THE WEST COAST SDI

1. In which province is the West Coast SDI located?

 Western Cape
2. What is spatial development initiative?
 A government program to encourage investment in infrastructure in undeveloped areas
3. Name the Port associated with the West Coast SDI.
 Saldanah Bay (port of Saldanah)
4. Name manufacturing industry in the West Cost SDI
 Steel processing/manufacturing
 Fish processing and fishmeal industries
 Gas power plant
 Ship repair
 Oil and gas processing
 Marine vessel repairing
 Rig repair and servicing
5. Reason for the economic activity In the West Coast SDI
 Accelerated growth of oil and gas production in Africa.
 More oilrigs passing by the west coast
 More maintenance required by passing oil rigs
 Harbour promote trade
6. Physical factors that favoured the development of the SDI on the West Coast.
 Bay allows for the development of a natural harbour
 Availability of vacant land for the expansion of industries
 Flat land makes construction cheaper and easier
 Flat land makes construction of infrastructure easier, therefore increases accessibility
 Climate is conducive for productivity
7. Explain how West Coast SDI uplifts local community
 Employment opportunities are created in industries, farming, infrastructural development and tourism
 These employment opportunities also uplift the skills of people
 Industries become involved in social responsibility programmes
 Earning potential increases as people as now have fixed jobs
 Accessibility to more and better services for the local community
 Standard of living increases as people can now afford private homes /medical care and education
 Tourism provides opportunities for local communities in the informal sector to sell their wares/ arts and
craft
 Upgrading and development of new infrastructure benefits the community
8. Explain why energy (power/ electricity) and water security are threats to industrial growth in the
West Coast SDI?
 Limited access to power supply increases coast of electricity
 Dependency on a nuclear power station is a threat to power supply
 Located far away from thermal power plants, thus electricity is expensive
 Failing electricity power infrastructure
 Mediterranean climate means they have insufficient rainfall
 Fresh water supply is restricted /expensive, pushing up production costs
9. Why are well-developed transport links important to support the growth in the West Coast SDI?
 Increases accessibility
  Transport raw materials
 Transport finished products to market
 Traffic volume will increase, so the roads need to be upgraded
 To gain access to local and international market
 To attract foreign and local investment
 To promote industrial decentralisation
 To transport labour force to and from work
10. How will the West Coast SDI contribute to the economic growth of the of in this area?
 More employment opportunities
 Increase in spending power will lead to more business development
 Attract both local and foreign investors
 Contribute to increase in the GDP
 Provide greater entrepreneurial opportunists to local communities SMMEs
 Infrastructure will be upgraded to meet increased demands
 Transport network will be upgraded to improve network efficiency
 Economy will be decentralised away from the core stimulate growth in other areas
 Development associated with the multiple-effect
 Promote tourism and provide income

FIGURE 3.5: BEEF FARMING

2020 AND BEYOND: A VISION FOR THE SOUTH AFRICAN BEEF INDUSTRY

By Lloyd Phillips, 7 December 2017

In 2016 South Africa became a net red meat exporter for the first time, supplying mainly the cheap
beef market.

In 2016 global red meat exports amounted to 9,44 million tons. Brazil led the way, exporting 1,85
million tons or 19,6% of the total. South Africa ranked 15 th at 60 000 tons, or 0,64%, of the world
total.

The recent drought showed how crucial it was for the country's beef industry to stop focusing on
exporting only cheap beef. By exporting higher quality beef, our industry can protect itself from
shocks that result in reduced profits.

It must be noted, however, that with the current high beef price in South Africa, the country will be
unable to compete against the likes of Brazil and other top beef exporters.

3.5 Refer to FIGURE 3.5, an extract on South Africa’s beef industry.

3.5.1 Which country had the highest exportation of beef in 2016? (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2 Quote evidence from the extract that suggests that the beef industry is
growing in South Africa. (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.3 Refer to the statement below.
By exporting higher quality beef, our industry can protect itself from shocks
that result in reduced profits.
(a) Why does the exportation of low quality beef reduce profits?
(1 x 1) (1)
(b) Suggest how farmers can produce higher quality beef. (2 x 2) (4)
3.5.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines explaining the factors
preventing South Africa from being competitive with other top beef exporters
. (4 x 2) (8)
Marking Guideline
3.5.1 Brazil (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2 ꞌSouth Africa became a net red meat exporter for the first timeꞌ (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.3 (a) Make less money as poor quality beef does not fetch high prices (1)
Countries buy less as a result of poor quality (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

(b) Improved breeding programmes/research will increase the quality of the beef (2)

Prevent overstocking/Do not exceed carrying capacity

(2) Industrial beef cattle farming (2)
Regular vaccination to prevent
diseases (2) Regular health checks of
cattle (2)
Free range farming improves quality of beef (2)
Genetically modified species/scientific methods to improve stock yields
(2) Increase education and skills of farmers/research and development
(2) More agricultural officers to educate small scale and new farmers (2)
Access to funding to improve mechanisation and technology (2)
Government subsidies and grants will improve processing techniques (2)
Accelerate the process of land reform (2)
Improved pasturage and feeding will result in healthier cattle (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.4 Water shortages reduces stock numbers (2)

Regular droughts reduce the amount and quality of stock for export markets
(2)
Small-scale (subsistence or commercial) farming can result in less production
for markets (2)
Commercial farmers abandon their farms and beef production decreases (2)
A huge demand for beef within South Africa decreases exports (2)
Low government subsidies push up prices (2)
Large distances to overseas markets increases the costs of exportation (2)
Expensive to refrigerate beef products during transportation (2)
Cattle diseases e.g. foot and mouth/mad cow disease reduces meat
availability for export markets (2)
Low quality of natural grazing reduces the amount of stock (2)
Unclear land reform policies slows down beef production while outcomes are
awaiting (2)
Stock theft reduces the amount of stock (2)
Increased cost of fodder during drought/winter results in beef farmers
reducing
stock numbers (2)
Veld fires reduce natural grazing and therefore stock (2)
Medication against diseases expensive and increase farming costs (2)
Poor exchange rate reduces profits for beef farmers (2)
Price fluctuations reduce profit (2)
Increase in production costs (machinery/labour) reduces stock numbers and
profits (2)
Trade barriers discourage cattle farming (2)
Youth do not pursue farming/Loss of skilled farmers therefore beef production is low (2)
Marking Guideline

Lack of scientific breeding methods keeps beef production low (2)

Limited beef processing plants limits the export of beef products (2)
Traditionally cattle is regarded as a symbol of wealth and subsistence
farmers are reluctant to sell their cattle (2)
Small-scale farmers cannot access loans from banks and cannot afford the
increasing production costs (2)

March 2018
FIGURE 3.6: SMALL-SCALE FARMING

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3.5 Study FIGURE 3.6, a photograph of small-scale farming.

3.6.1 Define the term small-scale farming. (1 x 1) (1)

3.6.2 What evidence in the photograph suggests that these are
small-scale farmers? (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.3 Why can one say that these small-scale farmers are farming the
land intensively? (1 x 2) (2)
3.6.4 The profit margin of the farmers in the photograph in FIGURE 2.6
will be low. Explain this statement. (2 x 2) (4)
3.6.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, outline the problems
experienced by small-scale farmers, as seen in the photograph.
(4 x 2) (8)

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3.6.1 Farming on a small piece of land (commercial or subsistence) (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.2 Small patch of land (1)
Manual labour (1)
Traditional farming methods (1)
No mechanisation evident (2)
Variety of crops/mixed farming (1)
Lack of infrastructure (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.3 Small piece of land farmed intensively (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3.6.4 The land being farmed is very small (2)
There are many farmers working on a small piece of land (2)
Profit/low yields must be shared by all (2)
Products only sold to local market (2)
Some produce will be used to sustain themselves and their families (2)
Use of traditional farming methods therefore farmers produce less (2)
The products are usually of low quality due to lack of fertilisers and the
impact of pests (2)
The farmers have no access to formal markets to sell their products (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.6.5 PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED BY SMALL SCALE FARMERS
Limited to manual labour (2)
Limited to use of simple farm equipment (2)
Limited knowledge of scientific farming methods (2)
Water crops by hand/watering can (2)
Overuse of land decreases soil fertility (2)
Exposure to weather elements (2)
Physical health of the workers suffer (2)
Possible theft of produce (2)
Birds insects are attracted to this plot (2)
Yield decreases over time (2)
Limited/No access to funds to buy seeds/fertiliser and supplies (2)
No insurance against crop losses (2)
Natural disasters like flooding and drought ruin farmer (2)
The soil is infertile (2)
Less land for farming causing less productivity (2)
Don’t get enough profit/Small profit margin (2)
Competition with commercial farmers for market (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

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March 2016
FIGURE 4.5: MINING

COAL MINING IN SOUTH AFRICA

Coal mining in South Africa plays a significant role in the country's economy, as it is
responsible for nearly three quarters of Eskom's fuel supply. It also supplies coal to SASOL,
who produces around 35% of the country's liquid fuel.

Coal mining in South Africa is centred on the Highveld, with roughly 60% of the country's
deposits located in eMalahleni (Witbank) and surrounding areas.

[Source: http://www.projectsiq.co.za/coal-mining-in-south-africa.htm]

4.5 Read the extract in FIGURE 4.5 on coal mining in South Africa.
4.5.1 Name the province in which most of South Africa's coalfields are
found. (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.2 Name TWO of South Africa's major industries that are dependent
on coal as a raw material. (2 x 1) (2)
4.5.3 State TWO environmental problems resulting from coal mining in
South Africa. (2 x 2) (4)
4.5.4 Mining and coal-dependent companies should work together to
rectify environmental injustices associated with coal mining. In a
paragraph of about EIGHT lines, explain how this can be achieved.
(4 x 2) (8)

Marking Guideline
4.5.1 Mpumalanga (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.2 ESKOM (1)
SASOL (1) (2 x 1) (2)
4.5.3 Land degradation (2) OR
Opencast mining an eyesore (2)
Air pollution from the burning of coal to generate electricity (2)
[ANY TWO – ACCEP OTHER] (2 x 2) (4)
4.5.4 RECTIFYING ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICES
Land mined as open cast coal mines need to be rehabilitated (2)

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Re-vegetation and the restoration of local fauna in the area where mining
occurred must be monitored (2)
Applying the polluter pays principle and fining companies responsible for high
levels of air pollution (2)
Applying scrubbing and clean technology to smoke stacks (2)
Offsetting carbon footprints with carbon credits (2)
Planting of more trees to offset carbon emissions (2)
[ANY FOUR – ACCEPT OTHERS] (4 x 2) (8)

FIGURE 1.1: TYPES OF INDUSTRIES

[Source: Examiner's own graphic]

1.1 Refer to FIGURE 1.1 and match the types of industries in the diagram with the
statements below.
1.1.1 Industries that produce perishable goods

1.1.2 Industries that can be located anywhere and are not restricted by the location of
markets or raw materials
1.1.3 Industries that can be located anywhere without an effect from factors such
as resources or transport
1.1.4 Industries that process bulky raw materials

1.1.5 Industries located on the outskirts of the built-up areas because of noise and air
pollution
1.1.6 Industries located between the source of the raw material and the market
(customers)
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 1.1.7 Industries that occupy small spaces and can be located in the city centre
Marking Guideline
FIGURE 1.3: ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

BENEFITS OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN AN ECONOMY

The purpose of international trade is to allow countries to exchange their goods and services
with other countries.

Countries with the strongest international trade practices have become prosperous (well- off)
and have the power to control the world economy. It is a fact that global trade can become one
of the major contributors to the reduction of poverty.

International trade accounts for a good part of many developing countriesʹ revenue, positively
affecting their gross domestic product. International trade is growing at a rapid rate due to
some of the following reasons: use of modern production techniques; highly advanced
transportation systems and outsourcing (contract out) of manufacturing and services.

1.3.1

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1.3.2 MarkingRefer to FIGURE 1.3 showing the role of international trade in economic
Guideline
development.
1.3.1 What is the purpose of international trade? (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.3 Quote from the extract why international trade is growing rapidly. (1 X 2) (2)
1.3.3 According to the extract, global trade contributes to the reduction of poverty. Explain
this statement. (2 x 2) (4)
1.3.4 Explain how distance from major trading partners restricts South Africa from
competing in world markets. (2 x 2) (4)
1.3.5 Explain how international trade can limit local production in a country.
(2 x 2) (4)

MARKING GUIDELINE
Activity 1.1
1.1.1 Market orientated (1)
1.1.2 Ubiquitous (1)
1.1.3 Footloose (1)
1.1.4 Raw material-orientated/heavy (1)
1.1.5 Heavy (1)
1.1.6 Bridge (1)
1.1.7 Light (1) (7 x 1) (7)

Activity 1.2
1.2.1 BMW (1)
Ford (1)
Volkswagen (1)
[Any ONE] (2 x 1) (2)

1.2.2
Manufacturing presents an opportunity to significantly accelerate the
country’s growth. (1)
Manufacturing presents an opportunity to significantly accelerate the country’s development. (1)

1.2.2 The secondary sector forms a substantial part of GDP.(2)

It creates values (goods). (2)
It is the engine of economic growth. (2) It is the predominant tertiary
sector. (2)
[Any TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.2.4 Raw materials in SA. (2)

Labour supply – large unskilled, semi- skilled and skilled labour force. (2) Energy supply – Eskom
supply energy form large cola deposits and large wind farms along the South coast, nuclear power in
the Cape at Koeberg. Some smaller hydro electrical plants. (2)
Transport – well developed road, rail, harbour and airport infrastructure. (2) Political intervention –
incentive and rebates for industrial development and services to them. (2)
Competition – good quality products (2)
Trade – large trade with Europe, China, Germany and rest of Africa. (2
X2) (4)

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1.2.6 CONTRIBUTION
Generates money in the form of taxes (2)
Many industrial products are exported (2)
Foreign exchange is earned (2)
Used to pay for imported products (2) Also
used for developing the country (2)

GROWTH
Manufacturing provide/create jobs (2)
Attract foreign investments (2)
G8 and BRICS nations see potential for development (2)
Provides an important market for the raw materials of the primary sector (2)
Primary sector will grow (2) Tertiary sector
will grow (2) quaternary sector will grow
(2)
Finances available for infrastructure growth/development (2) [Any
FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

Activity 1.3
1.3.1 To allow a country to exchange goods and services produced with those of other
countries (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.2 ꞌUse of modern production techniquesꞌ (2) ꞌHighly advanced transportation systemsꞌ
(2) ꞌOutsourcing of manufacturing and servicesꞌ (1 x 2) (2)
1.3.3 It promotes foreign investment and greater access to government funding (2)
It creates job opportunities thus improving the standard of living (2)
It improves the skills of people hence they earn a better salary (2)
Purchasing power increases due to higher income (2)
Goods can be bought at a lower price thus reducing expenses (2)
It encourages the development of more secondary industries which has a multiplier effect (2) [ANY
TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.4 South Africa is at the southern tip of Africa and the major trading partners
are located in the Northern Hemisphere (2)
Due to the distance it takes longer to deliver goods (2)
Higher transport costs increase the price of exported goods (2)
The longer travelling distance results in goods not being easily available (2) The longer travelling
distance affects the quality of perishable goods (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
1.3.5 Market is flooded with imported goods (2)
Increased competition limits the ability of local industries to expand their operations (2)
It results in the closure of local industries (2)
Imported goods are sometimes cheaper than local goods (2) Local production
decreases due to lower demand (2)
Loss of jobs locally as industries close/high unemployment (2)
Limited growth in the economy/GDP stagnates [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

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ACTIVITIES Marking Guideline
FIGURE 1.1: CORE INDUSTRIAL AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA

1.1 Study the map in FIGURE 1.1 which shows the FOUR core industrial areas of South
Africa, represented by the letters A, B, C and D.
1.1.1 Mention the term used to describe an over-concentration of industries
in a few core areas
1.1.2 Name the industrial area A that represents the economic hub of South
Africa.
1.1.3 In which industrial area is the textile industry the dominant secondary
activity in the economy?
1.1.4 What promotes export and industrial development in area B?
1.1.5 Which letter on the map represents the industrial region that deals mainly with
motor vehicles and related motor vehicle accessories?
1.1.6 Name the industrial area where water availability will most likely be a limiting
factor in industrial development.
1.1.7 Name the industrial region where fish and fruit are
the raw materials for many secondary industries. (7 x 1) (7)

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FIGURE 1.2 MAP OF Guideline
Marking MAJOR INDUSTRIAL AREAS IN SOUTH AFRICA

[Source: Shutters Exam Notebook Geography grade 12]

1.2 Refer to FIGURE 1.2 showing a map of the main industrial areas in South Africa.
1.2.1 Name the industrial area labelled C. (1 x 1) (1)
1.2.3 Briefly discuss any THREE factors that have limited industrial development in
area C. (3 x 2) (6)
1.2.4 Explain any TWO natural factors that promoted industrial development in
region C. (2 x 2) (4)
1.2.5 How does industrial growth support the development of South Africa’s
economy? (2 x 2) (4)

Activity 1.3 FIGURE 1.3 SOUTH AFRICA’S CORE INDUSTRIAL REGIONS

[Sources: lideplayer.com

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 1.3
MarkingFIGURE
Guideline1.3 is a map showing the core industrial regions in South Africa.
1.3.1 Name the core industrial region labelled 3. (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.2 What is the main locational difference between industrial regions 1 and 4?
(1 x 2) (2)
1.3.3 How has this locational difference (mentioned in QUESTION 1.3.2)
influenced the main type of industry that has been developed at 4?
(1 x 2) (2)
1.3.4 How has this industry (your answer to QUESTION 4.6.3) improved the
skills of workers in the region? (1 x 2) (2)
1.3.5 Discuss the physical (natural) factors that have favoured the development
of industrial region 1. (2 x 2) (4)
1.3.6 Explain the negative social impact that industrial centralisation has had at
regions 1 and 4. (2 x 2) (4)

MARKING GUIDELINE
Activity 1.1
1.1.1 industrial centralisation
1.1.2 Gauteng / PWV
1.1.3 B / KwaZulu-Natal
1.1.4 Harbour / presence of a harbour
1.1.5 C
1.1.6 South western cape / Gauteng (PWV) (any one)
1.1.7 South western cape

Activity 1.2
1.2.1 Port Elizabeth-Uitenhage/Nelson Mandela metropole (1)(1 x 1) (1)
1.2.2 The area is far from consumer areas. (2)
Labour costs are higher than Asia and Eastern Europe for car production. (2) The labour unrests
and strikes. (2)
No significant minerals in the area. (2) Transport costs to inland
markets is high. (2)
Region lies between ocean and mountains/escarpment. (2)
[ANY THREE] (3 x 2)(6)

1.2.3 There is a centrally located modern harbour. (2)

There is enough water supply in the area. (2)
The area is close to Coega Industrial Zone. (2)
Presence of Bay (2)
Availability of water (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
1.2.4 More people employed (2)
Buying power increases. (2)
Gain of revenue (income tax and sales tax) strengthen the economy. (2)
Positive effect on International trade (rise in exports and fall in imports). (2) Abundance of
goods. (2)

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 Prices
Markinglocally will remain constant. (2)
Guideline
Quality of goods will improve. (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)(4)

Activity 1.3

1.3.1 South Western Cape (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 Industrial region 4 has access to the sea/harbour (2)
Region 1 in landlocked in the interior (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
1.3.3 The natural bay seaport (harbour) promotes bulk transport that the motor industry
requires (2)
The harbour facilitates the easier export of motor vehicles to overseas markets (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
1.3.4 They have been taught Fourth-industrial revolution skills e.g. robotics which
will increase efficiency in the workplace
They are exposed to modern/cutting edge technological skills [ANY ONE] (1 x 2)(2)
1.3.5 Wide variety of raw materials to support industrial development (2)
Access to water supply from rivers/wetter eastern half (2)
Enough flat land for the development of industries (2)
Good energy supply from nearby coalfields (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)(4)

1.3.6 There would be an overconcentration of people and activities (2) This would
lead to unemployment as
there would not be enough jobs (2) There would be
widespread poverty (2)
A shortage of housing would result in the development of informal settlements (2) Crime and other
social ills (examples) would increase (2)
Road rage would be the result of traffic congestion (2)
Disruption in services like water and electricity due to the overconcentration of people (2)
Violent protests over poor service delivery (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

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FIGURE 3.5: INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ZONES (IDZs)

SALDANHA BAY IDZ DRAWING STRONG INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT

Due to good consultation between government and the Saldanha Bay community, this town in the
Western Cape has the potential for economic growth and job creation. There are signs that direct
foreign investment will increase in the future.

Many lease agreements have already been signed by oil and gas companies. The harbour is being
expanded to cater for the growth taking place. Two major wind energy projects are being
financed by the global energy company called GDF Suez. This area also has a number of unique
natural features that attract tourists.

[Source: West Coast Business News and

3.5 Read the extract in FIGURE 3.5 about the Saldanha Bay IDZ and answer
the questions that follow.
3.5.1 In which South African province is Saldanha Bay situated? (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2 Why are IDZs located away from major metropolitan areas? (1 x 2) (2)
3.5.3 Give TWO reasons why the Saldanha Bay IDZ has the potential for
economic growth. (2 x 2) (4)
3.5.4 As an industrialist, identify any TWO incentives which would attract
you to locate your industry within an IDZ. (2 x 2) (4)
3.5.5 State TWO advantages that this area will enjoy with the
development of the wind energy projects. (2 x 2) (4)
Marking Guideline
3.5.1 Western Cape (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2 To attract investment outside the major metropolitan areas where there is
potential for economic growth and job creation (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3.5.3 It has a rich reserve of oil and gas (2)
It is located along the West Coast and enables trade relations with North and
South America (2)
Harbour that has expanded due to availability of iron ore. (2)
Saldanha Bay has potential for development in agriculture, tourism and
manufacturing industries (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.4 Direct links to international ports and airports (2)

World class infrastructure especially designed to attract tenants (2)
Government incentive schemes (2)
Reduced taxes and exemptions for some activities or products (2)
Duty free benefits on raw materials that are imported (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.5.5 Reduced electricity costs (2)
Reduced pollution rates (2)
Healthy environments (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

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