PETROL

• also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid
mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations
• The name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and petroleum

products that consist of refined crude oil.

• A fossil fuel, petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms,

mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to
both
prolonged heat and pressure.

• Petroleum is primarily recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out after studies of
structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation.
Unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil shale.

•
• Petroleum exploitation can be damaging to the environment and human health.

Extraction, refining and burning of petroleum fuels all release large quantities of greenhouse

gases, so
petroleum is one of the major contributors to climate change.

• Other negative environmental effects include direct releases, such as oil spills, and as well
as air and water pollution at almost all stages of use.

• These environmental effects have direct and indirect health consequences for humans. Oil has also
been a source of internal and inter-state conflict, leading to both state-led wars and other
resource conflicts.

• Production of petroleum is estimated to reach peak oil before 2035 as global economies lower
dependencies on petroleum as part of climate change mitigation and a transition towards
renewable energy and electrification.

HISTORY OF
PETROL
• Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times. More than 4300
years ago, bitumen was mentioned when the Sumerians used it to make boats.
• Tablet of the legend of the birth of Sargon of Akkad mentioned a basket which was closed by
straw and bitumen.
• More than 4000 years ago, according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used in
the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near
Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus.
• Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, one of the tributaries of the
Euphrates.
Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the
upper levels of their society.
• The use of petroleum in ancient China dates back to more than 2000 years ago.
• The I Ching, one of the earliest Chinese writings, cites that oil in its raw state, without refining,
was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the 1st century BCE.

• In addition, the Chinese were the first to record the use of petroleum as fuel as early as the
fourth century BCE. By 347 CE, oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China.
ADVANTAGES OF PETROL
• Petroleum is extremely easy to extract.
• Petroleum can be transported over long distances.
• It provides a fuel that works with our infrastructure.
• It can be used in a wide variety of ways.
• It is a high-density fuel.
• Petroleum is essentially used in the cosmetic industry.
• Many more make and models are available in petrol version,
especially in hatchback body type

DISADVANTAGES OF PETROL
• Combustion contributes dangerous gasses to the environment.
• Petroleum is a finite resource.
• The refinement process of petroleum can be toxic.

• They typically have more CO2 emission and therefore the tax amount will
be more for petrol cars
• The petrol engine is not usable in much larger vehicles such as SUVs,
pickups, and trucks

• It is non-renewable source of fuel. This means it cannot be replaced back

easily after it is depleted or burned.

• Petroleum spills in water bodies have adverse effects on marine life and
lead to water pollution.

USES OF PETROL
• Petrol is used in the production of ammonia which serves as
a source of Nitrogen
• Petroleum by-products like mineral oil and petroleum are used
in many creams and other pharmaceuticals.
• Petrochemicals are also used in manufacturing synthetic
rubber which is further used to make rubber soles on shoes,
car tire and others rubber products.
• Plastics are mostly made of petrochemicals. Petroleum-
based plastic like nylon or Styrofoam and other are made
from this element.
• Distillates of petroleum that include toluene, benzene, xylene,
amongst others are used to obtain raw materials that are
further used in products like synthetic detergents, dyes, and
fabrics.
THERMOCOL / POLYSTERENE
• Polystyrene or Thermopolis is a synthetic polymer made from monomers of
the aromatic hydrocarbon styrene.
• Polystyrene can be solid or foamed. General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and brittle. It
is an inexpensive resin per unit weight.
• It is a poor barrier to oxygen and water vapor and has a relatively low melting point. Polystyrene
is one of the most widely used plastics, with the scale of its production being several million
tonnes per year.
• Polystyrene is naturally transparent, but can be coloured with colorants.
• Uses include protective packaging containers, lids, bottles, trays,
tumblers, disposable cutlery, in the making of models, and as an alternative material
for phonograph records.
• As a thermoplastic polymer, polystyrene is in a solid (glassy) state at room temperature but
flows if heated above about 100 °C, its glass transition temperature.
• It becomes rigid again when cooled. This temperature behaviour is exploited for extrusion (as
in Styrofoam) and also for molding and vacuum forming, since it can be cast into Molds with
fine detail.
• The temperatures behaviour can be controlled by photo crosslinking.

Simon apothecary storax

Eduard
Liquidambar orientalis
styrene
 polymer
styrene oxide

John Buddle

Blyth August

Wilhelm
von Hofmann [12]

[13]
Berthelot Marcellin

HISTORY OF polymerisation

THERMOCOL [14]

macromolecules
Hermann

Staudinger

ADVANTAGES OF THERMOCOL
• It is available in different forms.For instance,when air is added up
to it,it can make the ordinary polystyrene.
• There are also sheets that are made when polystyrene is passed
through high pressure
• Sculpturing it is also easy using a wire. Using a hot wire or a CNC
machines, it is possible to sculpture this by-product into different
polymolds which can be use in shaping alphabets for displaying
business names.
• It is easier to handle and also less expensive in nature
• Superior insulation which protects products from temperature
changes.
• Dimensional stability and recovery.

• Light weight and easy to stack.

DISADVANTAGES OF THERMOCOL
• The by-product is
flammable.
• Perhaps,this makes many people
avoid using sheets made of
polystyrene.
• Decomposing polystyrene takes a
very long time. This makes it an
environmental pollutant
especially when used in
packaging.
• This aspect has been
considered on various
occasions by
environmentalists in
determining its merits and demerits
to
determine if it is environmental friendly
• Polystyrene of low impact is weak. It breaks very easily making it
unfit for a number of applications.
• Older forms of polystyrene that are expanded contain
CFC(Chloroflurocarbon).

USES OF THERMOCOL
• Medically it is used for sterilizing test tubes, diagnostic
components, and other medical devices.

• It is used to manufacture car parts which include knobs,

instrument panels, sound dampening foam, etc.

• Polystyrene foodservice packaging keeps the food fresh for

a longer period of time and is less expensive than
alternatives.

• It is used in packaging consumer goods such as DVD cases, and

egg cartons, to protect against spoilage or damage.

• It provides thermal insulation and is used in refrigerators, freezers,

etc.

PREPARING ADHESIVE FROM PETROL

AND THERMOCOL
 AIM: MATERIAL REQUIRED: Glass rod,
Petrol, Thermocol, Beaker
To prepare Adhesive from Petrol and Thermocol

To prepare adhesives from waste To Reduced To Reduced amounts of solid

Thermocol. consumption of waste going to landfill.

OBJECTIVES
energy.
 of petrol=
50368.1cm3

STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS

Volume of Thermocol Adhesive obtain from 1 liter of

consumed for 1liter petrol and 420gm of Thermocol
is = 1.2 kg
PROCEDURE
• Take 50 ml of petrol with burette in a clean
beaker
• Take thermocol cut into two pieces and add
slowly to petrol in the beaker
• Mix continuously and add pieces of thermocol
in the beaker
• Stop adding Thermocol and allow it to stand for
few minutes
• Now it forms a thick and coagulated mass in it.
• This shows the resultant Adhesive
 OBSERV
ATION
• This shows that when petrol and
Thermocol are mixed in a beaker then it
forms a thick gum which we say that as a
Adhesive / Gum
RESULT
• Thus it forms a thick gum when
both are mixed

USES OF THIS ADHESIVE

• Using this adhesive in construction of walls
and reducing the cost of binding material
• To reduced the consumption of energy
• To reduced the amount of solid waste going
to landfill

• we can reuse the waste thermocol and the

fuel required to burn the waste Thermocol