9.

Q-FACTOR AND BANDWITH OF SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

CIRCUIT

AIM:
To find the Bandwidth and Quality factor in series and parallel resonant circuit.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Sl. No. Equipment / Component Quantity
1 Multisim 01

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

C1 V
R1 L1 A
PR1
1kΩ 50mH
0.1µF
V1
1Vpk
1kHz
0°

Fig. 9.1. Series RLC circuit

PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT:

V
A R2
PR1
100Ω

V1
R1 L1 C1
1Vpk
1kΩ 68mH 1µF
1kHz
0°

Fig. 9.2. Parallel RLC circuit

THEORY:
Resonance occurs in electric circuits due to the presence of energy storing elements like
inductor and capacitor. It is the fundamental concept based on which, the radio and TV
receivers are designed in such a way that they should be able to select only the desired station
frequency. There are two types of resonances, namely series resonance and parallel resonance.
These are classified based on the network elements that are connected in series or parallel. This
series RLC circuit has a distinguishing property of resonating at a specific frequency called
resonant frequency.
SERIES RESONANCE:
As the frequency is varied in a RLC circuit maximum current is observed at a
particular frequency. This phenomenon is called series resonance. Also referred to as current
resonance.

Fig.9.3. Series RLC circuit

Inductive reactance, X L =2πf L

1
Capacitive reactance, X C =
2πf C

At Resonance condition,

X L = XC
1
L =
C
1
2 fL =
2 fC
1
f2=
4 2 LC
1
f =
4 2 LC
1
fr =
2 LC
Series resonance current at resonance:
The frequency response curve of series resonance circuit shows that the magnitude of
the current is a function of frequency and plotting this onto a graph shows that response start
at near to zero, reaches maximum Value at the resonance frequency when Imax = IR and then
drop again to nearly zero as f becomes infinite. The result of this is that the magnitude of
voltage across the inductor L and capacitor C can becomes many times larger than the supply
voltage, even at resonance but as they are equal and at opposite, they cancel each other out. As
series resonance circuit only function on resonant frequency, this type of circuit is also known
as an Acceptor circuit because at resonance the impedance of circuit is minimum so easily
accept current whose frequency is equal to its resonance frequency.

Fig.9.4. Series resonance current

.
Bandwidth of a Series Resonance Circuit

Fig. 9.5. Bandwidth of series resonance circuit

Bandwidth and Quality factor of Series Resonance circuit:

Bandwidth may be defined on the resonance curve as a range of frequencies over which
magnitude of current is equal to or greater than 0.707 of current at resonance. From figure,

Bandwidth = fH – fL

4L
R + R2+
fH = C
4πL
4L
-R + R 2 +
fL = C
4πL
The Quality factor (Q) is defined as the ratio of the reactance of the coil to its resistance.

X L 2πf r L
Quality factor = =
R R

PARALLEL RESONANCE:
If resonance occurs in parallel RLC circuit, then it is called as parallel resonance. Here
passive element such as resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected parallel with AC voltage
source. Resonance frequency (fr) is the frequency at which resonance occur. In parallel RLC
circuit resonance will occur when inductive reactance (XL) is equal to capacitive reactance
(XC).

Fig.9.6. Parallel RLC circuit

 Parallel circuit current at resonance:

The frequency response curve of a parallel resonance circuit shows that the magnitude
of the current is a function of frequency and plotting this onto a graph shows us that the
response starts at its maximum value, reaches its minimum value at the resonance frequency
when 𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼𝑅 and then increases again to maximum as ƒ becomes infinite. The result of
this is that the magnitude of the current flowing through the inductor, L and the capacitor, C
tank circuit can become many times larger than the supply current, even at resonance but as
they are equal and at opposition (180° out-of- phase) they effectively cancel each other out.
As a parallel resonance circuit only functions on resonant frequency, this type of circuit is
also known as a Rejecter Circuit because at resonance, the impedance of the circuit is at its
maximum thereby suppressing or rejecting the current whose frequency is equal to its
resonant frequency. The effect of resonance in a parallel circuit is also called “current
resonance”.

Fig. 9.7. Frequency Response Curve

Bandwidth and Quality factor of Parallel Resonance circuit:

The bandwidth of a parallel resonance circuit is defined in exactly the same way as for
the series resonance circuit. The upper and lower cut-off frequencies given as: ƒupper and ƒlower
respectively denote the half-power frequencies where the power dissipated in the circuit is half
of the full power dissipated at the resonant frequency 0.5(I2R) which gives us the same -3dB
points at a current value that is equal to 70.7% of its maximum resonant value, (0.707 x I)2R.

Bandwidth (BW) = fupper – flower

1
f lower = f r −
4πRC
1
f upper = f r +
4πRC
The Quality factor (Q) is defined as the ratio of the resistance to its reactance of the coil.

R R
Quality factor = =
X L 2πf r L

CALCULATION:

For Series RLC circuit:

Theoretical calculation for Series Resonance (R=1kΩ, L=50mH, C=0.1µF)
1 1
Resonant frequency (f r ) = = = 2.259 kHz
2π LC 2π ( 50×10-3×0.1×10-6 )
4L 4×50×10-3
(1kΩ ) +
2
-R + R 2 + -1kΩ +
fL = C = 0.1×10-6 = 1.1651 kHz
4πL 4π×50×10-3

4L 4×50×10-3
(1kΩ )
2
R + R2 + 1kΩ + +
fH = C = 0.1×10-6 = 4.348 kHz
4πL 4π×50×10-3

Bandwidth = f H - f L = ( 4.348 -1.1651) kHz = 3.1829 kHz

2πf r L 2π×2.259×103×50×10-3
Quality factor = = = 0.7096
R 1000

For Parallel RLC circuit:

Theoretical calculation for Parallel Resonance (R=1kΩ, L=68mH, C=1µF)
1 1
Resonant frequency (f r ) = = = 610.33 Hz
2π LC 2π ( 68×10-3×1×10-6 )
1 1
f lower = f r − = 610.33 - = 530.75 Hz
4 RC 4 1103 110−6

1 1
f higher = f r + = 610.33 + = 689.907 Hz
4 RC 4 1103 110−6

Bandwidth = f H - f L = ( 689.907 − 530.75) kHz = 159.15 Hz

R 1000
Quality factor = = = 3.83
2πf r L 2π×610.33×68×10-3
 PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the circuit as shown in circuit diagram using NI-Multisim software.
2. Go to simulation analysis.
3. From simulation result finds out the resonance frequency (fr)

4. Multiply current at resonance (Imax) by 0.707 and note down values of (fL and fH) –
Series resonance circuit.
5. Multiply current at resonance by (Imin) by 1.41 note down the value of (flower and fupper)
– Parallel resonance circuit.
5. Calculate Bandwidth from lower cut-off and higher cut-off frequency.
6. Tabulate your result in table as shown in table.

OBSERVATION:
For Parallel resonance circuit:

For R = 1KΩ, L= 68 mH, C = 1µf

S. No Measured quantity Theoretical Practical
1 Resonance Frequency (𝑓𝑟) 610.33 Hz 582.08 Hz
2 Lower cut - off frequency (𝑓1) 530.750 Hz 527.860 Hz
3 Upper cut - off frequency (𝑓2) 689.907 Hz 707.679 Hz
4 Bandwidth 159.15 179.81 Hz
5 Quality factor 3.83 4.02

For Series resonance circuit:

For R = 1KΩ, L= 50 mH, C = 0.1µf

S. No Measured quantity Theoretical Practical
1 Resonance Frequency (𝑓𝑟) 2.259 kHz 2.331 kHz
2 Lower cut - off frequency (𝑓1) 1.165 kHz 1.163 kHz
3 Upper cut - off frequency (𝑓2) 4.348 kHz 4.365 kHz
4 Bandwidth 3.182 kHz 3.202 kHz
5 Quality factor 0.70 0.73
SIMULATION RESULTS:

Series Resonance Circuit:

Parallel Resonance Circuit:
RESULT:
The Series and Parallel RLC circuit have been constructed through Multisim and its
output has been verified manually.