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Involute - Wikipedia
Involute - Wikipedia
Involute of a parameterized
curve
{\displaystyle
The string acts as a tangent to the curve . Its length is changed by an amount equal to the arc
{\
length traversed as it winds or unwinds. Arc length of the curve traversed in the interval is
given by
{\displaystyle
\int _{a}^{t}|
where is the starting point from where the arc length is measured. Since the tangent vector
depicts the taut string here, we get the string vector as
{\displaystyle {\frac
{{\vec {c}}'(t)}{|{\vec
()
{\di
The vector corresponding to the end point of the string ( ) can be easily calculated using
vector addition, and one gets
{\displaystyle {\vec
If one gets
{\displaystyle
{\begin{aligned}X(t)&=x(t)-{\frac {x'(t)}
{\sqrt {x'(t)^{2}+y'(t)^{2}}}}\int _{a}^{t}
{\sqrt
{x'(w)^{2}+y'(w)^{2}}}\ dw\\Y(t)&=y(t)-
Properties of involutes
simplifications: and
{
{
{\displaystyle \;{\vec
regular (because ),
{\displaystyle \;
at point .
The involutes are parallel curves,
{\displaystyle {\vec
because of
{\dis
normal at .
The family of involutes and the family of
tangents to the original curve makes up an
orthogonal coordinate system.
Consequently, one may construct involutes
graphically. First, draw the family of
tangent lines. Then, an involute can be
constructed by always staying orthogonal
to the tangent line passing the point.
Cusps
map defined by
{\displaystyle (s,t)\mapsto
{\displaysty
where is the arclength
{
slope-angle of the curve at the point
{\displaysty
. This maps the 2D plane into
a surface in 3D space. For example, this
maps the circle into the hyperboloid of one
parametrization of the curve, and is the
sheet.
By this map, the involutes are obtained in a
{
{\
{\
derivative of is vertical
(parallel to the z-axis), which can only
{\
{\displaystyle
{\begin{aligned}X(t)&=r(\cos t+(t-
{
{\dis
{\dis
{\dis
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x(s)=s+(L-s-
{\frac {9}{10}}s^{5}+\cdots )\cos \theta
\\y(s)=s^{3}+(L s {\frac {9}
{
satisfied by :
{\displaystyle \left(x-L+{\frac {y^{2}}
{2L}}\right)^{2}-\left({\frac {9}{2}}L+{\frac
or
{\displaystyle x=L-{\frac {y^{2}}{2L}}\pm
\left({\frac {9}{2}}L+{\frac {51}
which clearly shows the cusp shape.
{\disp
{\displaystyle {\begin{cases}x(s)={\frac
{18}{5}}s^{5}-{\frac {126}
{5}}s^{9}+O(s^{13})\\y(s)= 2s^{3}+{\frac
{\displaystyle x=-{\frac {18}
or {5\cdot
Examples
Involutes of a circle
Involutes of a circle
For a circle with parametric representation
{\displaystyle
, one has
{\displaystyle {\vec
. Hence
{\displayst
{\displays
tyle L=
Involutes of a semicubic parabola (blue). Only the
red curve is a parabola. Notice how the involutes
and tangents make up an orthogonal coordinate
system. This is a general fact.
{\displaystyle
{\ { }}(t)
one gets
{\displaystyle |{\vec
and
{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{t}w{\sqrt
{w^{2}+1}}\,dw={\frac {1}{3}}{\sqrt
{\displ
aystyle
{\displaystyle Y=
{\frac {3}{2}}X^{2}-
Eliminating t yields
showing that this involute is a parabola.
Involutes of a catenary
{\displays
{\displaystyle (t-\tanh
and
{\displaystyle
{\displaystyle
Tractrix
(red) as
an
i l t
Involute
of a
catenary
Mechanism of a scroll
compressor
See also
Envelope (mathematics)
Evolute
Goat grazing problem
Involute gear
Roulette (curve)
Scroll compressor
References
External links
Involute (http://mathworld.wolfram.co
m/Involute.html) at MathWorld
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This page was last edited on 4 September 2023, at
06:55 (UTC). •
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