la intormacion extraida del mismo, realice las actividades a continuación en

Lea el texto y, con

correcto español.

When a well reaches the end of its lifetime, permonently plugged and
it must be

abandoned. Such plug and obandonment (P&A) operations usually consist of plocing several
cement plugs in the wellbore to isolate the reservoir and other fluid-beoring formations. Depending
on well conditions, P&A operations con however be quite time-consuming and thus very costly.
Tne
Furthermore, an essential aspect of P&A is integrity ofter abandonment.
to ensure well
wel ond the actual
procedure may difer significantly from well to well, depending on the type of
summorized as
well conditions; however, there are several common sleps, and can be brieffy
ond instolling
follows: first, the well is prepared for P&A by circuloting high density drilling fluid
set mechanical plug, before the barriers towords the reservoir ore installed. A well-reguloted
deep
towords the reservoir, where the primary and secondary
area requires two independent barriers
barriers w i ll not have common well borrier elements. Secondly, any fluid-bearing formotions in
olso
the overburden, such as high-pressure zones and hydrocorbon-contoining formotions ore
called the
isolated with two independent barriers. Furthermore, an openhole-to-surface plug (also
"environmental barrier") is instolled below the seobed, which prevents any residual fluid

contamination to the environment. Finolly, the conductor and wellhead are removed. Plocing a

prevent leokages from the well

cement plug in a cased wellbore is in most coses not sufficient to

old
ofter obandonment, leakages may also occur in the annulus outside the cosing. Especiolly for
as
microannuli (i.e.
wells where the annulus cement is likely to be damoged, since crocks and
due to forces occurring in normal well operations such
debonding) moy form in the cement sheath
as testing, injection, stimulation and production.
pressure
Portlond cement is by for the most
other types of alternative and emerging plugging
commonly used plugging material but there are
wellbore
materials. To fulfilobjective of "restoring the cop rock", the pBug itself must seal the
the
and retoin its integrity for the future. Plugs must provide long term integrity (eternal perspective),
to withstond mechanicol loods/impact, resistant to
must be impermeable, non-shrinking, be able

hydrocarbons), must ensure bonding to steel and must not be

chemicals/substonces (H25, CO2 and
harmful to the steel tubulors integrity. Recent technology developments such as the perforate
reduced the time
wash-cement technique and the use of shale as annulus barrier have significontly
developments and
spent on P&A operations; however, there is still need for further technology
universities are all mainly working
operators, service componies, vendors, research institutes and
on reducing risk of leakages.

dice de tales operaciones? Cuáles son los

1) LA qué hacen referencia las siglas P&A? Qué se

objetivos de las mismas?

2) Explique brevemente los pasos del procedimiento presentado.
3) Qué riesgos se pueden corren en el procedimiento y por qué?
caracteristicas debe poseer?
4) Qué material se utiliza para el procedimiento y qué
técnicas que reduzcan el tiempo
5) Indique si es V o F la siguiente afirmación: "Aún no existen
empleado en las operaciones de P&A". Justifique.