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Q1. Give four philosophers that contribute in the history of crop physiology.
Answer
1. W.I Bills
2. V.H Blackman
3. F.G Briggs
4. D.J Watson

Q2. The relevant of crop physiology.

Answer
Crop physiology is a branch of agricultural science that focuses on understanding how plants
grow and develop in relation to their environment. It seeks to optimize crop productivity and
quality by studying the internal processes of plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and
nutrient uptake. Ultimately, crop physiology plays a crucial role in improving agricultural
sustainability and food security.

Q3. A cell performs major functions that are essential for the growth and development of
organisms discuss.
Answer
Cells perform many major functions that leads to the growth and development of an organism.
1. Cell division: Which allows for the growth and reproduction of organisms. Through the
process of cell division, cells can replicate and increase in number, leading to the growth of
tissues and organs.
2. Maintaining homeostasis: This is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal
environment. Cells regulate various internal processes such as temperature, pH balance, and
nutrient levels to ensure optimal conditions for survival and growth.
3. Metabolism: Cells obtain energy from nutrients and convert it into a usable form through
metabolic processes such as cellular respiration. This energy is then utilized for various cellular
activities, including growth, repair, and maintenance.
4. Ability to respond to external stimuli: Through processes like cell signaling. They can detect
changes in the environment and transmit signals to other cells to coordinate responses and adapt
to changes.
5. Synthesis and secreting substances: Cells are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of
various substances necessary for the functioning of the organism. For example, specialized cells
in the pancreas secrete insulin, which regulates blood sugar levels, while cells in the glands
produce hormones that control various bodily functions.

Q4. Define cell organelle?

Answer
A cell organelle is a specialized structure within a cell that performs specific functions to
maintain the cell's life processes.
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Q5. List down four organelles, define them and give their functions.
Answer
1. Cell wall: The cell wall is a rigid, protective outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane of
plant cells.
Functions of the cell wall
1. It provides structural support to the cell.
2. It protect the cell from physical damage, pathogens etc.
3. Regulations of water balance.

2. Cell membrane: This is the outer covering of a cell within which all other organelles such as
the cytoplasm and nucleus are enclosed.
Functions of the cell membrane
1. It permits the movement of selective substances in and out of the cell.
2. It protect the component of the cell from damage and leakage.

3. Cytoplasm: The cytoplasm is a clear, thick, jelly-like substance present inside the cell
membrane.
Functions of the cytoplasm
1. It helps maintain the shape and structure of the cell.
2. The cytoplasm can store various molecules such as nutrients, ions, and proteins needed for
cellular functions.
3. It provides a medium for the movement of molecules and organelles within the cell.

4. Nucleus: The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that serves as the control center of the
cell.
Functions of the nucleus
1. It sends signals to the cells to grow mature, divide and die.
2. It protect the DNA.
3. It contains the hereditary material of the cell.

Q6. In detail define what a cell is.

Answer
(a). A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. It is the smallest unit
of life that can replicate independently, carrying out essential processes such as metabolism,
growth, response to stimuli, and reproduction.
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Q7. Name the types of cells in plants and discuss any one.
Answer
1. Parenchyma Cells
2. Sclerenchyma Cells
3. Collenchyma cells

1. Parenchyma Cells: Parenchyma cells are the most common type of plant cells and are found
in various parts of the plant, including leaves, stems, roots, and fruits.They have thin cell walls
and large central vacuoles filled with water, making them flexible and able to store nutrients,
water, and gases.
2. Sclerenchyma Cells: Sclerenchyma cells are characterized by thick, lignified cell walls,
providing rigidity and support to plant tissues.

Q8. Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are
distinguish processes that can occur alongside growth. Describe which process is this.
Answer
The process is cell growth. Cell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of the cell,
including both cytoplasm, nucleus, and organelle volume.
Cell division: Refers to the process by which a cell duplicates its genetic materials and divides
into two daughter cells.

Q9. Talk on the cell wall component in cell development.

Answer
This contribute a dietary content of about 25g/100g of mycoprotein dry matter, which is over
6g/100g on a 25% solids basis. This mycoprotein is a protein that comes from a fungus. It is
largely insoluble fiber consisting of approximately one third chitins.

Q10. Importance of cell development.

Answer
Most tissues of the body grow by increasing their cell number, but this growth is highly
regulated to maintain a balance between different tissues. In adults most cell division is involved
in tissue renewal rather than growth, many types of cells undergoing continues replacement.
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Q11. Talk on five main differences between the two types of plant cell.
Answer
PARENCHYMA CELLS
1 They have a primary cell wall, which is thin
and flexible.
2 Parenchyma cells have a roughly spherical
shape.
3 Parenchyma cells are involved in various
functions, including photosynthesis, storage
of nutrients, and secretion.
4 Parenchyma cells typically have large central
vacuoles
5 Parenchyma cells are generally short-lived
and undergo frequent division and
differentiation.
SCLERENCHYMA CELLS
They have a secondary cell wall, that
is thicker and more rigid.
Sclerenchyma cells are slimmed and
have a more uniform shape.
Sclerenchyma cells primarily provide
mechanical support and structural
integrity to the plant.
Sclerenchyma cells have small or no
vacuoles
Sclerenchyma cells are long-lived and
undergo little to no division.

Q12. Define cellulose and lignin.

Answer
Cellulose: This is a complex carbohydrate consisting of 3000 or more glucose unit.
Lignin: This is a class of complex organic polymers that form kay structural materials in support
tissues of most plants.
Q13give the differences between them.
Answer
DIFFERENCES
CELLULOSE LIGNIN

1 Cellulose is a polysaccharide made up of lignin is a highly non-regular organic

glucose sub-unit. polymer of phenol sub-units.
2 Cellulose takes part in primary growth. lignin takes part in secondary growth.

Q14. Define the following: 1. Cytosol, 2. Synthesis, 3. Peroxisomes, 4. Tonoplast. 5.

Glycogen
Answer
1. Cytosol: This is the water-based solution in which organelles, proteins, and other cell
structure float.
2. Synthesis: This refers to the process by which various molecules, compounds, and structures
are produced within plant cells.
3. Peroxisomes: They are organelles that separate diverse oxidative reactions and play important
roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification and signaling.
4. Tonoplast: This is the cytoplasm membrane that surrounds the vacuole and separates its
contents from the cytoplasm of the cell.
5. Glycogen: This is the stored form of glucose that's made up of many connected glucose
molecules.
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Q15. Explain the process involved in the transportation of water and minerals in plants.
Answer
In plants, water and minerals are transported through a complex system called the vascular
system. This system consists of two types of tissues: xylem and phloem.
Water and minerals enter the roots of the plant through root hairs and move into the root cells.
From there, they enter the xylem tissue, which is responsible for the upward transport of water
and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. This process is mainly driven by
transpiration, which is the loss of water vapor from the leaves.
Minerals, are transported along with water through the xylem. They are dissolved in the water
and carried up to the different parts of the plant, where they are used for various metabolic
processes.
The phloem tissue, which is responsible for the transport of organic molecules such as sugars,
amino acids, and hormones. Phloem transports these substances from the leaves, where they are
produced through photosynthesis, to the other parts of the plant, including the roots and growing
regions.
The movement of organic molecules in the phloem occurs through a process called translocation.
The movement of substances in the phloem is controlled by specialized cells called sieve
elements.

Q16. What are thylakoids?

Answer
These are internal membranes that are found in the chloroplast. They also created a platform in
the reaction of photosynthesis.
Functions
1. Light absorption.
2. Photosynthetic electron transfer.

Q17. Explain the two stages of the process that produce the four-carbon intermediate
compound in the C4 photosynthesis.
Answer
1. Photosynthetic process: occurs in the chloroplast of a thin-walled mesophyll cell. Once
created, the plant pumps the immediate compound into thick-wall bundle sheath cell, where it
splits the compound into carbondioxide and a three-carbon compound.
2. Carbondioxide process: then undergoes the cell in cycle, as in C3 photosynthesis.
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Q18. Define nutrient and mineral nutrient.

Answer
Nutrient: These are the chemical elements that are essential for the nourishment of plant health.
Mineral nutrient: These are element acquired primarily in the form of inorganic ions from the
soil.

Q19. Name the three categories of plant nutrient and Talk on any one.
Answer
1. Primary nutrients: These are essential elements required by plants in relatively large
quantities for normal growth and development. Primary nutrients include elements such as
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium.
2. Secondary nutrients: Secondary nutrients are required by plants in moderate quantities and
include elements such as calcium, magnesium, and Sulphur.
3. Micro nutrients: Micronutrients are essential elements required by plants in smaller
quantities but are equally important for various physiological processes. Micronutrients include
elements such as iron, manganese, zinc, copper, boron, and chlorine.

Q20. Name the types of plant systems and Talk on any one.
Answer
1. Root system: The root system anchors the plant in the soil and absorbs water and nutrients
from the surrounding environment.
It consists of primary roots, lateral roots, and root hairs, which increase the surface area for water
and nutrient absorption.
Root systems vary among plant species, with some having taproots and others having fibrous
root systems.
2. Shoot system: The shoot system consists of the above ground parts of the plant, including
stems, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits.
Stems provide support for leaves and reproductive structures and serve as conduits for the
transport of water, nutrients, and sugars.
Leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis, where chlorophyll-containing cells capture light
energy and convert it into chemical energy.
Buds give rise to new shoots or flowers, contributing to plant growth and reproduction.
Flowers are the reproductive structures of angiosperms (flowering plants), containing male and
female reproductive organs responsible for pollination and seed formation.
Fruits develop from fertilized flowers and protect seeds while aiding in their dispersal.