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The “Soo” Canal not only has the heaviest freight
traffic of any artificial waterway in the world, but is
also on the route of the passenger steamers that
carry thousands of tourists through the Great Lakes.
The longest bascule bridge in the world is
operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway at Sault
Ste. Marie. Each section is 169 feet long, and is
raised by electric power to permit vessels to pass
through the canal.
The moose in the thick forests of Canada feed off
the trees and smaller shrubs. The moose have such
short necks and long front legs that they cannot
browse on grass without getting down on their knees.
Ontario has so many lakes that canoes can be
paddled for hundreds of miles with practically no
portages. Since the days of the French explorers,
these lakes have formed part of the water route from
the East to Hudson Bay.
It is interesting to go through these factories and see the work of
Lake Superior in harness. In the pulp mills, where more than a
hundred huge truck loads of news-print are turned out every day, I
saw the logs ground to dust, mixed with water, and made into miles
of paper to feed printing presses. The output is so great that every
three months enough paper is made to cover a sidewalk reaching all
the way round the world.
In the saw-mills millions of feet of lumber are being cut into
boards for the markets of the United States, and in the veneering
works birch logs as big around as a flour barrel are made into
sheets, some as thin as your fingernail, and others as thick as the
board cover of a family Bible. Here we see that the logs are soaked
in boiling water and then pared, just as you would pare an apple, into
strips of wood carpeting perhaps a hundred feet long. These strips
are used for the backing of mahogany and quartered oak sent here
from Grand Rapids and other places where furniture is made. One
often thinks he is getting solid mahogany or solid oak, whereas he
has only the knottiest of pine or other rough wood on which is placed
a strip of birch, with a veneer of mahogany or oak on top. The thick
birch strips are used also for chair and opera seats.
Near the saw-mills is the Clergue steel plant, with its smoke
stacks standing out against the blue sky like the pipes of a gigantic
organ. The works cover acres and turn out thousands of tons of
metal products every day. They are supplied by the mountains of iron
ore lying on the shores of Lake Superior not far away, with great
steel unloaders reaching out above them.
Sault Ste. Marie is one of the oldest settlements in the Dominion
of Canada. Here in 1668, Father Marquette established the first
Jesuit mission in the New World, and the priests who followed him
were the first white men to travel from lower Canada to the head of
the Great Lakes, where now stand Port Arthur and Fort William. The
town of to-day is a bustling place of almost twenty-five thousand
population. It is connected with its American namesake on the
opposite bank of the river by a mile-long bridge of the Canadian
Pacific Railway.
On both sides of the Saint Mary’s River are the locks of the
famous “Soo” Canal, where the Great Lakes freighters and
passenger boats are lowered and raised twenty feet between the
levels of Lakes Superior and Huron. The first canal was built around
the rapids in 1798, to accommodate the canoes of the Indians and
fur traders. Along it ran a tow-path for the oxen that later pulled the
heavier loads. That canal was destroyed by the United States troops
in the War of 1812.
The present canal was opened in 1897, providing a new link in
the chain of waterways from the head of the Lakes to the Saint
Lawrence. The Canadian lock is nine hundred feet long and when
finished was the longest in the world. Since then it has been
surpassed by one eleven hundred feet in length on the American
side. The United States locks handle about ninety per cent. of the
freight traffic, which has so increased in the last twenty years that it
has been necessary to add three more locks to the original one on
our side of the river. Two of these locks are longer by three hundred
feet than the famous Panama locks at Gatun or Pedro Miguel. Each
is big enough to accommodate two ships at one time. Nevertheless,
during the open season one can often see here a score of steamers,
some of them of from twelve to fifteen thousand tons, waiting to go
through.
The “Soo” is noted for having the heaviest freight traffic of any
artificial waterway in the world. The tonnage passing through it in
one year is three times as large as that of the foreign trade shipping
of the port of New York, four times as great as the freight passing
through the Suez Canal, and five times as great as that of the
Panama Canal. For six months of the year an average of more than
one steamer goes through every fifteen minutes. The chief freight
commodity is ore from the iron mines of Lake Superior, which often
comprises seventy per cent. of the total. Coal and wheat are next in
importance.
In coming to the “Soo” from Cobalt and Sudbury, I have been
travelling through the new Ontario, the “wild northwest” of the
Ontario we know on the shores of Lakes Ontario, Erie, and Huron.
The land near those bodies of water is about as thickly settled as
Ohio. It has some of the best farms of North America, producing
grain, vegetables, and fruits worth millions of dollars a year. At every
few miles are modern cities. The whole country is cut up by railways,
and one can go by automobile through any part of it. The cities and
town hum with factories, and the entire region is one of industry and
thrift.
This new Ontario is the frontier of the province. It is the great
northland between Georgian Bay and Hudson Bay, extending from
Quebec westward through the Rainy River country to Manitoba. This
vast region is larger than Texas, four times the size of old Ontario,
and much bigger than Great Britain or France. It is divided into eight
great districts. The Thunder Bay and Rainy River districts in the west
are together as long as from Philadelphia to Boston, and wider than
from Washington to New York. The Algoma district, in the southern
end of which the “Soo” is located, is almost as wide, extending from
Lake Superior to the Albany River, while the Timiskaming district
reaches from Cobalt north to James Bay, and borders Quebec on
the east.
Until the first decade of the twentieth century this vast territory
was looked upon as valuable only for its timber, of which it had
nearly two hundred million acres. It was thought to be nothing but
rock and swamp, covered with ice the greater part of the year. Its
only inhabitants were Indian hunters, Hudson’s Bay Company fur
traders, and lumbermen who cut the trees along the streams and
floated them down to the Great Lakes. Then a new line of the
Canadian Pacific Railway was put through, the great nickel mines
were discovered, the silver and gold regions were opened up, and
the Dominion and provincial governments began to look upon the
land as an available asset.
Exploration parties were sent out by the Ontario government to
investigate the region from Quebec to Manitoba. They reported that
a wide strip of fertile soil ran through the wilderness about a hundred
miles north of the route of the Canadian Pacific Railway. This land is
of a different formation from the rest of northern Ontario. It is a clay
loam, from which the region gets its name, the Great Clay Belt. This
belt is from twenty-five to one hundred miles wide, and it extends
westward from the Quebec-Ontario boundary for three hundred
miles or more. It is estimated to contain as much land as West
Virginia.
The Clay Belt is just north of the height of land of the North
American continent, which divides the rivers flowing north from those
that flow south. The streams on the southern side of the ridge flow
into the Great Lakes, and some even to the Gulf of Mexico. On the
north slope they flow into Hudson Bay, or by the Mackenzie and
other rivers into the Arctic Ocean. The Clay Belt has seven good-
sized rivers and is well watered throughout.
If there is a moose within sound of the hunter’s
birch-bark horn, he will think it one of his brethren
calling and be so foolish as to come near and be shot.
These animals are still plentiful in Canadian forests.
The trout-filled streams of interior Ontario and
Quebec are a Mecca for the fishermen of both the
United States and Canada. In the tributaries of the St.
Lawrence the fresh-water salmon also provide good
sport.
In midsummer the Clay Belt is as hot as southern Canada or the
northern part of the United States. As a matter of fact, Cochrane, its
chief town, is fifty miles south of the latitude of Winnipeg. Everything
grows faster than in the States, for owing to the high latitude the
summer days are fifteen or sixteen hours long, the sun rising a little
after three and setting between eight and nine. The clay loam is
particularly fitted for growing wheat, and certain districts have yielded
forty bushels an acre. Oats, barley, and hardy vegetables are raised
successfully. The country looks prosperous, and there are well-filled
barns and fine herds of livestock as evidences of its productivity.
When the first settlements were made, Northern Ontario had no
railroads to market its produce. Four thousand miles of track have
since been built, including two lines now a part of the Canadian
National. One of these goes through the very centre of the Clay Belt
and has settlements all along it. At almost every river crossing is a
lumber mill, for Northern Ontario’s vast forest stretches and the
water-power in its streams have made it an important producer of
lumber and wood pulp. The trees of the Clay Belt are mostly of a
small growth, therefore chiefly valuable for pulp and easier to handle
in clearing the land.
Ontario has set aside thirteen million acres of forest reserves,
nine tenths of which is in the northern part of the province. The
Nipigon and Timagami reserves are each larger than Rhode Island
and provide camping grounds unequalled in the Dominion. Lake
Timagami is dotted with hundreds of islands and is a favourite haunt
of canoeists. Farther west, near the Manitoba boundary, the beautiful
Lake of the Woods is another famous camping and hunting district.
Immense herds of caribou roam through Northern Ontario. They
are to be seen in droves of hundreds and sometimes of thousands.
They have cut their trails across the country, and a hunter to whom I
have been talking tells me that from his camp at night he can often
hear the rushing noise they make as they move through the woods.
In the forests farther south moose are found in great numbers.
These animals are browsers rather than grass eaters, their necks
being so short that they have to get down on their knees when they
eat grass. Deer and smaller animals also abound, wild ducks and
geese are plentiful, and the streams are filled with fish. Indeed, it is
little wonder that each year sees thousands of campers making their
way to this “sportsman’s paradise.”
CHAPTER XIX
THE TWIN LAKE PORTS
Stand with me on the top of the Union Bank Building, and take a
look at the city of Winnipeg. You had best pull your hat down over
your ears and button your fur coat up to your neck for the wind is
blowing a gale. The sky is bright, and the air is sharp and so full of
ozone that we seem to be breathing champagne. I venture you have
never felt so much alive. The city stretches out on all sides for miles.
Office buildings and stores are going up, new shingle roofs shine
brightly under the winter sun, and we can almost smell the paint of
the suburban additions. Within fifty years Winnipeg has jumped from
a Hudson’s Bay Company trading post of two hundred people to a
city of more than two hundred thousand, and it is still growing. The
value of the buildings erected last year amounted to more than half
that of the new construction in Montreal.
Now turn about and look up Portage Avenue. Twenty years ago
that street hardly existed. To-day it has millions of dollars’ worth of
business blocks, any of which would be a credit to a city the same
size in the States. That nine-story department store over there is the
largest in western Canada. Farther down Main Street are the
Canadian Pacific hotel and railway offices, and beyond them the
great terminals of the Canadian National Railways. “Yes, sir,” says
the Winnipegger at my side, “you can see how we have grown. It
was about the beginning of this century that we began to build for all
time and eternity. Before that most of our buildings were put up
without cellars and had flimsy foundations. We had not realized that
Winnipeg was bound to be the greatest city of Central Canada.
“Look at those wholesale houses,” he continues. “Did you ever
see anything like them? Most of them started as two- or three-story