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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Example for a nature-based solution in the area of water resource management: this
riparian buffer protects a creek in Iowa, United States from the impact of adjacent
land uses
Nature-based solutions (or nature-based systems, and abbreviated as NBS or NbS) is
the sustainable management and use of natural processes to tackle socio-
environmental issues.[1] These issues include for example climate change mitigation
and adaptation, water security, and disaster risk reduction. The aim is that
resilient ecosystems (whether natural, managed, or newly created) provide solutions
for the benefit of both societies and biodiversity.[2] The 2019 UN Climate Action
Summit highlighted nature-based solutions as an effective method to combat climate
change.[3] For example, nature-based systems for climate change adaptation can
include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal defences, and providing
local cooling.[4]: 310

The concept of NBS is closely related to the concept of ecological engineering[5]

and ecosystem-based adaptation.[4]: 284

Restoring mangroves along coastlines uses nature-based solutions to achieve several

goals. Mangroves moderate the impact of waves and wind on coastal settlements or
cities,[6] and they sequester carbon.[7] They also provide nursery zones for marine
life which is important for sustaining fisheries. Additionally, mangrove forests
can help to control coastal erosion resulting from sea level rise.

Green roofs or walls (as part of green infrastructure) are also nature-based
solutions that can be implemented in urban areas. They can reduce the effects of
urban heat islands, capture stormwater, abate pollution, and act as carbon sinks.
At the same time, they can enhance local biodiversity.

Nature-based systems are more and more often forming a part of national and
international policies on climate change. They are included in climate change
policy, infrastructure investment, and climate finance mechanisms. The European
Commission has been giving increasing attention to NBS since 2013.[8] Yet, nature-
based systems encounter numerous challenges during implementation.[9][10]
The IPCC pointed out that the term is "the subject of ongoing debate, with concerns
that it may lead to the misunderstanding that NbS on its own can provide a global
solution to climate change".[11]: 24 To clarify this point further, the IPCC also
stated that "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, or a
reason to delay, deep cuts in GHG emissions".[4]: 203

Definition

Mangroves protect coastlines against erosion (Cape Coral, Florida, United States)
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) defines NBS as "actions
to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that
address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing
human well-being and biodiversity benefits".[12] Societal challenges of relevance
here include climate change, food security, disaster risk reduction, water
security.

In other words: "Nature-based solutions are interventions that use the natural
functions of healthy ecosystems to protect the environment but also provide
numerous economic and social benefits."[13]: 1403 They are used both in the context
of climate change mitigation as well as adaptation.[14]: 469

The European Commission's definition of NBS states that these solutions are
"inspired and supported by nature, which are cost-effective, simultaneously provide
environmental, social and economic benefits and help build resilience. Such
solutions bring more, and more diverse, nature and natural features and processes
into cities, landscapes, and seascapes, through locally adapted, resource-efficient
and systemic interventions".[15] In 2020, the EC definition was updated to further
emphasise that "Nature-based solutions must benefit biodiversity and support the
delivery of a range of ecosystem services."[16]

The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report pointed out that the term nature-based solutions
is "widely but not universally used in the scientific literature".[11]: 24 As of
2017, the term NBS was still regarded as "poorly defined and vague".[17]

The term ecosystem-based adaptation (EbA) is a subset of nature-based solutions and

"aims to maintain and increase the resilience and reduce the vulnerability of
ecosystems and people in the face of the adverse effects of climate change".[4]:
284

History of the term

The term nature-based solutions was put forward by practitioners in the late 2000s.
At that time it was used by international organisations such as the International
Union for Conservation of Nature and the World Bank in the context of finding new
solutions to mitigate and adapt to climate change effects by working with natural
ecosystems rather than relying purely on engineering interventions.[8][18][12]: 3

Many indigenous peoples have recognised the natural environment as playing an

important role in human well-being as part of their traditional knowledge systems,
but this idea did not enter into modern scientific literature until the 1970's with
the concept of ecosystem services.[12]: 2

The IUCN referred to NBS in a position paper for the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change.[19] The term was also adopted by European
policymakers, in particular by the European Commission, in a report[20] stressing
that NBS can offer innovative means to create jobs and growth as part of a green
economy. The term started to make appearances in the mainstream media around the
time of the Global Climate Action Summit in California in September 2018.[21]

Objectives and framing

Coastal habitat protection at Morro Strand State Beach in San Luis Obispo County,
California
Nature-based solutions stress the sustainable use of nature in solving coupled
environmental-social-economic challenges.[8] NBS go beyond traditional biodiversity
conservation and management principles by "re-focusing" the debate on humans and
specifically integrating societal factors such as human well-being and poverty
reduction, socio-economic development, and governance principles.

The general objective of NBS is clear, namely the sustainable management and use of
Nature for tackling societal challenges.[22] However, different stakeholders view
NBS from a variety of perspectives.[5] For instance, the IUCN puts the need for
well-managed and restored ecosystems at the heart of NBS, with the overarching goal
of "Supporting the achievement of society's development goals and safeguard human
well-being in ways that reflect cultural and societal values and enhance the
resilience of ecosystems, their capacity for renewal and the provision of
services".[23]

The European Commission underlines that NBS can transform environmental and
societal challenges into innovation opportunities, by turning natural capital into
a source for green growth and sustainable development.[20] Within this viewpoint,
nature-based solutions to societal challenges "bring more, and more diverse, nature
and natural features and processes into cities, landscapes and seascapes, through
locally adapted, resource-efficient and systemic interventions".[24]

Categories
The IUCN proposes to consider NBS as an umbrella concept.[12] Categories and
examples of NBS approaches according to the IUCN include:[12]

Category of NBS approaches Examples

Ecosystem restoration approaches Ecological restoration, ecological engineering,
forest landscape restoration
Issue-specific ecosystem-related approaches Ecosystem-based adaptation,
ecosystem-based mitigation, climate adaptation services, ecosystem-based disaster
risk reduction
Infrastructure-related approaches Natural infrastructure, green infrastructure
Ecosystem-based management approaches Integrated coastal zone management,
integrated water resources management
Ecosystem protection approaches Area-based conservation approaches including
protected area management
Types

Schematic presentation of the NBS typology.[5]

Scientists have proposed a typology to characterise NBS along two gradients:[5]

"How much engineering of biodiversity and ecosystems is involved in NBS", and

"How many ecosystem services and stakeholder groups are targeted by a given NBS".
The typology highlights that NBS can involve very different actions on ecosystems
(from protection, to management, or even the creation of new ecosystems) and is
based on the assumption that the higher the number of services and stakeholder
groups targeted, the lower the capacity to maximise the delivery of each service
and simultaneously fulfil the specific needs of all stakeholder groups.

As such, three types of NBS are distinguished (hybrid solutions exist along this
gradient both in space and time. For instance, at a landscape scale, mixing
protected and managed areas could be required to fulfill multi-functionality and
sustainability goals):

Type 1 – Minimal intervention in ecosystems

Type 1 consists of no or minimal intervention in ecosystems, with the objectives of
maintaining or improving the delivery of a range of ecosystem services both inside
and outside of these conserved ecosystems. Examples include the protection of
mangroves in coastal areas to limit risks associated with extreme weather
conditions; and the establishment of marine protected areas to conserve
biodiversity within these areas while exporting fish and other biomass into fishing
grounds. This type of NBS is connected to, for example, the concept of biosphere
reserves.

Type 2 – Some interventions in ecosystems and landscapes

Type 2 corresponds to management approaches that develop sustainable and
multifunctional ecosystems and landscapes (extensively or intensively managed).
These types improve the delivery of selected ecosystem services compared to what
would be obtained through a more conventional intervention. Examples include
innovative planning of agricultural landscapes to increase their multi-
functionality; using existing agrobiodiversity to increase biodiversity,
connectivity, and resilience in landscapes; and approaches for enhancing tree
species and genetic diversity to increase forest resilience to extreme events. This
type of NBS is strongly connected to concepts like agroforestry.

Type 3 – Managing ecosystems in extensive ways

Type 3 consists of managing ecosystems in very extensive ways or even creating new
ecosystems (e.g., artificial ecosystems with new assemblages of organisms for green
roofs and walls to mitigate city warming and clean polluted air). Type 3 is linked
to concepts like green and blue infrastructures and objectives like restoration of
heavily degraded or polluted areas and greening cities. Constructed wetlands are
one example for a Type 3 NBS.

Applications
Climate change mitigation and adaptation
The 2019 UN Climate Action Summit highlighted nature-based solutions as an
effective method to combat climate change.[3] For example, NBS in the context of
climate action can include natural flood management, restoring natural coastal
defences, providing local cooling, restoring natural fire regimes.[4]: 310

The Paris Agreement calls on all Parties to recognise the role of natural
ecosystems in providing services such as that of carbon sinks.[25] Article 5.2
encourages Parties to adopt conservation and management as a tool for increasing
carbon stocks and Article 7.1 encourages Parties to build the resilience of
socioeconomic and ecological systems through economic diversification and
sustainable management of natural resources.[26] The Agreement refers to nature
(ecosystems, natural resources, forests) in 13 distinct places. An in-depth
analysis [27] of all Nationally Determined Contributions[28] submitted to UNFCCC,
revealed that around 130 NDCs or 65% of signatories commit to nature-based
solutions in their climate pledges. This suggests a broad consensus for the role of
nature in helping to meet climate change goals. However, high-level commitments
rarely translate into robust, measurable actions on-the-ground.[29]

A global systemic map of evidence was produced to determine and illustrate the
effectiveness of NBS for climate change adaptation.[10] After sorting through 386
case studies with computer programs, the study found that NBS were just as, if not
more, effective than traditional or alternative flood management strategies.[10]
66% of cases evaluated reported positive ecological outcomes, 24% did not identify
a change in ecological conditions and less than 1% reported negative impacts.
Furthermore, NBS always had better social and climate change mitigation impacts.
[10]

In the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit, nature-based solutions were one of the main
topics covered, and were discussed as an effective method to combat climate change.
A "Nature-Based Solution Coalition" was created, including dozens of countries, led
by China and New Zealand.[3]

Urban areas

Example of nature-based solution for an urban area: Chicago City Hall green roof.
One of the benefits is that it mitigates the urban heat island effect,
Since around 2017, many studies have proposed ways of planning and implementing
nature-based solutions in urban areas.[30][31][32]

It is crucial that grey infrastructures continue to be used with green

infrastructure.[33] Multiple studies recognise that while NBS is very effective and
improves flood resilience, it is unable to act alone and must be in coordination
with grey infrastructure.[33][34] Using green infrastructure alone or grey
infrastructure alone are less effective than when the two are used together.[33]
When NBS is used alongside grey infrastructure the benefits transcend flood
management and improve social conditions, increase carbon sequestration and prepare
cities for planning for resilience.[35]

In the 1970s a popular approach in the U.S. was that of Best Management Practices
(BMP) for using nature as a model for infrastructure and development while the UK
had a model for flood management called "sustainable drainage systems".[36] Another
framework called "Water Sensitive Urban Design" (WSUD) came out of Australia in the
1990s while Low Impact Development (LID) came out of the U.S.[36] Eventually New
Zealand reframed LID to create "Low Impact Urban Design and Development" (LIUDD)
with a focus on using diverse stakeholders as a foundation. Then in the 2000s the
western hemisphere largely adopted "Green Infrastructure" for stormwater management
as well as enhancing social, economic and environmental conditions for
sustainability.[36]

In a Chinese National Government program, the Sponge Cities Program, planners are
using green grey infrastructure in 30 Chinese cities as a way to manage pluvial
flooding and climate change risk after rapid urbanization.[36]

Water management aspects

Example of a Type 3 nature-based solution: Constructed wetland for wastewater

treatment at an ecological housing estate in Flintenbreite, Germany
With respect to water issues, NBS can achieve the following:[37]

Use natural processes to enhance water availability (e.g., soil moisture retention,
groundwater recharge),
Improve water quality (e.g., natural wetlands and constructed wetlands to treat
wastewater; riparian buffer strips), and
Reduce risks associated with water‐related disasters and climate change (e.g.,
floodplain restoration, green roofs).
The UN has also tried to promote a shift in perspective towards NBS: the theme for
World Water Day 2018 was "Nature for Water", while UN-Water's accompanying UN World
Water Development Report was titled "Nature-based Solutions for Water".[38]

For example, the Lancaster Environment Centre has implemented catchments at

different scales on flood basins in conjunction with modelling software that allows
observers to calculate the factor by which the floodplain expanded during two storm
events. The idea is to divert higher floods flows into expandable areas of storage
in the landscape.[35]

Forest restoration for multiple benefits

Forest restoration can benefit both biodiversity and human livelihoods (eg.
providing food, timber and medicinal products). Diverse, native tree species are
also more likely to be resilient to climate change than plantation forests.
Agricultural expansion has been the main driver of deforestation globally.[39]
Forest loss has been estimated at around 4.7 million ha per year in 2010–2020. Over
the same period, Asia had the highest net gain of forest area followed by Oceania
and Europe.[40] Forest restoration, as part of national development strategies, can
help countries achieve sustainable development goals.[41] For example, in Rwanda,
the Rwanda Natural Resources Authority, World Resources Institute and IUCN began a
program in 2015 for forest landscape restoration as a national priority. NBS
approaches used were ecological restoration and ecosystem-based mitigation and the
program was meant to address the following societal issues: food security, water
security, disaster risk reduction.[12]: 50 The Great Green Wall, a joint campaign
among African countries to combat desertification launched in 2007.

Implementation

Example of a city that uses nature-based solutions: Tallinn, the capital of

Estonia, has been designated as the European Green Capital 2023 in recognition of
its efforts to promote sustainable transport, green economy and environmental
conservation.
A number of studies and reports have proposed principles and frameworks to guide
effective and appropriate implementation.[30][32][12]: 5 One primary principle, for
example, is that NBS seek to embrace, rather than replace, nature conservation
norms.[42][43] NBS can be implemented alone or in an integrated manner along with
other solutions to societal challenges (e.g. technological and engineering
solutions) and are applied at the landscape scale.

Researchers have pointed out that "instead of framing NBS as an alternative to

engineered approaches, we should focus on finding synergies among different
solutions".[44]

The concept of NBS is gaining acceptance outside the conservation community (e.g.
urban planning) and is now on its way to be mainstreamed into policies and
programmes (climate change policy, law, infrastructure investment, and financing
mechanisms),[16][8][45] although NBS still face many implementation barriers and
challenges.[9][10]

Multiple case studies have demonstrated that NBS can be more economically viable
than traditional technological infrastructures.[35][46]

Implementation of NBS requires measures like adaptation of economic subsidy

schemes, and the creation of opportunities for conservation finance, to name a few.
[43]

Using geographic information systems (GIS)

NBS are also determined by site-specific natural and cultural contexts that include
traditional, local and scientific knowledge. Geographic information systems (GIS)
can be used as an analysis tool to determine sites that may succeed as NBS.[47] GIS
can function in such a way that site conditions including slope gradients, water
bodies, land use and soils are taken into account in analyzing for suitability.[47]
The resulting maps are often used in conjunction with historic flood maps to
determine the potential of floodwater storage capacity on specific sites using 3D
modeling tools.[47]

Projects supported by the European Union

Since 2016, the EU has supported a multi-stakeholder dialogue platform
(ThinkNature[48]) to promote the co-design, testing, and deployment of improved and
innovative NBS in an integrated way.[15] The creation of such science-policy-
business-society interfaces could promote market uptake of NBS.[49] The project was
part of the EU’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme, and ran for 3
years.

In 2017, as part of the Presidency of the Estonian Republic of the Council of the
European Union, a conference called "Nature-based Solutions: From Innovation to
Common-use" was organised by the Ministry of the Environment of Estonia and the
University of Tallinn.[50] This conference aimed to strengthen synergies among
various recent initiatives and programs related to NBS, focusing on policy and
governance of NBS, research, and innovation.

Concerns
The Indigenous Environmental Network has stated that "Nature-based solutions (NBS)
is a greenwashing tool that does not address the root causes of climate change."
and "The legacy of colonial power continues through nature-based solutions."[51]
For example, NBS activities can involve converting non-forest land into forest
plantations (for climate change mitigation) but this carries risks of climate
injustice through taking land away from smallholders and pastoralists.[52]: 163

However, the IPCC pointed out that the term is "the subject of ongoing debate, with
concerns that it may lead to the misunderstanding that NbS on its own can provide a
global solution to climate change".[11]: 24 To clarify this point further, the IPCC
also stated that "nature-based systems cannot be regarded as an alternative to, or
a reason to delay, deep cuts in GHG emissions".[4]: 203

The majority of case studies and examples of NBS are from the Global North,
resulting in a lack of data for many medium- and low-income nations.[10]
Consequently, many ecosystems and climates are excluded from existing studies as
well as cost analyses in these locations. Further research needs to be conducted in
the Global South to determine the efficacy of NBS on climate, social and ecological
standards.

Related concepts
NBS is closely related to concepts like ecosystem approaches and ecological
engineering.[5] This includes concepts such as ecosystem-based adaptation[4]: 284
and green infrastructure.[53]

For instance, ecosystem-based approaches are increasingly promoted for climate

change adaptation and mitigation by organisations like the United Nations
Environment Programme and non-governmental organisations such as The Nature
Conservancy. These organisations refer to "policies and measures that take into
account the role of ecosystem services in reducing the vulnerability of society to
climate change, in a multi-sectoral and multi-scale approach".[54]

See also
icon Environment portal
icon Plants portal
icon Trees portal
icon Water portal
Forest restoration
Natural building
Sustainability
Tree planting
Urban forestry
Urban green space
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