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to see the handsome editor-in-chief. But Max Eastman was seldom
in the office. He usually came in when it was nearly time to make up
the magazine for publication. Then he worked quickly with devilish
energy, sifting and scrapping material, titling articles and pictures.
And the magazine was always out on time. Eastman had a lazy
manner and there was a general idea (which apparently pleased
him) that he was more of a playboy than a worker. But he was really
a very hard and meticulous worker. I know of no other writer who
works so sternly and carefully, rewriting, chiseling and polishing his
phrases.
There were amusing incidents. One day a wild blonde of unkempt
frizzly hair dashed into the office and declared she had an urgent
desire to see Max Eastman. We said he wasn't there, but she
wouldn't believe us. So she went hunting all over the building,
upstairs and downstairs, opening every door and peeping behind
them and even into drawers. Finally she invaded the washroom, and
when she left she locked it up and carried away the key.
But we had more composed visitors, also. Crystal Eastman brought
Clare Sheridan. They were a striking pair to look at. Two strapping
representatives of the best of the American and English types. They
were interesting to contrast, the one embodying in her personality
that daring freedom of thought and action—all that was
fundamentally fine, noble and genuine in American democracy; the
other a symbol of British aristocracy, a little confused by the surging
movement of new social forces, but sincerely trying to understand.
In 1920 Clare Sheridan had accompanied Kamenev, the Bolshevik
emissary in London, to Russia. She was the first woman of the
British aristocracy to visit that country after the revolution. She had
published a series of articles from her diary in the London Times. I
had read them eagerly, for they were like a romance, while I was in
London. Her incisive etchings of the Bolshevik leaders stuck in my
memory. She had summed up Zinoviev, "fussy and impatient, with
the mouth of a petulant woman," and when I went to Russia and met
Zinoviev, each time I heard him prate in his unpleasant falsetto
voice, I thought of Clare Sheridan's deft drawing of him.
Clare Sheridan had a handsome, intelligent and arrogant face. She
was curious about The Liberator, its staff and contributors and free
radical bohemian atmosphere. I asked her why a similar magazine
could not exist in London with the same free and easy intercourse
between people of different classes and races. She said that social
conditions and traditions in London were so different. And I knew
from experience that she was telling me the truth. (She did not know
that I had recently returned from London.)
She said that she would like to sculpt my head. But she never got
around to it. Instead she wrote in her American Diary (after seeing
The Emperor Jones with Crystal Eastman, Ernestine Evans, et al.): "I
see the Negro in a new light. He used to be rather repulsive to me,
but obviously he is human, has been very badly treated.... It must be
humiliating to an educated colored man that he may not walk down
the street with a white woman, nor dine in a restaurant with her.... I
wonder about the psychology of the colored man, like the poet,
McKay, who came to see me a few days ago and who is as delightful
to talk to as any man one could meet...."
Unexpectedly, Elinor Wylie was ushered into my little office one
afternoon. She was accompanied by her sister and I rushed out to
find an extra chair. Mrs. Wylie's eyes were flaming and I was so
startled by her enigmatic beauty and Park Avenue elegance that I
was dumb with confusion. She tried to make me feel easy, but I was
as nervous as a wild cat caught indoors. I knew very little about her,
except that she had published a little book of verse. I had read some
of her pieces in The New Republic, and I remembered one
memorable thing called, "The Lion and the Lamb," which was
infused with a Blakelike imagery and beauty. She promised to send
The Liberator a poem, but I don't think she ever did. Perhaps I did
not show enough enthusiasm. I had no idea, at the time, that I was
speaking to one of the few great women poets of the English
language.
I always felt that the real object of these visits was Max Eastman,
who was an ikon for the radical women. And so I acted like a black
page, listening a lot and saying very little, but gratefully
acknowledging all the gifts of gracious words that were offered to
The Liberator.
Lewis Gannett called one day and invited me to lunch with Carl Van
Doren, somewhere down around Park Row. Mr. Van Doren was then
one of the editors of The Nation. He did most of the talking. He was
very practical-minded in the pleasant canny Yankee way. For one
who was a college professor he was remarkably well informed about
the different phases of American social and industrial life. He said
that the Italians and the Negroes were interesting to him as the two
most special groups of workers in America. He considered the
Italians a hardier and a harder-working group. His idea was thought-
provoking and I was struck by the comparison he made between
Italians and Negroes. It was fresh and novel, especially as Negroes
themselves generally compare their status with that of the Jews. I
thought myself that the comparison frequently made between the
Jewish group and the Negro group was mainly psychological, while
the point that Mr. Van Doren scored was sociological.
One day I had sorted and read until my brain was fagged and I
hadn't found a single startling line. Then I picked up a thin sheaf and
discovered some verses which stimulated me like an elixir. They
were mostly sonnets, a little modernistic, without capitals, a little
voluptuous, yet restrained and strangely precise, with a flavor of
Latin eroticism and decadence. They were signed, E.E. Cummings.
I didn't know anything about the author, but I wrote a note asking him
to come in and see Max Eastman. He dropped by one day, a
stripling in a fawn-colored suit and resembling a fawn, with his head
cocked up to one side and a smile which looked like a curiously-
wrought icicle.
Max Eastman was not in. He had not been in the office since I had
written to the author, nor had he seen the poems. So I talked to
Cummings and dared to argue with him about a couple of the
sonnets. I was particularly excited by one called "Maison." It created
something like an exquisite miniature palace of Chinese porcelain.
The palace was so real that it rose up out of the page, but the author
had also placed in it a little egg so rotten that you could smell it. I
argued about that egg, but Cummings said that that was exactly
what he wanted to do. I understood and apologized.
I wanted to make a spread of the verses in The Liberator, but Robert
Minor was substituting as editor-in-chief that month and he had a
violent reaction against the verses. I remember Minor's saying to me
that if I liked such poems I was more of a decadent than a social
revolutionist. I protested that the verses were poetry, and that in any
work of art my natural reaction was more for its intrinsic beauty than
for its social significance. I said that my social sentiments were
strong, definite and radical, but that I kept them separate from my
esthetic emotions, for the two were different and should not be mixed
up.
Robert Minor said he could not visualize me as a real Negro. He
thought of a Negro as of a rugged tree in the forest. Perhaps Minor
had had Negro playmates like that in Texas and he could not
imagine any other type. Minor himself always gave me the
impression of a powerful creature of the jungle. His personality
seemed to exude a kind of blind elemental brute force. He appeared
to me like a reincarnation of Richard Cœur de Lion—a warrior who
had found the revolutionary road to heaven and who would
annihilate even the glorious ineffectual angels if he found them
drifted and stranded on his warpath.
I kept the Cummings verses for the following month when the
editorship was resumed by Max Eastman. Eastman recognized their
distinctive quality, but not in my enthusiastic way. So we didn't make
a special spread of them as we often did with unusual verse. We
printed a couple or more—but not very prominently.
The delirious verses of the Baroness Von Freytag Loringhoven
titillated me even as did her crazy personality. She was a constant
visitor to see me, always gaudily accoutred in rainbow raiment,
festooned with barbaric beads and spangles and bangles, and toting
along her inevitable poodle in gilded harness. She had such a
precious way of petting the poodle with a slap and ejaculating,
"Hund-bitch!"
She was a model, and in marvelous German-English she said: "Mein
features not same, schön, but mein back, gut. The artists love to
paint it." The Baroness's back was indeed a natural work of art.
One day she entertained me by reading, in her masculine throaty
voice, a poem she called "Dornröschen":
Stab for me
lip set intensity.
press to my bower—
my nook, my core
I wait for thee
numb breathlessly
messir
since yore....
I liked the thing so much, I appropriated it for The Liberator. Down in
Greenwich Village they made a joke of the Baroness, even the
radicals. Some did not believe that she was an authentic baroness,
listed in Gotha. As if that really mattered, when she acted the part so
magnificently. Yet she was really titled, although she was a working
woman. The ultra-moderns of the Village used to mock at the
baroness's painted finger nails. Today all American women are
wearing painted finger nails.
How shockingly sad it was to meet Frau Freytag a few years later in
the Kurfurstendamm in Berlin, a shabby wretched female selling
newspapers, stripped of all the rococo richness of her clothes, her
speech, her personality. She went from Berlin to Paris and death.
Poor brave Baroness von Freytag Loringhoven.
X
A Brown Dove Cooing
THE LIBERATOR staff had an extra extraordinary moment one
afternoon when Max Eastman walked in with Charlie Chaplin. The
great little man gave his hand to all of us and touched our hearts.
And after looking over the place he perched like a Puck atop of a
desk.
Chaplin informed me that he liked some of my poems which had
appeared in The Liberator. I was glad, and gave him a copy of
Spring in New Hampshire. In his book, My Trip Abroad, he put this
one, "The Tropics in New York":
Bananas ripe and green and ginger-root,
Cocoa in pods and alligator pears,
And tangerines and mangoes and grape fruit,
Fit for the highest prize at country fairs.
XI
A Look at H.G. Wells
WHEN H.G. Wells came over here to the Naval Conference as a
star reporter for the liberal New York World and the neo-Tory London
Daily Mail, his restless curiosity urged him to find time from his
preoccupation with high international politics to bestow a little
attention on The Liberator. Max Eastman had him to dinner at his
home in Greenwich Village, and later there was an informal
reception for the Liberator staff and collaborators.
I had stumbled upon Wells at about the same time that I began
reading Bernard Shaw. While I admired Shaw for the hammering
logic of his prefaces and his sparkling wit, I liked in H.G. Wells those
qualities I like in Dickens—the sentimental serving of his characters
with a vast sauce of provincial humor.
During my residence in London I had followed Wells's popular
Outline of History as it appeared in instalments, and upon returning
to America I read in the published volume the instalments that I had
missed.
If it is worth recording, I may say here that I took a violent prejudice
against Mr. Wells's History. I felt something flippant in the style and I
did not like Mr. Wells's attitude toward colored people in general and
Africa and Negroes in particular. In the League of Free Nations book
he put out in 1918 he said: "Africa is the great source upon which
our modern comforts and conveniences depend.... The most obvious
danger of Africa is the militarization of the black.... The Negro makes
a good soldier, he is hardy, he stands the sea and he stands the
cold...."
I suppose the average white reader will exclaim: "And what's wrong
with that? It is wise and sane and humanitarian." But he should
remember that I am Negro and think that the greatest danger of
Africa is not the militarization of the black, but the ruthless
exploitation of the African by the European. There is also something
to be said in favor of native comforts and conveniences. Before the
arrival of the European with gunpowder the African was accustomed
to protecting his rights with arrow and spear. Now, against modern
civilization, he must needs learn the use of modern methods and
weapons. The liberal apologists of the European grip on Africa may
be very unctious and sentimental about native rights. But the
conditions indicate that if the natives must survive, they must
themselves learn and practice the art of self-protection.
Mr. Wells always seems to be shouting about his unusually scientific
mind. Yet I must confess that I was shocked by the plan of his large
tome outlining world history. Because it appears there as if Africa
and Africans have not been of enormous importance in world history.
Mr. Wells mentions Africa in his language-formation section and
leaves Africa there as if nothing more developed. One learns more of
Africa from earlier historians than Mr. Wells, who did not know so
much about science. Herodotus gives us some remarkable
information that he acquired by traveling four hundred years before
Jesus Christ. And Ptolemy, the Egyptian geographer, has rendered a
remarkable description of Central Africa in the second century after
Christ, although I learned as a school boy that it was discovered by
David Livingstone. And as late as the fifteenth century, in the high
tide of the European renaissance, Leo the African adventured below
the Sahara to give the world historical facts about the Negro nations.
Mr. Wells gives a large outline of the nations of Europe and a not-so-
large one of the nations of Asia. He makes no mention of the great
Negro nations of Western Africa and the Western Sudan before and
after the Moslem invasion; of the Negroid nations of Songhoy and
Ghana, Fezzan and Timbuctu, Yoruba and Benin, Ashanti and
Dahomey, which were arrested in their growth and finally annihilated
by the slave traffic and European imperialism, nor of the Senegalese
who played a dominant part in the history of Morocco and the
conquest of Spain.
Yes indeed, Africa and its blacks are of foundational importance in
the history of the world, ancient and modern, and in the creating of
European civilization. However, Mr. Wells's ignoring of the African
civilizations in his Outline of History may be deliberate. In his
marvelous World of William Clissold, he speculates whether the
Negro could participate in "common citizenship in a world republic."
Says he: "The Negro is the hardest case ... yet ... in the eighteenth
century he was the backbone of the British navy...." It is entirely too
funny to think—seven years after the appallingly beastly modern
white savagery of 1914-18—of Mr. Wells naïvely wondering whether
the Negro is capable of becoming a civilized citizen of a world
republic. He cites the precedent of Negroes in his British navy. He