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Get Spring in Action Sixth Edition Craig Walls PDF Full Chapter
Get Spring in Action Sixth Edition Craig Walls PDF Full Chapter
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Breslau, 1876), 1; case by Schultze (Virchow's Archiv, Bd. lxviii.; also Bd. lxxiii.),
autopsy, 1; case by Bernhardt (Archiv für Psych., Bd. ix., 1879); case by Sinkler
(Amer. Journ. Med. Sci., Oct., 1878), 5; case by Althaus (ibid., April, 1878), 2; case by
Ross (Dis. Nerv. Syst., vol. ii. p. 139), 1—total, 57 cases.
Others have doubtless been published since this date, but, as they do not
immediately concern our subject, need no further citation.
5 Loc. cit., p. 75. Among Sinkler's 57 cases, only 6 furnish autopsies, thus:
Case by Cornil and Lepine and case by Webber (quoted and accepted by Erb in
Ziemssen's Handbuch, Bd. xi.); case by Gombault (rejected by Erb and Westphal);
case by Schultze; cases by Dejerine and Lucas Championnière (quoted by
Hallopeau).
The influence of heat is perhaps shown in the case related by Dyce-Duckworth in the
Lancet of 1877: a child two and a half years, after exposure to great heat on a
steamboat-landing, became paralyzed in all four limbs, but the paralysis was
subsequently confined to the lower extremities. Coincidently, the patient became
delirious; suffered from anæsthesia and temporary paralysis of the sphincters. The
paralyzed muscles wasted rapidly and lost faradic contractility. Treatment by
faradization was begun in a month from the date of the attack, and recovery was
complete three months later.
The onset of the paralysis is either really sudden, occurring in the
daytime, while the child is under competent observation, or
apparently sudden, being discovered in the morning after a quiet
night, the child having gone to bed in health (West); or is preceded
by some hours or days of fever or of nervous symptoms, especially
convulsions, or both. The paralysis is almost always at its maximum
of extent and intensity when first discovered, and from this maximum
begins, within a few hours or days, to retrocede. The improvement
may, however, be delayed much longer. A variable number of
muscles remain permanently paralyzed, and in these, within a week
(thirty-six hours, according to some observers), faradic contractility is
first diminished, then abolished; galvanic reaction is exaggerated,
ultimately is characterized by the degeneration signs (entartungs
reaction). The temperature of the paralyzed limbs falls; the muscles
waste; the atrophy may rapidly become extreme. The paralysis and
loss of faradic contractility are complete, however, while the atrophy
is only incipient and progressing. The absence of lesions of
sensibility, of visceral disturbance, of trophic lesions of the skin, or of
sphincter paralysis is as characteristic of the disease as are the
positive symptoms above enumerated.
9 Archives gén., 1864. A father pulled his child from a table by the right arm, and set it
rather roughly on the ground. Immediate pain, almost immediate paralysis of arm,
which persisted, and was followed by atrophy of its muscles.
11 Berlin. klin. Wochens., 1874. Frey considers these cases to be identical in nature
with, though differing in severity from, anterior poliomyelitis.
14 Loc. cit.
15 De la Paralysie de l'Enfance.
The duration of the fever usually varies from a single night to forty-
eight hours; much more rarely does it last six, eight, twelve, or
fourteen days, or even, but quite exceptionally, three or four weeks.
According to Duchenne, its intensity and duration increase with the
age of the child, perhaps indicating greater resistance on the part of
the nerve-tissues which are the seat of the morbid process of which
it is symptomatic. Rarely does it last after the paralysis has once
occurred, but ceases then with an abruptness which recalls the
defervescence of pneumonia when the exudation process is once
completed.16
16 See p. 1144 for pathogenic inferences to be drawn from this fact. Seguin (New
York Med. Record, Jan. 15, 1874) seems to throw some doubt on the existence of
apyretic cases; but, as Seeligmüller remarks, there is too much testimony to this
possibility to render it really doubtful.
In the severest form the child lies motionless, unable to stir hand or
foot, or even a finger or toe. Yet, singularly enough, this extensive
paralysis is sometimes overlooked, especially in very young children,
as the immobility of the patient is attributed merely to weakness
caused by previous illness. General paralysis, during at least the first
few hours of the paralytic stage, is probably more common than
appears from our present statistics. Not only, as has just been noted,
may this condition be overlooked, but it may exist during the hours of
sleep which precede the cases of morning paralysis. Seguin21
speaks as if the paralysis were at first always generalized, but this
statement seems to me somewhat exaggerated. Referring merely to
the statements of the parents, a considerable number of paralyses
would be found limited from the beginning. Heine's third table of
partial paralysis is entirely composed of cases so limited. In 16 out of
the 19 cases of hemiplegia (monoplegia) the original limitation of the
paralysis is also specified; similarly with 7 out of the 20 cases of
paraplegia contained in the first table.
21 Loc. cit.
Barlow24 has seen 6 cases of paralysis of the facial, but the histories
render a cerebral paralysis more probable in 4 out of those 6.
Henoch25 gives a case of paralysis of left arm, accompanied by
paralysis of corresponding facial nerve. The latter rapidly recovered,
but the paralysis of the arm persisted and was followed by atrophy.
Ross26 implies that the sides of the neck, face, and tongue are
always at first implicated in spinal hemiplegic paralysis, but do not
remain permanently affected.
24 Loc. cit.
That the facial should be affected while the other medullary nerves
escape probably depends on the more anterior position of its
nucleus.
This limitation is all the more noteworthy when compared with the
frequency of general paralysis at the outset.
28 Archives gén., 1864.
29 Jahrbuch der Kinderheilkunde, N. H. xii. pp. 338-343.
34 Seeligmüller relates one case where hemiplegia, including the facial nerve, was
observed in two days from the beginning of the fever.
42 The theory of course assumes the truth of the demonstration by which atrophic
paralysis is rendered symptomatic of disease of the spinal cord, and the nutrition of a
muscle dependent on the integrity of the muscles of origin of its nerves.
In the arm two mutually correlative cases are observed: (a) Immunity
of the supinator longus during paralysis of the forearm muscles; (b)
paralysis of the supinator in association with paralysis of the deltoid,
biceps, and brachialis anticus. The latter constitutes Remak's upper-
arm type of localization, and is exhibited in his first case.43
43 Loc. cit.; also, cases 1st and 2d by Ferrier, in which, however, other shoulder-
muscles were involved.
45 The march of this disease, together with that of tabes dorsalis, furnishes data for
localizing the nervous nucleus for the wrist extensors. In both diseases the lesion is
ascending: in tabes disturbance of sensibility occurs first in the distribution of the
sensory fibres of the ulnar nerve; in cervical pachymeningitis the flexors and intrinsic
muscles of the hand are first paralyzed. Hence it is to be inferred that the central
nucleus for the latter muscles lies in the lower, that for the extensor muscles in the
middle, segment of the cervical enlargement of the cord.
The foregoing groupings have been made out almost entirely from
cases of adult spinal paralysis or else of lead palsy. In the lower
extremity it is much more difficult to establish such definite muscular
association. Certain laws, however, can be made out: 1st. The
liability to paralysis increases from the thigh toward the foot; thus,
the muscles moving the thigh on the pelvis are the least liable to
paralysis, then those moving the leg on the thigh, while the muscles
moving the foot and leg and thigh are the most frequently paralyzed
of any in the body. 2d. Of the upper thigh-muscles, the glutæi are not
infrequently paralyzed, the ilio-psoas hardly ever, the adductors
rarely except in total paralysis. 3d. Of the muscles moving the leg on
the thigh, the quadriceps extensor is very frequently paralyzed—the
most often, indeed, after the foot-muscles: the sartorius is almost
always exempt; the liability of the hamstring muscles corresponds to
that of the thigh adductors. 4th. At the foot the tibialis anticus often
suffers from isolated paralysis, sharing in this respect the fate of the
deltoid in the upper extremity—a fact already noticed by Duchenne.
On the other hand, (5th) the tibialis anticus often remains intact while
the other muscles supplied by the perineal nerve, the perineus
longus and brevis, are completely paralyzed.46
46 Thus Buzzard relates a case of paralysis involving the quadriceps extensor and
peroneal muscles, while the anterior tibial were intact.
The remarkable contrast in the morbid susceptibility of the
quadriceps on the one hand, and the sartorius on the other, suggests
dissociations of their nuclei. Remak relates one interesting case
(Obs. 13) where the sartorius was paralyzed—coincidently with the
quadriceps, it is true, but also with partial paralysis of the ilio-psoas
muscle, which is as rarely attacked as the sartorius itself. The two
facts, taken together, would indicate that the nucleus of the sartorius
lies high in the lumbar enlargement, in proximity to that of the ileo-
psoas. The inference, continues Remak, is reinforced by functional
considerations, since the sartorius, obliquely flexing the leg on the
thigh, is generally in action at the moment that the psoas flexes the
thigh on the pelvis.
48 At the moment that the foot is thus flexed, however, to allow the leg to be swung
forward, the thigh and leg are both slightly flexed.
The following table sums up some special diagnostic marks for the
different paralyses50 afforded by the position of the limb and loss of
movements:
Lower Extremity. Ilio-psoas. Rare except with total paralysis. Associated with
paralysis, sartorius. Loss of flexion of thigh. Limb extended (if glutæi intact).
Quadriceps extensor. Flexion and adducting of leg (if hamstrings intact). Loss of
extension of leg. Frequent association with paralysis of tibialis anticus.
Tibialis anticus. Often concealed if extensor communis intact. If both paralyzed, then
fall of point of foot in equinus. Dragging point of foot on ground in walking. Big toe in
dorsal flexion (if extensor pollicis intact). The tendons prominent. Hollow sole of foot
(if perineus longus intact).
Extensor communis. Nearly always associated with that of tibialis anticus. Toes in
forced flexion.
Peroneus longus. Sole of foot flattened. Point turned inward. Internal border elevated.
Sural muscles. Heel depressed. Foot in dorsal flexion (calcaneus). Sole hollowed if
perineus longus intact; flattened if paralyzed. Point turned outward (calcaneo-valgus).
50 See Duchenne, loc. cit., and also Roth, On Paralysis in Infancy, London, 1869.