do,
we should still require a set of rules of behaviour, in other words laws, to enable us to live in any
kind of satisfactory state. How is one good man in a motor-car to pass another good man also in a
motor-car coming in the opposite direction, unless there is some rule of the road? People sometimes
hover in front of one another when they are walking on the pavement before they can pass, and they
may even collide. Not much harm is done then, but, if two good men in motor cars going in opposite
directions hover in front of one another, not knowing which side to pass, the result will probably be
that there will be two good men less in the world.
of Congress, even when his own party has a majority in both the Senate and the House.
Therefore, he must be able to convince Congressmen, the Representatives and Senators, of his
point of view. He must bargain and compromise. This is a major difference between the
American system and those in which the nation's leader represents the majority party or parties, that
is parliamentary systems.
Within the Executive Branch, there are a number of executive departments. Currently
these are the departments of State, Treasury, Defence, Justice, Interior, Agriculture,
Commerce, Labour, Health and Human Resources, Housing and Urban Development,
Transportation, Energy, and Education. Each department is established by law, and, as their
names indicate, each is responsible for a specific area. The head of each department is
appointed by the President. These appointments, however, must be approved by the Senate. None
of these Secretaries, as the department heads are usually called, can also be serving in
Congress or in another part of the government. Each is directly responsible to the President
and only serves as long as the President wants him or her to. They can best be seen, therefore,
as Presidential assistants and advisers. When they meet together, they are termed “the
President's Cabinet”. Some Presidents have relied quite a bit on their Cabinets for advice, and
some very little.
12. Elections
Anyone who is an American citizen, at least 18 years of age, and is registered to vote may
vote. Each state has the right to determine registration procedures. A number of civic groups, such as
the League of Women Voters, are actively trying to get more people involved in the electoral process
and have drives to register as many people as possible. Voter registration and voting among
minorities has dramatically increased during the last twenty years, especially as a result of the Civil
Rights Movement
There is some concern, however, about the number of citizens who could vote in national
elections but do not. In the national election of 1984, for instance, only 53.3 per cent of all those
who have voted actually did. But then, Americans who want to vote must register, that is put down
their names in register before the actual elections take place. There are 50 different registration laws
in the US - one set for each state. In the South, voters often have to register not only locally but also at
the county seat. In European countries, on the other hand, "permanent registration" of voters is most
common. Of those voters in the United States who did register in the 1984 presidential elections, 73
per cent cast their ballots.
Another important factor is that there are many more elections in the US at the state and local
levels than there are in most countries. If the number of those who vote in these elections
(deciding, for example, if they should pay more taxes so a new main street bridge can be built)
were included, the percentage, in fact would not be that much different from other countries.
Certainly, Americans are much more interested in local politics than in those at the federal level.
Many of the most important decisions, such as those concerning education, housing, taxes, and so
on, are made close to home, in the state or county.
The national presidential elections really consist of two separate campaigns: one is for the
nomination of candidates at national party conventions. The other is to win the actual election. The
nominating race is a competition between members of the same party. They run in a succession of
state primaries and caucuses (which take place between March and June). They hope to gain a majority
of delegate votes for their national party conventions (in July or August). The party convention then
votes to select the party's official candidate for the presidency. Then follow several months of
presidential campaigns by the candidates.
In November of the election year (years divisible by four, e.g. 1988, 1992, etc.), the voters
across the nation go to the polls. If the majority of the popular votes in a state go to the Presidential
(and vice-presidential) candidate of one party, then that person is supposed to get all of that state's
"electoral votes." These electoral votes are equal to the number of Senators and Representatives each
state has in Congress. The candidate with the largest number of these electoral votes wins the
election. Each state's electoral votes are formally reported by the "Electoral College." In January of the
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following year, in a joint session of Congress, the new President and Vice-President are officially
announced.
13. Agency
Countless commercial transactions in the modern world are carried out through intermediaries or
agents. A sale of goods by exporters in this country may be brought about through the services of an
overseas agent who has found the purchaser; a newspaper may obtain orders for advertisements
through the work of a representative whose task is to seek out such orders. These are but two examples
of the many contracts that are brought about through the intervention of an agent. The agent may be
called by any one of a number of different names - a representative, a broker, a factor -but whatever
name he is in practice given, he is in law an agent if he is employed to effect the legal relations of
his principal, usually by bringing about a contract between his principal and a third party.
An agent may be a servant of his principal or an independent contractor. Examples of
agents who are under contracts of service with their principals are sales representatives,
canvassers, and commercial travellers if they are under the control of their principals their own
masters independent contractors, a familiar example being estate agents.
That relationship gives rise to important rights and obligations between principal and agent. The
primary function of an agent is to make contracts on behalf of their principals. However, an
agent may also affect the principal's legal position in other ways. An agent may dispose of the
principal's property so as to transfer ownership to a third party; or acquire property on the
principal's behalf. Statements made by an agent may bind the principal, both in
contractual context and otherwise. If an agent exerts undue influence on the other
contracting party during negotiations, or in obtaining that party's signature to a document, the
principal will be bound by agent's action and may be unable to enforce the contract.
14. Emotions
Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion – a world in which human beings
could feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing
neither joy nor pleasure, neither anxiety nor fear, they would as likely to repeat acts that hurt them
as acts that were beneficial. They could not learn: they could not benefit from experience because
this emotionless world would lack rewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people
would be as likely to harm one another as to provide help and support. Human relationships would
not exist: in a world without friends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among
companions, or bonds among members of groups. Our culture’s richness would be lost: since
people would have no taste for beauty there would be no art, and since people could not be amused
or entertained, there would be no music, theatre, books, television, or movies.
In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are near zero, because
emotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world for
us in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True, we
consider their length, shape, size, or texture, but object’s sensory aspects are less important than
what it has done or can do to us – hurt us, surprise us, infuriate us, or make us joyful. We also use
emotion-tinged categorizations in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of our
emotional experiences with objects and events comes a social consensus that certain things and
actions are “good” and others are “bad”, and we apply these categories to every aspect of our social
life – from what food we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keep promises and which people
our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactions and attitudes, such as loyalty,
morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear, and greed, in order to maintain itself.
continuities that have existed all along. Our personality influences most aspects of our social,
emotional, and cognitive behaviour. It affects, for example, our bonds with other people, our
conformity to sex roles, our tendency to behave aggressively or cooperatively, and our moral and
intellectual development. Psychologists are extremely interested in personality both as a result and a
cause of human development.
The major approaches to personality and social behaviour that psychologists have taken are
the biological perspective, Freud’s psychosocial theory, the cognitive-developmental perspective,
and the behavioural perspective.
One aspect of personality that is influenced by biology is temperament, the individual’s
pattern of activity, response to stimuli, susceptibility to emotional stimulation, and general mood.
Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development has had a dominant influence on
research into personality and social development. Although many of Freud’s ideas, as originally
stated, have not been supported by substantive empirical investigation, his insights have stimulated
some of this century’s most important investigations into personality and social development.
The cognitive perspective on how personality and social behaviour develop is based on the
concept of developmental stages. But instead of emphasizing the conflict between demands for
gratification and the requirements of society, cognitive theorists emphasize thinking, reasoning, and
role taking. Cognitive theorists are especially interested in social cognition, the child’s
understanding of the social world and the process by which the child comes to understand why
people (including himself or herself) behave the way they do in social situations.
1. Аргументація та епістемологія
Суттєвим недоліком сучасної теорії аргументації є те, що в ній майже зовсім не
приділяється увага цінностям. За старою помилковою традицією оцінки тлумачаться як
окремий випадок описів. Проте, чітке розмежування описів та оцінок – запорука правильного
трактування цінностей в теорії аргументації. Епістемологія нового часу наріжним каменем
всіх своїх розмірковувань про знання поставила істину, ціннісна сторона процесів пізнання
майже не розглядалась. Природознавчі науки виявились відірваними від гуманітарних,
теоретичне пізнання світу – від практичного, предметного його перетворення. Пізнання
втратило діяльнісний характер та перетворилось на пасивне споглядання. Проте, стає
очевидним, що всупереч старому переконанню знання не зводиться до істини, а містить
також цінності. Знати – значить мати уявлення не тільки про те, що є, але і про те, як має
бути. Поняття цінності стало входити в філософські роздуми з середини 19 століття.
Категорія цінності настільки ж універсальна, як і категорія істини. Вся людська діяльність
нерозривно пов’язана з висуненням цілей, дотриманням норм та правил, з систематизацією
та їєрархізацією досліджуваних явищ та об’єктів. Всі ці поняття мають важливе оцінне
значення. Цінність – це не властивість, а відношення між думкою та дійсністю. Істиний та
ціннісний підходи до опису речей не тотожні. У разі першого підходу напрям руху – від
дійсності до думки. При ціннісному підході рух напрямлений від думки до дійсності. Істина
– це властивість думки, якою правильно відображається реальність, цінність – властивість,
власне речей, які відповідають певним потребам, намірам, планам тощо.
4. Виробничо-інвестиційна діяльність
У процесі посилення глобалізації господарського життя органічно поєднуються
національні та інтернаціональні форми виробництва. На цій основі розвивається міжнародне
виробництво внаслідок взаємодії в єдиному виробничому процесі різноманітних за своїм
походженням ресурсів та факторів. Найяскравіше це проявляється в діяльності спільних
підприємств, при реалізації міжнародних інвестиційних проектів, у межах цільних
економічних зон тощо. У цілому на вказані форми міжнародного виробництва тепер
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5. Народовладдя в Україні
... Слід сказати, що й тепер, як і тоді, коли була проголошена незалежність України,
тривога людей та й суспільства у цілому не зменшилась. Спроби виправдати помилки та
кризову ситуацію тяжкою спадщиною чи труднощами перехідного періоду вже не
сприймаються. Демократія мусить стверджуватися гідними діями та вчинками. Демократія
після прийняття Конституції та становлення владних структур мусить довести, що вона
спроможна проводити результативну соціальну політику. Сьогодні сильна влада для
українського народу є нагальною потребою. Сила демократичної влади значною мірою
ґрунтується на довір’ї народу, його активній, зацікавленій участі в здійсненні державної
політики. Для здобуття такої довіри – поряд з іншими передумовами – вирішальними є дії
самої держави, її владних структур. Принципово важливо, здійснюючи принцип поділу
влади, виходити з того, що йдеться про поділ функцій різних гілок єдиної державної влади,
що єдиним джерелом всієї державної влади є народ. Для забезпечення дієвості демократії
має бути ефективнішою діяльність виконавчої влади. Неефективність виконавчої влади
пояснюється надзвичайно низьким професійним рівнем політичної еліти, бюрократизацією
всього державного механізму, корумпованістю значної частини державних чиновників.
Свідченням демократії є не уряд чи президент, а ефективно працюючий парламент та
незалежний суд. Сильна судова влада має керуватися у своїй діяльності лише легітимно
прийнятим законом.
8. Політична соціологія
Політична соціологія у більшості випадків розглядається як галузь, зорієнтована на
розкриття проблем ставлення суспільства до держави та інститутів розподілу й формування
влади, що виявляється в векторі політичної свідомості та політичної поведінки. Політична
соціологія покликана відповісти на запитання як усвідомлюється індивідом, соціальними
групами, партіями та громадськими організаціями існуюча політична реальність, система
владних відносин, права та свободи громадян. Це дає можливість скласти уявлення, як
громадянське суспільство взаємодіє з політичними інститутами, структурами. Соціологія
політики обмежується вивченням взаємозв’язку політичних сфер та інститутів з розвитком
політичної структури суспільства, форм суспільно-політичної діяльності й активності,
громадської думки, що відображає політичні установки, орієнтації індивідів і груп, місця
партій у системі влади. Завдання соціології політики й полягає в конкретному аналізі змісту
політики й політичної діяльності різних соціальних груп, у дослідженні характеру їхніх
політичних інтересів та відносин, змісту діяльності політичних інститутів, у вивченні
політичних рухів, поведінки та свідомості мас. Як галузь соціологічної науки соціологія
політики виникла у 30-50 роках ХХ століття на базі соціологічного бачення проблем
політики, що існувало ще у Платона та Аристотеля. Саме останньому належить внесок у
створення основ соціологічного бачення держави. У подальшому проблеми соціалізації
політики та держави розроблялись Н. Макіавеллі, Ж. Боден, Т. Гоббсом, Ш. Монтеск’є, А.
Токвіелем.
70
як такому, а в його впливі на нас. Образні слова і вирази часто приховують у собі об’ємну,
згорнуту інформацію, яка є специфічним способом відображення й оцінювання осіб,
предметів, явищ і ознак, ситуацій, різних стосунків. З одного боку уявлення та асоціації – це
знаки непрямої номінації, які опосередковано відображають дійсність, з іншого – знаки
психологічного сприйняття навколишнього світу в художніх образах. У процесі суспільно-
історичного освоєння предметного світу людина пізнає речі і явища, називає, дає їм імена,
формує нові поняття, встановлює певні зв’язки та взаємозалежність, змінює конкретне
загальним, споглядання поняттям, множину – одниною. Матеріальні поняття є змінними,
часто не мають чітких меж, іноді не можуть індивідуалізуватися. Тому, якщо предмет
набуває назви, то це завжди пов’язується з деякою наближеністю, неточністю,
формалізацією якогось фрагмента дійсності.
Study the Suggested Clichés and Expressions Commonly Used when Doing the
Rendering
Render the Following Texts into Ukkrainian. Make Use of the Expressions
Mentioned above
liability reform to reduce the costs of frivolous litigation on our doctors and patients, and penalize
those who abuse the legal system by repeatedly filing junk lawsuits.
Rising energy costs are also a concern for small businesses, so we're going to continue to
work to develop new technologies and alternative and renewable fuels that will make us less
dependent on foreign sources of energy. And we will continue to open up new markets for small
businesses so they can sell their products and services overseas. On a level playing field, I know our
workers, farmers, and businesses can compete with anybody, anytime, anywhere.
America's economy is strong and growing stronger. Small businesses have been a driving
force behind the tremendous growth and job creation of recent years. By adopting sound policies
that help our small businesses continue to grow and expand, we will keep the economy moving
forward and extend prosperity and hope in our country.
Thank you for listening.
During this week's hearings and over the course of his career, Judge Alito has demonstrated
that he is eminently qualified to serve on our Nation's highest court. I'm grateful to Senator Arlen
Specter for his superb work in chairing the hearings. I also thank Judge Alito's wife, Martha, and
the Alito children for their patience and dignity during the confirmation process.
Now the Senate has a duty to give Judge Alito a prompt up-or-down vote. I look forward to
the Senate voting to confirm Sam Alito as 110th Justice of the Supreme Court. America is fortunate
to have a man of his intellect and integrity willing to serve, and as a Justice on our Nation's highest
court, Sam Alito will make all Americans proud.
Thank you for listening.
trade, legal reform and regulatory reform, and a health care system where workers can find
affordable care. And we must ensure that all Americans get a good education, so they will have the
skills they need for the jobs of the 21st century.
In the months ahead we will work on all these issues. By making choices that reward hard
work and enterprise, we will keep the American economy prosperous and strong and guarantee
opportunity for generations to come.
Thank you for listening.
In the coming months, I look forward to working with Congress on comprehensive immigration
reform that will enforce our laws, secure our border, and uphold our deepest values.
Thank you for listening.
The establishment of a democratic constitution is a critical step on the path to Iraqi self-
reliance. Iraqis are taking control of their country, building a free nation that can govern itself,
sustain itself, and defend itself. And we're helping Iraqis succeed. We're hunting down the terrorists
and training the security forces of a free Iraq so Iraqis can defend their own country. Our approach
can be summed up this way: As Iraqis stand up, we will stand down. And when that mission of
defeating the terrorists in Iraq is complete, our troops will come home to a proud and grateful
nation.
The recent violence in Iraq is a grim reminder of the brutal nature of the enemy we face in
the war on terror. Our mission in Iraq is tough because the enemy understands the stakes. The
terrorists know that a free Iraq in the heart of the Middle East will be a crippling blow to their
hateful ideology. And that is why our work in Iraq is a vital part of the war on terror we're waging
around the world.
This war on terror arrived on our shores on September the 11th, 2001. Since that day, the
terrorists have continued to kill -- in Madrid, Istanbul, Jakarta, Casablanca, Riyadh, Bali, Baghdad,
London, and elsewhere. The enemy remains determined to do more harm. The terrorists kill
indiscriminately, but with a clear purpose -- they're trying to shake our will. They want to force free
nations to retreat so they can topple governments across the Middle East, establish Taliban-like
regimes in their place, and turn the Middle East into a launching pad for attacks against free people.
The terrorists will fail. Because we are fighting a murderous ideology with a clear strategy,
we're staying on the offensive in Iraq, Afghanistan and other fronts in the war on terror, fighting
terrorists abroad so we do not have to face them here at home. When terrorists spend their days and
nights struggling to avoid death or capture, they're less capable of arming and training and plotting
new attacks on America.
We're also spreading the hope of freedom across the broader Middle East, because free
societies are peaceful societies. By offering a hopeful alternative to the terrorists' ideology of hatred
and fear, we are laying the foundations of peace for our children and grandchildren.
In the war on terror, our troops are serving with courage and commitment, and their bravery
is inspiring others to join them. All of our services met or exceeded their active duty recruitment
goals last month, and the troops closest to the fight continue to reenlist in impressive numbers. The
Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines are all on track to meet or exceed their reenlistment goals for
the year. Our troops know the stakes of this war, and Americans can have pride and confidence in
our all-volunteer forces.
In recent days, we have seen again that the path to victory in the war on terror will include
difficult moments. Our nation grieves the death of every man and woman we lose in combat, and
our hearts go out to the loved ones who mourn them. Yet, even in our grief, we can be confident in
the future, because the darkness of tyranny is no match for the shining power of freedom.
The terrorists cannot defeat us on the battlefield. The only way they can win is if we lose our
nerve. That will not happen on my watch. Withdrawing our troops from Iraq prematurely would
betray the Iraqi people, and would cause others to question America's commitment to spreading
freedom and winning the war on terror. So we will honor the fallen by completing the mission for
which they gave their lives, and by doing so we will ensure that freedom and peace prevail.
the average of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. And more Americans are working today than ever
before in our nation's history.
Recent economic reports show that our economy is growing faster than any other major
industrialized nation. Small businesses are flourishing. Workers are taking home more of what they
earn. Real disposable personal income has grown by over 12 percent since the end of 2000.
Inflation is low and mortgage rates are low. And over the past year, the home ownership rate in
America has reached record levels.
The tax relief stimulated economic vitality and growth and it has helped increase revenues to
the Treasury. The increased revenues and our spending restraint have led to good progress in
reducing the federal deficit. Last month we learned that the deficit is now projected to be $94 billion
less than previously expected. I set a goal of cutting the deficit in half by 2009, and we are ahead of
pace to meet that goal.
To continue creating jobs and to ensure that our prosperity reaches every corner of America,
we're opening markets abroad for our goods and services. This past week, I was proud to sign the
Central American-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement. This historic agreement will level
the playing field for America's workers and farmers, and open up a market of 44 million customers
for products made in the United States.
To keep our economy growing we also need affordable, reliable supplies of energy. Next
week in New Mexico, I'll sign a bipartisan energy bill that encourages conservation, expands
domestic production in environmentally sensitive ways, diversifies our energy supply, modernizes
our electricity grid and makes America less dependent on foreign sources of energy. And next
Wednesday in Illinois, I'll sign a highway bill that will improve the safety of our roads, strengthen
our transportation infrastructure and create good jobs.
Our economy is strong, yet I will not be satisfied until every American who wants to work
can find a job. So this coming Tuesday I will meet with my economic team in Texas to discuss our
agenda to keep the economy moving forward. As Congress considers appropriations bills this fall,
we will work with the House and the Senate to ensure that taxpayer dollars are spent wisely, or not
at all.
We need to make the tax relief permanent, end the death tax forever, and make our tax code
simpler, fairer and more pro-growth. We'll continue working on Social Security reform. Social
Security is sound for today's seniors, but there's a hole in the safety net for our younger workers, so
I'll work with the Congress to strengthen Social Security for our children and grandchildren. I'll
continue to press for legal reform to protect small businesses, doctors and hospitals from junk
lawsuits. And we will work to make health care more affordable and accessible for all Americans.
The American economy is the envy of the world and we will keep it that way. We will
continue to unleash the entrepreneurial spirit of America, so more of our citizens can realize the
American Dream.
Thank you for listening.
Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement. This historic agreement will reduce barriers to
American goods, services and crops, and make our nation more secure by strengthening the young
democracies in our neighborhood.
Finally, after years of debate, Republicans and Democrats in Congress came together to pass
a comprehensive energy plan that will reduce America's dependence on foreign sources of energy.
This bill will encourage conservation and efficiency, increase domestic production, promote
alternative and renewable resources, and modernize the electricity grid. I thank the members of
Congress who worked so hard on this vital legislation and I look forward to signing it into law.
As members of Congress return home for their August recess, I plan to travel to seven states
around the country. I will talk to Americans about our growing economy. Thanks to the tax relief
we passed and the spending restraint, our economy today is growing faster than any other major
industrialized country. The unemployment rate is down to 5 percent, lower than the average of the
1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. We created more than 2 million jobs in the past 12 months; more
Americans are working today than ever before in our nation's history.
The 2005 deficit is projected to be $94 billion less than previously expected, and we're now
ahead of the pace needed to meet my goal of cutting the deficit in half by 2009.
We have more to do, and I will not be satisfied until every American who wants to work can
find a job. I look forward to talking to the American people about our plans to continue
strengthening the economic security of America's seniors and working families.
During August, I will also meet with our troops and their families, and update the American
people on the latest developments in the war on terror. We have a comprehensive strategy in place;
we're improving our homeland security and intelligence. The House renewed the key provisions of
the Patriot Act that were set to expire at the end of this year. And I call on the Senate to do the
same.
We're also spreading freedom, because free countries are peaceful. And we're staying on the
offensive against the terrorists, fighting them abroad so we do not have to face them here at home.
I also urge members of the Senate to use August to prepare to act on my nomination of
Judge John Roberts to serve on the Supreme Court. This talented and capable man will fairly
interpret the Constitution and laws, not legislate from the bench. Judge Roberts' time on the D.C.
Circuit Court, his service at the Department of Justice and at the White House in two
administrations, his impressive career as a top attorney in private practice, and his stellar academic
and legal background demonstrate why Americans of all points of view have expressed their
support for him.
One of the highest honors for any lawyer is to argue a case before the Supreme Court. In his
extraordinary career, Judge Roberts has argued a remarkable 39 cases before the nation's highest
court. I look forward to working with the Senate in the weeks ahead so that Judge Roberts can
receive a timely and dignified hearing and be confirmed before the Court reconvenes on October
3rd.
Our achievements so far this year show how much can be done when we come together to
do what is right for the American people. When Congress returns in September, I will continue to
work with the Republicans and Democrats to build on this good progress for all Americans.
Thank you for listening.
The military track of our strategy is to defeat the terrorists and continue helping Iraqis take
greater responsibility for defending their freedom. The images we see on television are a grim
reminder that the enemies of freedom in Iraq are ruthless killers with no regard for human life. The
killers include members of Saddam Hussein's regime, criminal elements and foreign terrorists. The
terrorists know that Iraq is a central front in the war on terror, because they know that a stable and
democratic Iraq will deal a severe blow to their ideology of oppression and fear.
The terrorists' objective is to break the will of America and of the Iraqi people before
democracy can take root. Insurgents have tried to achieve that goal before. Two years ago, they
tried to intimidate the Iraqi Governing Council -- and failed. Last year, they tried to delay the
transfer of sovereignty to Iraq -- and failed. This year, they tried to stop the free Iraqi elections --
and failed. Now the terrorists are trying to undermine the new government and intimidate Iraqis
from joining the growing Iraqi security forces.
Yet democracy is moving forward, and more and more Iraqis are defying the terrorists by
joining the democratic process. Our military strategy is clear: We will train Iraqi security forces so
they can defend their freedom and protect their people, and then our troops will return home with
the honor they have earned.
The political track of our strategy is to continue helping Iraqis build the institutions of a
stable democracy. The Iraqi people have taken landmark steps by voting in free elections and
forming a representative government. Prime Minister Jaafari has assured me that his government is
committed to meeting its deadline to draft a new constitution for a free Iraq. Then the constitution
will be submitted to the Iraqi people for approval, and new elections will be held to choose a fully
constitutional government.
These are monumental tasks for the new democracy of Iraq -- and the free world will
continue to stand behind the Iraqi people. This past week, more than 80 countries and international
organizations came together in Brussels to discuss how to help Iraqis provide for their security and
rebuild their country. And next month, donor countries will meet in Jordan to discuss Iraqi
reconstruction.
Our nation's mission in Iraq is difficult, and we can expect more tough fighting in the weeks
and months ahead. Yet I am confident in the outcome. The Iraqi people are growing in optimism
and hope. They understand that the violence is only a part of the reality in Iraq. Each day, Iraqis are
exercising new freedoms that they were denied for decades. Schools, hospitals, roads, and post
offices are being built to serve the needs of all Iraqis. Increasing numbers of Iraqis are overcoming
their fears and working actively to defeat the insurgents. And every Iraqi who chooses the side of
freedom has chosen the winning side.
Americans can be proud of all that we and our coalition partners have accomplished in Iraq.
Our country has been tested before, and we have a long history of resolve and faith in the cause of
freedom. Now we will see that cause to victory in Iraq. A democratic Iraq will be a powerful
setback to the terrorists who seek to harm our nation. A democratic Iraq will be a great triumph in
the history of liberty. And a democratic Iraq will be a source of peace for our children and
grandchildren.
Thank you for listening.
General Pulaski exemplifies the spirit and determination of Polish immigrants to America,
and he embodies our Nation's highest ideals. On this day, we express our gratitude for all the
contributions of Polish Americans to our Nation and for the strong relationship between the United
States and Poland. By honoring this lasting friendship and remembering heroes like General
Pulaski, we reaffirm our commitment to advancing our country's founding ideals and carry forward
our heritage of freedom.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, GEORGE W. BUSH, President of the United States of America, by
virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and laws of the United States, do hereby
proclaim October 11, 2005, as General Pulaski Memorial Day. I encourage Americans to
commemorate this occasion with appropriate programs and activities honoring Casimir Pulaski and
all those who defend freedom.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this seventh day of October, in the
year of our Lord two thousand five, and of the Independence of the United States of America the
two hundred and thirtieth.
GEORGE W. BUSH
13. President Discusses Social Security and Youth in Radio Address (April 30, 2005)
THE PRESIDENT: Good morning. This past week I addressed the nation to talk about the
challenges facing Social Security. The Social Security system that Franklin Roosevelt created was a
great moral success of the 20th century. It provided a safety net that ensured dignity and peace of
mind to millions of Americans in retirement.
Yet today there is a hole in the safety net for younger workers, because Congress has made
promises it cannot keep. We have a duty to save and strengthen Social Security for our children and
grandchildren.
In the coming week, I will travel to Mississippi to continue to discuss ways to put Social
Security on the path to permanent solvency. I will continue to assure Americans that some parts of
Social Security will not change. Seniors and people with disabilities will continue to get their
checks, and all Americans born before 1950 will also receive their full benefits. And I will make it
clear that as we fix Social Security we have a duty to direct extra help to those most in need, and
make Social Security a better deal for younger workers.
We have entered a new phase in this discussion. As members of Congress begin work on
Social Security legislation, they should pursue three important goals. First, I understand that
millions of Americans depend on Social Security checks as a primary source of retirement income,
so we must keep this promise to future retirees, as well. As a matter of fairness, future generations
should receive benefits equal to or greater than the benefits today's seniors get.
Second, I believe a reformed system should protect those who depend on Social Security the
most. So in the future, benefits for low-income workers should grow faster than benefits for people
who are better off. By providing more generous benefits for low-income retirees, we'll make good
on this commitment: If you work hard and pay into Social Security your entire life, you will not
retire into poverty.
This reform would solve most of the funding challenges facing Social Security. A variety of
options are available to solve the rest of the problem. And I will work with Congress on any good-
faith proposal that does not raise the payroll tax rate or harm our economy.
Third, any reform of Social Security must replace the empty promises being made to
younger workers with real assets, real money. I believe the best way to achieve this goal is to give
younger workers the option of putting a portion of their payroll taxes into a voluntary personal
retirement account. Because this money is saved and invested, younger workers would have the
opportunity to receive a higher rate of return on their money than the current Social Security system
can provide.
Some Americans have reservations about investing in the markets because they want a
guaranteed return on their money. So one investment option should consist entirely of Treasury
bonds, which are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government. Options like
86
this will make voluntary personal retirement accounts a safer investment that will allow you to build
a nest egg that you can pass on to your loved ones.
In the days and weeks ahead, I will work to build on the progress we have made in the
Social Security discussion. Americans of all ages are beginning to look at Social Security in a new
way. Instead of asking whether the system has a problem, they're asking when their leaders are
going to fix it. Fixing Social Security must be a bipartisan effort, and I'm willing to listen to a good
idea from either party. I'm confident that by working together, we will find a solution that will
renew the promise of Social Security for the 21st century.
Thank you for listening.
Render the Following Texts into English. Make Use of the Expressions
Listed on Page 73
має тверді етичні правила. Отже, для нормального розвитку дитини потрібна щаслива,
повноцінна сім я, де щасливі між собою батьки, батьки та діти. А діяльність неблагополучної
сім ї є причиною появи важковиховуваних дітей. Синонімічними поняттями є «важкі діти»,
«педагогічно занедбані». Та це не змінює сутності даного явища.
Педагогічний словник тлумачить «важковиховуваність» як «свідомий або несвідомий
супротив дитини цілеспрямованому педагогічному впливу, викликаний
найрізноманітнішими причинами, включаючи педагогічні прорахунки вихователів, батьків,
дефекти психічного та соціального розвитку, особливості характеру, інші особистісні
характеристики учнів, вихованців, що ускладнюють соціальну адаптацію, засвоєння
навчальних предметів і соціальних ролей».
Причини виникнення даного явища коріняться вже у періоді дошкільного дитинства.
Видатний український педагог В. Сухомлинський наголошував: «Важкою дитина стає саме в
цьому віці — від року до семи-восьми років». Саме в цей період закладається фундамент
особистості — формуються основні мотиваційні, інструментальні та стильові риси, первинні
етичні поняття та категорії, здатність бачити прекрасне навколо себе. У свідомості дитини
виникає розуміння власних можливостей та свого місця в системі суспільних відносин.
Дитина поступово входить у суспільне середовище, формується як особистість, яка постійно
розвивається. Перетворення людського індивіда на особистість відбувається у процесі
соціалізації, яка є процесом входження дитини в соціальне середовище, що включає в себе
засвоєння мови, норм і правил поведінки, моральних цінностей. І якщо в цей відповідальний
і значущий період дитиною не займаються й не приділяють їй достатньої уваги, виникають
затримка та негармонійність розвитку, неуспішність і непродуктивність діяльності,
порушення у процесах самовизначення, реалізації особистісного потенціалу, психологічна
вразливість дитини.
1. Kenneth Tait Andrews, "'Freedom is a constant struggle': The dynamics and consequences of the
Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984" Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony
Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998
This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study
of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s.
By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by which movements transform
social structures and the constraints movements face when they try to do so. The time period
studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the
desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall
of federal anti-poverty programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of
county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews,
newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are
inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the
agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage
brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge
independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling
change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in
Mississippi.
2. Luis Lehner, "Gravitational radiation from black hole spacetimes" Ph.D. University of
Pittsburgh, 1998 DAI-B 59/06, p. 2797, Dec 1998
The problem of detecting gravitational radiation is receiving considerable attention with
the construction of new detectors in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The theoretical
modeling of the wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will expedite the search
for and analysis of detected signals. The characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to
obtain an algorithm capable of evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat spacetimes. Using
compactification techniques, future null infinity is included in the evolved region, which enables
the unambiguous calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A module to
calculate the waveforms is constructed and included in the evolution algorithm. This code is
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3. Lotta Lehti, “Blogging politics in various ways: A typology of French politicians’ blogs”
Department of French Studies, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
The article examines innovative ways of genre-mixing in an emergent genre, the politician's
blog. Based on prototype theory, the study presents a division of French politicians’ blogs into sub-
genres. The criteria used to distinguish these sub-genres are medium, communicative purpose,
participant roles and rhetorical structure. The material used in the study consists of 80 French
politicians’ blogs and the writings posted on these blogs during the month of September 2007,
which was a period outside actual election campaign. The analysis reveals five different sub-
genres: diary, scrapbook, notice-board, essay and polemic. Each sub-genre is discussed in detail
on the basis of a prototypical blog of the type in question.
4. Charles S. Bullock, Ronald Keith, “System Structure, Campaign Stimuli, and Voter Falloff in
Runoff Primaries”
In a model that relies entirely on legal and structural factors, Wright (1989) seeks to
account for changes in voter participation from the initial primary to the runoff. This article tests
an alternative, campaign–centered model of voter turnout in 109 congressional runoffs from 1982
through 1996. The analysis indicates that candidate–centered factors, including the amount of
money expended by the candidates in the runoff and the political experience of the primary leader,
influence turnout in runoff primaries. Generally, when more money is spent during the runoff, voter
participation declines less relative to the initial primary, suggesting that a more stimulated political
environment encourages greater participation. Spending before the initial primary is less
influential than spending between the primary and runoff in maintaining voter turnout, which
indicates that any potential effects from stimulation of the environment in the prior campaign have
largely dissipated by the time of the second election.
5. Lesley Stirlinga, Lenore Mandersonb, “About you: Empathy, objectivity and authority”
School of Languages and Linguistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010,
Australia
This article considers the patterns of usage of generalized you within a corpus of interviews
with women who had undergone mastectomies, mostly following diagnosis of breast cancer. Our
analysis of discursive shifts between you and other forms of reference within one case study
interview demonstrates the benefits of microcosmic, interactional analysis for an understanding of
both the functions of you and the dynamics of the interaction. We consider two main uses of you. In
the first, we survey a range of instances where generalized you occurs in ‘structural knowledge
descriptions,’ and illustrate how these function differently in the interactive context depending upon
the contextually delimited membership category at issue. In the second, we consider cases where
segues between use of you and use of I occur in the description of privileged personal experience by
the speaker, and, in particular, instances where false starts and repairs suggest negotiation of
choice between generic and specific frames for the account. We conclude by reviewing three
potentially concurrent interactional functions of generalized you, and propose that in our data,
generalized you has the effect of allowing objectivity with potential interactional benefits to both
participants in the interview.
Keywords: Context; Generalized you; Interaction; Membership categorization; Personal narrative;
Repair
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6. Ni Wang, “A Critical Analysis of the Relations between Organized Civil Society and
Democratizing of Global Governance”
In this paper the author discusses two popular terms, i.e. organized civil society and global
governance and their relations. The paper is mainly about organized civil society (international
non-governmental organizations) and democracy in global governance. First, the author provides
a few related definitions. These terms, although are highly contested, need to be identified to avoid
confusion and internal coherence. Then the author critically discusses the relations between
organized civil society and the democratizing of global governance. Finally, a conclusion about
the role of organized civil society in democratizing global governance is drawn.
Follow the guidelines to abstract writing and give the overview of the short publications
below incorporating the Four C’s (Complete, Concise, Clear, and Cohesive) of the style and
manner of gist wording stipulated above. Give preference to agentive active voice structures,
cataphoric “there”, reporting verbs, and present tenses
1. EXPRESSIVES
Expressives are ritualistic acts in which speakers express civility and goodwill towards each
other. They are what Goffman refers to as 'interpersonal rituals'. Expressives are easily identifiable
because they are often realized by formulaic expressions and the forms of the responses prospected
are highly predictable.
Goffman suggests that there are two kinds of ritual interchanges: 'supportive interchanges'
and 'remedial interchanges'. Supportive interchanges are those in which signs of goodwill are
appreciated. Some serve to affirm and support the social relationship between speakers. Examples
include congratulations at marriage, condolences at deaths, and greetings in encounters. Remedial
interchanges are those which are performed when an individual violates the social norm of
respecting others' privacy. They consist of the offender providing an account and apologizing for
the violation and the offended acknowledging the account and apology as sufficient.
Goffman's classification is made from a sociological perspective. From a discourse analysis
perspective, however, we can say that there are basically three types of expressives. Firstly, there
are those in which the speaker shows concern for and empathizes with the addressee. They typically
prospect responses expressing appreciation, often in the form of 'Thank you' or 'That's very
kind/nice of you'. They include acts which are commonly referred to as 'congratulate', 'well-
wishing', 'welcome', and 'condole'.
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3. INFLUENZA (GRIPPE)
Influenza is an acute infectious disease occurring in endemic, epidemic or pandemic form.
The cause of influenza is now definitely established. It is a filtrable virus. The disease is contagious
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and spread directly from person to person by talking, coughing or sneezing. Healthy carriers, as
well as patients, probably spread the disease. The incubation period is from 1 to 3 days. The onset is
sudden with chilly sensations or a true chill, followed by fever. Common symptoms are severe
frontal headache, pains in the back, limbs and eyeballs, dizziness, conjunctivitis and severe
prostration. The temperature ranges between 37.7°C and 40°C and persists from two to five days.
The respiratory rate is moderately increased. The pulse is accelerated but usually not very high.
Vomiting and diarrhea are frequent. Many patients also have respiratory symptoms, such as
laryngitis, tracheitis, and bronchitis. The tongue is dry and coated, the pharynx usually reddened.
In some cases catarrhal symptoms are replaced by nervous symptoms or prostration,
insomnia, mental depression, intense headache, general pains. There may be serious complications
after the grippe. One of them is pneumonia, which usually follows rather than accompanies the
disease.
Influenza in which no complications arise usually lasts from 2 to 3 days, and even to 5 days.
Convalescence may be prompt or protracted by weakness or mental depression. The mortality is
low in the epidemic and endemic forms but may be high in pandemics.
Treatment of the patients is symptomatic and supportive. Fluids should be given freely,
nutrition maintained by means of a bland diet, and constipation obviated by the use of mild
laxatives. The headache and general pains are alleviated by the use of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)
in doses of 0.3 g. Codeine sulfate in doses of 15 or 30 mg-every 4 hours may be required for the
cough.
5. EATH’R STRUCTURE
The earth consists of several layers. The three main layers are the core, the mantle and the
crust. The core is the inner part of the earth, the crust is the outer part and between them is the
mantle. The earth is surrounded by the atmosphere. The inner part of the earth is the core. This part
of the earth is about 1,800 miles (2,900 km) below the earth's surface. The core is a dense ball of the
elements: iron and nickel. It is divided into two layers, the inner core and the outer core. The inner
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core - the center of earth - is solid and about 780 miles (1,250 km) thick. The outer core is so hot
that the metal is always molten, but the inner core pressures are so great that it cannot melt, even
though temperatures there reach 6700ºF (3700ºC). The outer core is about 1370 miles (2,200 km)
thick. Because the earth rotates, the outer core spins around the inner core and that causes the earth's
magnetism.
The layer above the core is the mantle. It begins about 6 miles(10 km) below the oceanic
crust and about 19 miles(30 km) below the continental crust. The mantle is about 1,800 miles
(2,900 km) thick and makes up nearly 80 percent of the Earth's total volume.
The crust lies above the mantle and is the earth's hard outer shell, the surface on which we
are living. In relation with the other layers the crust is much thinner. It floats upon the softer, denser
mantle. The crust is made up of solid material but this material is not everywhere the same. There is
an Oceanic crust and a Continental crust. The first one is about 4-7 miles (6-11 km) thick and
consists of heavy rocks, like basalt. The Continental crust is thicker than the Oceanic crust, about 19
miles(30 km) thick. It is mainly made up of light material, like granite. The rocks of the oceanic
crust are not older than 200 million years. Basalt has a dark, fine and gritty volcanic structure. It is
formed out of very liquid lava, which cools off quickly. The grains are so small that they are only
visible under a microscope. The average density of the oceanic crust is 3g/cm³.
The continental crust is older than the oceanic crust; some rocks are 3.8 billion years old.
The continental crust mainly consists of igneous rocks and is divided into two layers. The upper
part mainly consists of granite rocks, while the lower part consists of basalt and diorite. Granite is
lightly-colored, coarse-grain magma. Diorite has the same composition, but it's scarcer than granite
and is probably formed by impurities in the granite-magma. The average density of the continental
crust is 2.7g/cm³.
The crust itself has no influence on the earth, but the constant moving of the crust does. This
moving is caused by the influence of the convection current, or to be more precise, this convection
current actually causes the earth plates to move and sometimes touch each other. These movements
cause earthquakes and at weak parts of the earth's crust volcanoes can erupt. Because of all these
ongoing movements in the last millions of years, mountains and valleys have been formed, and
that’s why the surface of the earth looks as it is now. Volcanoes and earthquakes also have their
direct influence on the people who live near places where they occur. It destroys their houses and
many times people are killed or wounded.
6. AIR POLLUTION
From a general perspective, the costs of air pollution associated with transportation can be
grouped within economic, social and environmental costs.
Economic Costs include a wide range of externalities like damage to property, structures
and infrastructure and loss of productivity of people and crops. Acid rains (and depositions), smog
and ozone pollution change the temporal scale during which investments on infrastructure can be
amortized and must be replaced. For instance, buildings that are often amortized over 20-30 years
may lose from one to five years of useful life (depending on the materials involved) when
progressively damaged in their structures by oxidation. Historical structures (churches, monuments,
etc.), which have the tendency to be located in heavy traffic central areas, are damaged by
oxidation/demineralization and can have expensive restoration costs. A number of European cities
are facing this problem, notably in England, France and Italy. Besides health costs (see below), air
pollution directly impacts on the productivity of the labor force in terms of total man-hours with
time lost at home, health facilities or attending for the care of others. Crops and timber products are
also directly affected by air pollutants, and losses may be expected in quantities produced per unit
of surface.
Social Costs. Almost all air pollutants have some physiological impacts on human beings,
mostly but not limited to the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Some impacts are clear and
straightforward like carbon monoxide, while others are far more pernicious and indirect. It would be
difficult, for instance, to attribute a lung cancer to general air pollution or to other causes like
smoking, furthermore extract the transport contribution to it. Considering that the majority of the
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population lives in urban areas and are thus continuously exposed to air pollution emissions,
transportation accounts for a major source of social costs. Medical costs associated with air
pollution have a fairly wide range of consequences. Loss of life expectancy could also be a general
measure, if it is possible to weight the contribution of transportation.
Environmental Costs include general damage done to the ecosystem through the
atmosphere, except for what may be considered economically useful to human activities (like
crops). Environmental costs are the most difficult, if possible, to assess in a comprehensive manner.
It could refer to biological diversity and sustainability, which air pollutants have a high proficiency
to affect.
past, that you must learn to adapt and that you can and should learn from every experience of
student life.
From "The Independent".
8. HEALTH, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION
It is now being increasingly accepted that good health occurs when human beings and their
environment are in harmony and that science and technology can be of significant help to humanity in
arriving at such a harmony. Thus, science and technology education comprising key global problems
concerning environmental and health issues has the potential to improve the present and future well-
being of all and is fundamental to the improvement of economic and life-sustaining activities.
For the last twenty years extensive changes have occurred in many countries in the field of
science and technology education at all levels. Broader definitions of science education
encompassing health and environmental education and the more frequent appearance of science,
society, health and environmental issues figure among the current trends in science and technology
education as their importance for the preservation of global balance becomes more apparent.
Health education, like science, technology and environmental education, is concerned with a
certain number of current global concerns such as water, energy, pollution, growth and development,
All have a similar, dynamic nature consisting of a problem-solving approach based upon
observation and questioning and providing knowledge and skills for lifelong learning. Moreover, all
are concerned with linking formal education to the social world.
To learn effectively, children need good health and there is growing recognition in many
developing countries that under-nutrition and poor health may be important underlying factors for
low school enrollment, absenteeism, poor classroom performance and early school dropout.
Therefore, an important part of UNESCO's actions in this area covers improving the health, nutrition
and general well-being of school-age children; public health standards in schools and the
conduciveness of classroom to learning; and, in general, promoting the "healthfulness" of schools.
A health-promoting school:
- fosters health and learning with all the measures at its disposal;
- engages health and education officials, teachers, teachers' unions,
students, parents, health providers and community leaders in efforts to make the school a healthy
place;
- strives to provide a healthy environment, school health education, and
school health services along with school/community projects, health promotion programmes for staff,
nutrition and food safety programmes, opportunities for physical education and recreation, and
programmes for counselling, social support and mental health promotion;
- implements policies and practices that respect an individual's well-being
and dignity, provide multiple opportunities for success, and acknowledge good efforts and intentions
as well as personal achievements;
- strives to improve the health of school personnel, families and community
members as well as pupils; and works with community leaders to help them understand how the
community contributes to, or undermines, health and education.
9. A PORTRAIT OF BRITAIN
Britain's character has been shaped by its geographical position as an island. Never
successfully invaded since 1066, its people have developed their own distinctive traditions. The
Roman invasion of AD 43 lasted 350 years but Roman culture and language were quickly overlain
with those of the northern European settlers who followed. Ties with Europe were loosened further
in the 16th century when the Catholic Church was replaced by a less dogmatic established church.
Although today a member of the European Union, Britain continues to delight in its non-
conformity, even in superficial ways such as driving on the left-hand side of the road instead of the
right. The opening of the rail tunnel to France is a topographical adjustment that does not
necessarily mark a change in national attitude. The British heritage is seen in its ancient castles,
cathedrals and stately homes with their gardens and Classical parklands. Age-old customs are
renewed each year, from royal ceremonies to Morris dancers performing on village greens.
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For a small island, Great Britain encompasses a surprising variety in its regions, whose
inhabitants maintain distinct identities. Scotland and Wales are separate countries from England
with their own legislative assemblies.
They have different customs, traditions, and, in the case of Scotland, different legal and
educational systems. The Welsh and Scots Gaelic languages survive and are sustained by their own
radio and television networks. In northern and West Country areas, English itself is spoken in a rich
variety of dialects and accents, and these areas maintain their own regional arts, crafts, architecture
and food.
The landscape is varied, too, from the craggy mountains of Wales, Scotland and the north,
through the flat expanses of the Midlands and eastern England to the soft, rolling hills of the south
and west. The long, broad beaches of East Anglia contrast with the picturesque rocky inlets along
much of die west coast. Despite the spread of towns and cities over the last two centuries, rural
Britain still flourishes. Nearly three-quarters of Britain's land is used for agriculture. The main
commercial crops are wheat, barley, sugar beet and potatoes, though what catches the eye in early
summer are the fields of bright yellow rape or slate-blue flax. The countryside is dotted with farms
and charming villages, with picturesque cottages and lovingly tended gardens – a British passion. A
typical village is built around an ancient church and a small, friendly pub. Here the pace of life
slows. To drink a pint of ale in a cosy, village inn and relax before a fire is a time-honoured British
custom. Strangers will be welcomed cordially, though perhaps with caution; for even if strict
formality is a thing of the past, the British have a tendency to be reserved.
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, trade with the extensive British Empire, fuelled by
abundant coal supplies, spurred manufacturing and created wealth. Thousands of people moved
from the countryside to towns and cities near mines, mills and factories. By 1900 Britain was the
world's strongest industrial nation. Now many of these old industrial centres have declined, and
today manufacturing employs only 22 per cent of the labour force, while 66 per cent work in the
growing service sector. These service industries are located mainly in the southeast, close to
London, where modern office buildings bear witness to comparative prosperity.
Reception. A smiling welcome, please. Too often you are greeted with a yawn, and a form
pushed under your nose; you are given a key and left to carry your bags, rather than being shown to
the room. Perhaps the host is afraid that you will dislike what you find when you open the door?
Value for money would be high on most people’s lists, but it is difficult to define. In an
expensive establishment, there is no excuse for dead light-bulbs and flowers, unemptied waste-
paper baskets, or a neglected garden. But in a small place where the owners do most of the work
and strive to offer hospitality at a minimal rates, the odd bit of peeling paint can be excused.
Hotel-keeping is a labour of love, and dedicated hoteliers everywhere are to be cherished.
Fortunately, there are many wonderful hotels, from castles in Spain, chateaux in France and stately
homes in Britain, to friendly inns and modest guest houses everywhere.
Some are distinctly eccentric. The owner of an Edinburgh B&B who serenaded his guests on the
bagpipes over breakfast has retired, but other rich characters remain.
(From The Economist, January 2nd, 1998)
Дагестані, Індії та інші війни. Безперечно війни не можна віднести до гуманних проявів
людських відносин, навпаки вони є протигуманними. Адже на війнах гинуть люди, а в наш
час розвинених військових технологій над людством нависає загроза знищення природного
середовища та знищення людства взагалі. Весь хід світової історії свідчить про те, що
ігнорування ідей гуманізму приведе людство до глобальної катастрофи - знищенню життя на
Землі. Таким чином бажаним для всього людства є підтримка та розвиток ідеї гуманізму і
боротьби з антигуманізмом. Все ж людство в наш час усвідомлює всю небезпеку війн, як
крайнього уособлення антигуманізму і в особі світового співтовариства намагається
боротися з цим негативним явищем. Цими проблемами займаються такі міждержавні
організації як ООН, ОБСЄ та інші. Ідея гуманізму в наш час проявляється і в актах
міжнаціональної підтримки націй та держав в боротьбі з міжнародним тероризмом, у
випадках стихійних лих (засухи, землетруси, техногенні катастрофи).
В результаті сучасного розвитку історії ми спостерігаємо збільшення впливу ідей
гуманізму в міжнародному житті та житті народів нашої країни. Значення цих ідей дуже
важливе у внутрішньому житті кожної країни. Усвідомлення цього владою нашої країни
дозволяє уникнути серйозних конфліктів між різними шарами населення, різними націями,
перевести відносини між людьми в цивілізоване русло. В чому ж полягає виконання вимог
гуманізму в повсякденному житті? Відповідь проста: це доброзичливість, ввічливість,
людяність, повага до старших, співчуття чужому горю, взаємодопомога, добре ставлення до
природи, тварин та рослин. Це і буде запорукою розвитку нашого суспільства в бажаному
напрямку - напрямку злагоди в суспільстві, миру в усьому світі.
використання медій у Європі Інтернет посів друге місце, поступившись лише телебаченню,
далеко випередивши газети, журнали й радіо.
Цьому незвичайному успіхові є низка пояснень. Понад усе, сьогодні це мережеві
розваги, які стимулюють використання Інтернету. Цифрові музичні плеєри і камери стали
аксессуарами вимушеної необхідності; і все більше людей завантажують музику з мережі.
Усе це стало технічно можливим завдяки упровадженню надшвидкісного широкополосного
(мультиплексійного) зв’язку.
Іншою вагомою причиною росту онлайн торгівлі є ламання звичок купування.
Інтернет торгівля надає споживачеві більше вибору і зручностей, оскільки все доставляється
додому. Як результат, зростає впевненість споживача; люди почуваються безпечніше,
сплачуючи кредитними картками віртуально.
Найпопулярнішими товарами з доставкою додому є книги, музика та відео. За ними
ідуть електротовари, такі як телевізори та програвачі для компакт-дисків, яким майже не
поступається одяг. Інтерактивні медійники прогнозують, що до квітня 2010 20% продажу
роздрібного товару буде надходити з онлайн торгівлі. Це піднімає питання про майбутнє
«бутікової» торгівлі у найближчі 20 років. Наразі, сектор реальної роздрібної торгівлі тримає
першість, але, начувайтесь, електронна роздрібна торгівля розвивається з кожним днем.
MODULE 1
Test Paper 1
I. Spell the following numbers and numeric phrases:
30 000; 17 3/9; 1930s; 15 12; 246-54-18; 12/07/1987; 12.0245; XXV; 4.35 p.m.; 12:3=4.
(2 points for each correct answer; total 20 points)
II. Derive the italicized words so that they correspond to the definitions:
a) a representative of Belgium;
b) relating to Mexico;
c) the country where Dutch is spoken;
d) relating to Denmark;
e) the representatives of Scotland;
f) an inhabitant of Iceland;
g) produced in Thailand;
h) relating to Sweden;
i) the representatives of Iran;
j) the country inhabited by the Swiss.
(1 point for each correct answer; total 10 points)
II. Derive the italicized words so that they correspond to the definitions:
a) people inhabiting China;
b) a representative of Sweden;
c) country where Portuguese is spoken;
d) people inhabiting Afghanistan;
e) relating to Scotland;
f) a country inhabited by the Irish;
g) a country with the capital in Paris;
h) a representative of Turkey;
i) those speaking Dutch;
j) relating to Spain.
(1 point for each correct answer; total 10 points)
MODULE 2
Test Paper 1
I. To each example below write per one word that forms the plural similarly:
a) sheep, …
b) brush, …
c) tomato, …
d) mosquito, …
e) leaf, …
f) chief, …
g) tooth, …
h) donkey, …
i) mouth, …
j) medium,… (1 point for each correct answer; total 10 points)
II. Indicate the position that contains a mistake and correct it:
1. Is corduroy trousers in or out of fashion at the moment?
A B C
2. She left a few jewellery to her grandchildren.
A B C
3. The robbers were taken to the court.
A B C
4. Panda is a big mammal that lives in China.
A B C
5. You can’t take the blood out of stone.
A B C
6. Are there enough proves of his innocence.
A B C
7. The jury is leaving for deliberation.
A B C
120
The applicants who can show they are capable, well-prepared, punctual, polite and honest
have a better chance of getting the job they are looking for.
(total 20 points)
TOTAL 100 POINTS
Test Paper 2
I. To each example below write per one word that forms the plural similarly:
a) spacecraft, …
b) church, …
c) video, …
d) zoo, …
e) self, …
f) cliff, …
g) goose, …
h) fly, …
i) looker-on, …
j) crisis, … (1 point for each correct answer; total 10 points)
II. Indicate the position that contains a mistake and correct it:
1. Your bathroom scales is not very accurate.
A B C
2. There are little college graduates among my friends.
A B C
3. The Elbrus is the highest peak of the Caucasus.
A B C
4. The police is after the escaped prisoners.
A B C
5. Many people enjoy the snowboarding in the Pyrenees.
A B C
6. When I was in an infant school we moved to East Sussex.
A B C
7. Houses of Parliament were built in the Gothic style in the middle of the 19th century.
A B C
8. Nobody know the reason for his absence.
A B C
9. The man arrested for arson will appear in the court today.
A B C
10. Art criticism and gallery curators will explain any work that takes tourists’ attention.
A B C
(1point for each correct answer; total 10 points)
MODULE 3
Test Paper 1
I. Give the plural form of the following borrowings (where possible):
Phenomenon, matrix, genius, terror, tabula rasa, moccasin, taxi, status quo, volcano, boycott.
(1 point for each correct answer; total 10 points)
III. Translate the following verbal and nominative prepositional phrases into English:
Звернути увагу на; залежати від; остерігатись пасток; відрізнятися кліматом та
розташуванням; робити внесок у справу; на перший погляд; випадково; коротко; з одного
боку; на даний час. (2 points for each correct answer; total 20 points)
IV. Identify political terminology and translate the passage into English:
За часів холодної війни на ринку торгівлі озброєннями нероздільно домінували СРСР
та США. 1991 року частка їхнього експорту військового експорту до країн “третього світу”
становила, відповідно, 30,2 і 27, 9 відсотка. Після розпаду Союзу та варшавського Договору
одноосібним лідером стали США, чия частка у світовому експорті звичайних видів
озброєння наблизилася до 60 відсотків. Проте останнім часом, у результаті подальшої
інтернаціоналізації ринку озброєнь і жорсткої конкуренції склався якісно новий баланс сил.
(total 20 points)
Test Paper 2
I. Give the plural form of the following borrowings (where possible):
Decembrist, appendix, torpedo-boat, sabotage, gymnastics, tattoo, hierarchy, species, stimulus,
kangaroo.
(1 point for each correct answer; total 10 points)
Common Market grain prices; trade union movement; gross margin figures; the Natural Resources
Defence Council; the millionaire press owners; a total UK oil output figure; Nobel Peace Prize
Winners; the Guardian International subscribers; law and order advocates; social insurance
expenditure.
(3 points for each correct answer; total 30 points)
III. Translate the following verbal and nominative prepositional phrases into English:
Починатися промовою; знайомий з; перепросити когось за поведінку; вимога толерантності;
ухилятися від сплати податків; втручатися в справи; пишатися успіхом; на світанку;
особисто; навмисно.
(2 points for each correct answer; total 20 points)
IV. Identify political terminology and translate the passage into English:
Євразійська співдружність формально виглядає як економічний союз, але сумнівів у
тому, що це об’єднання передусім політичне, немає ні у кого з коментаторів. У ході візиту,
ймовірно, піде мова і про можливості Узбекистану постачати Україні вже свої власні
енергоносії – в минулі роки вже було досягнуто угоди про не дуже великі обсяги. Крім того,
планується, що під час візиту буде підписано протокол про активізацію військово-технічної
співпраці між двома країнами. Сьогодні співпраця у цій сфері (якщо порівняти міру її
активності між Узбекистаном і Росією) виглядає, м’яко кажучи, млявою.
(total 20 points)
V. Render the text into English:
IV. Translate the below running sentences in Ukrainian. Comment on the transformations used:
1. Mr. Mazey, explaining the link between union affairs and the war, says that if escalation
continues “we can kiss our auto negotiations goodbye”. If the war spreads, the Government “will
impose wage controls and destroy collective bargaining”.
2. Governor Marvin Mandel of Maryland sent 600 guardsmen to the College Park campus of the
University of Maryland after local police failed to disperse 6,000 student demonstrators.
3. The group spent three days in Washington conferring with heads of Government agencies and
Congressional leaders to plead for more Federal assistance for the nation’s poor.
4. Five Labour MPs and lord Fenner Brockway yesterday promised to support the Cuban Premier’s
request for the British Government. They agreed to this after being lobbied by the members of the
British- Cuba Association.
(5 points for each correct answer; total 20 points)
The position of Ireland has been an intractable political issue since the 17th century. Part of the
United Kingdom for 800 years, but divided in 1921, it has seen conflict between Catholics and
Protestants for many years. The Good Friday Peace Agreement of 1998 was a huge step forward but
the path to lasting peace is a rocky one.
(total 20 points)
TOTAL 100 POINTS
Test Paper 2
IV. Translate the below running sentences into Ukrainian. Comment on the transformations
used:
1. The Schengen agreement, which includes all EU countries apart from Britain and Ireland, was
drawn up in 1985 to allow free movement between member states with one secure external border.
2. Among the universities where students have decided to back the strike appeal are Columbia in
New York, the Catholic Notre Dame University in Indiana, Georgetown University in Washington
and the University of Minnesota.
3. It is, first and foremost, the Labour movement which must act to break the grip of the
moneylenders, defeat the profit-making vested interests which batten on the plight of the homeless
and challenge the giant monopolists.
4. The Tories would accuse Labour of dismantling Britain’s border controls and risking a flood of
immigrants entering the UK after coming into the EU through countries like Greece which have
weaker controls.
(5 points for each correct answer; total 20 points)
The declining coal industry has again changed the face of this area: slag heaps have become
green hills, and the valley towns struggle to find alternative forms of employment. Coal mines are
now tourist attractions; today, many of the tour guides taking visitors underground are ex-miners,
who can offer a first-hand glimpse of the hard life found in mining communities before the pits
closed.
The southern boundary of the Brecon Beacons National Park marks the beginning of rural
Wales. With a population sparser than anywhere in England, this is an area of small country towns,
hill-sheep farms, forestry plantations and spectacular man-made lakes.
The number of Welsh-speakers increases and the sense of Welsh culture becomes stronger as
you travel further from the border with England, with the exception of an English enclave in south
Pembrokeshire.
(total 20 points)
TOTAL 100 POINTS
128
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129
ЗМІСТ
ПЕРЕДМОВА…………………. ……………………………………………………………...1
ТЕМИ САМОСТІЙНОГО ОПРАЦЮВАННЯ СТУДЕНТАМИ ……………………………………………2