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 The Project Gutenberg eBook of The
Cambridge natural history, Vol. 04 (of 10)
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 04 (of 10)

Author: Geoffrey Smith

D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson
Cecil Warburton
Walter Frank Raphael Weldon
Henry Woods

Editor: S. F. Harmer
Sir A. E. Shipley

Release date: November 26, 2023 [eBook #72233]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Macmillan and Co, 1909

Credits: Richard Tonsing, Peter Becker, and the Online

Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY, VOL. 04 (OF 10) ***
Transcriber’s Note:
New original cover art included with this eBook is
granted to the public domain.
 THE

CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

EDITED BY

S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King’s College,

Cambridge; Keeper of the Department of Zoology in
the British Museum (Natural History)
AND

A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s

College, Cambridge; Reader in Zoology in the
University

VOLUME IV
 MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited
LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO
ATLANTA · SAN FRANCISCO

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd.

TORONTO

CRUSTACEA

By Geoffrey Smith, M.A. (Oxon.), Fellow of New College, Oxford; and the
late W. F. R. Weldon, M.A. (D.Sc., Oxon.), formerly Fellow of St. John’s
College, Cambridge, and Linacre Professor of Human and Comparative
Anatomy, Oxford

TRILOBITES

By Henry Woods, M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge; University Lecturer in

Palaeozoology

INTRODUCTION TO ARACHNIDA, AND KING-

CRABS

By A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s College,

Cambridge; Reader in Zoology
EURYPTERIDA

By Henry Woods, M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge; University Lecturer in

Palaeozoology

SCORPIONS, SPIDERS, MITES, TICKS, ETC.

By Cecil Warburton, M.A., Christ’s College, Cambridge; Zoologist to the

Royal Agricultural Society

TARDIGRADA (WATER-BEARS)

By A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s College,

Cambridge; Reader in Zoology

PENTASTOMIDA

By A. E. Shipley, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s College,

Cambridge; Reader in Zoology

PYCNOGONIDA

By D’Arcy W. Thompson, C.B., M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge; Professor of

Natural History in University College, Dundee

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON

1909
 All the ingenious men, and all the scientific men, and all the
fanciful men, in the world, with all the old German bogypainters
into the bargain, could never invent ... anything so curious, and so
ridiculous, as a lobster.

Charles Kingsley, The Water-Babies.

For, Spider, thou art like the poet poor,
Whom thou hast help’d in song.
Both busily, our needful food to win,
We work, as Nature taught, with ceaseless pains,
Thy bowels thou dost spin,
I spin my brains.
Southey, To a Spider.

Last o’er the field the Mite enormous swims,

Swells his red heart, and writhes his giant limbs.
Erasmus Darwin, The Temple of Nature.
 PREFACE

The Editors feel that they owe an apology and some explanation to
the readers of The Cambridge Natural History for the delay which
has occurred in the issue of this, the fourth in proper order, but the
last to appear of the ten volumes which compose the work. The delay
has been due principally to the untimely death of Professor W. F. E.
Weldon, who had undertaken to write the Section on the Crustacea.
The Chapter on the Branchiopoda is all he actually left ready for
publication, but it gives an indication of the thorough way in which
he had intended to treat his subject. He had, however, superintended
the preparation of a number of beautiful illustrations, which show
that he had determined to use, in the main, first-hand knowledge.
Many of these figures have been incorporated in the article by Mr.
Geoffrey Smith, to whom the Editors wish to express their thanks for
taking up, almost at a moment’s notice, the task which had dropped
from his teacher’s hand.
A further apology is due to the other contributors to this volume.
Their contributions have been in type for many years, and owing to
the inevitable delays indicated above they have been called upon to
make old articles new, ever an ungrateful labour.
The appearance of this volume completes the work the Editors
embarked on some sixteen years ago. It coincides with the cessation
of an almost daily intercourse since the time when they “came up” to
Cambridge as freshmen in 1880.

S. F. Harmer.
A. E. Shipley.

March 1909.
CONTENTS
 PAGE

Scheme of the Classification adopted in this Volume xi

CRUSTACEA

CHAPTER I

CRUSTACEA

General Organisation 3

CHAPTER II

CRUSTACEA (continued)

Entomostraca—Branchiopoda—Phyllopoda—Cladocera—Water-
fleas 18

CHAPTER III

CRUSTACEA ENTOMOSTRACA (continued)

Copepoda 55

CHAPTER IV

CRUSTACEA ENTOMOSTRACA (continued)

Cirripedia—Phenomena of Growth and Sex—Ostracoda 79

 CHAPTER V

CRUSTACEA (continued)

Malacostraca: Leptostraca—Phyllocarida: Eumalacostraca:

Syncarida—Anaspidacea: Peracarida—Mysidacea—Cumacea—
Isopoda—Amphipoda: Hoplocarida—Stomatopoda 110

CHAPTER VI

CRUSTACEA MALACOSTRACA (continued)

Eumalacostraca (CONTINUED): Eucarida—Euphausiacea—

Compound Eyes—Decapoda 144

CHAPTER VII

CRUSTACEA (continued)

Remarks on the Distribution of Marine and Fresh-water

Crustacea 197

CHAPTER VIII

CRUSTACEA (continued)

Trilobita 221

ARACHNIDA

CHAPTER IX

Arachnida—Introduction 255
 CHAPTER X

ARACHNIDA (continued)

Delobranchiata = Merostomata—Xiphosura 259

CHAPTER XI

ARACHNIDA DELOBRANCHIATA (continued)

Eurypterida = Gigantostraca 283

CHAPTER XII

ARACHNIDA (continued)

Embolobranchiata—Scorpionidea—Pedipalpi 297

CHAPTER XIII

ARACHNIDA EMBOLOBRANCHIATA (continued)

Araneae—External Structure—Internal Structure 314

CHAPTER XIV

ARACHNIDA EMBOLOBRANCHIATA (continued)

Araneae (CONTINUED)—Habits—Ecdysis—Treatment of Young—

Migration—Webs—Nests—Egg-cocoons—Poison—Fertility—
Enemies—Protective Coloration—Mimicry—Senses—
Intelligence—Mating Habits—Fossil Spiders 338
 CHAPTER XV

ARACHNIDA EMBOLOBRANCHIATA (continued)

Araneae (CONTINUED)—Classification 384

CHAPTER XVI

ARACHNIDA EMBOLOBRANCHIATA (continued)

Palpigradi—Solifugae = Solpugae—Chernetidea =
Pseudoscorpiones 422

CHAPTER XVII

ARACHNIDA EMBOLOBRANCHIATA (continued)

Podogona = Ricinulei—Phalangidea = Opiliones—Habits—

Structure—Classification 439

CHAPTER XVIII

ARACHNIDA EMBOLOBRANCHIATA (continued)

Acarina—Harvest-Bugs—Parasitic Mites—Ticks—Spinning Mites

—Structure—Metamorphosis—Classification 454

CHAPTER XIX

ARACHNIDA (APPENDIX I)

Tardigrada—Occurrence—Ecdysis—Structure—Development—
Affinities—Biology—Desiccation—Parasites—Systematic 477
 CHAPTER XX

ARACHNIDA (APPENDIX II)

Pentastomida—Occurrence—Economic Importance—Structure—
Development and Life-History—Systematic 488

PYCNOGONIDA

CHAPTER XXI

Pycnogonida 501

INDEX 543
SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED
IN THIS VOLUME

The names of extinct groups are printed in italics.

 CRUSTACEA (p. 3).

ENTOMOSTRACA (p. 18).

Divisions. Orders. Sub-Orders. Tribes. Families.

Branchipodidae
(pp. 19, 35).
Apodidae (pp. 19,
Phyllopoda (pp. 19, 35)
36).
Limnadiidae (pp. 20,
36).
Sididae (p. 51).
Ctenopoda (p. 51)
Holopediidae (p. 51).
Branchiopoda
(p. 18) Daphniidae (p. 51).
Calyptomera Bosminidae (p. 53).
(pp. 38, 51) Lyncodaphniidae
Cladocera Anomopoda (p. 51)
(p. 37) (p. 53).
Lynceidae =
Chydoridae (p. 53).
Polyphemidae
Gymnomera (pp. 38, 54) (p. 54).
Leptodoridae (p. 54).

Divisions. Orders. Sub-Orders. Tribes. Families.

Copepoda Eucopepoda Amphascandria
Calanidae (p. 57).
(p. 55) (p. 57) (p. 57)
Gymnoplea Centropagidae
(p. 57) Heterarthrandria (p. 58).
(p. 58) Candacidae (p. 60).
Pontellidae (p. 60).
Podoplea Cyclopidae (pp. 61,
(p. 61) 62).
Harpacticidae
(pp. 61, 62).
Peltiidae (p. 63).
Ampharthrandria
Monstrillidae (p. 63).
(p. 61)
Ascidicolidae (p. 66).
Asterocheridae
(p. 67).
Dichelestiidae
(p. 68).
Isokerandria Oncaeidae (p. 69).
(p. 69) Corycaeidae (p. 69).
Lichomolgidae
(p. 70).
Ergasilidae (p. 71).
Bomolochidae (p. 71).
Chondracanthidae
(p. 72).
Philichthyidae
(p. 73).
Nereicolidae (p. 73).
Hersiliidae (p. 73).
Caligidae (p. 73).
Lernaeidae (p. 74).
Lernaeopodidae
(p. 75).

Branchiura (P. 76)
Cirripedia (p. 79)
Ostracoda (p. 107)
Choniostomatidae
(p. 76).
Argulidae (p. 76).
Polyaspidae (p. 84).
Pentaspidae (p. 87).
Pedunculata (p. 84)
Tetraspidae (p. 88).
Anaspidae (p. 89).
Verrucidae (p. 91).
Octomeridae (p. 91).
Operculata (p. 89)
Hexameridae (p. 91).
Tetrameridae (p. 92).
Acrothoracica (p. 92).
Ascothoracica (p. 93).
Apoda (p. 94).
Rhizocephala (p. 95).
Cypridae (p. 107).
Cytheridae (p. 107).
Halocypridae
(p. 108).
Cypridinidae
(p. 108).
Polycopidae (p. 109).
Cytherellidae
(p. 109).

MALACOSTRACA (p. 110).

LEPTOSTRACA (p. 111)

Phyllocarida (p. 111).

Divisions. Orders. Sub-Orders. Tribes Families.

EUMALACOSTRACA (p. 112).

Syncarida Anaspididae (p. 115).

Anaspidacea (p. 115)
(p. 114) Koonungidae (p. 117).
Peracarida Eucopiidae (p. 118).
(p. 118) Lophogastridae
Mysidacea (p. 118)
(p. 119).
Mysidae (p. 119).
Cumidae (p. 121).
Lampropidae
(p. 121).
Cumacea (p. 120) Leuconidae (p. 121).
Diastylidae (p. 121).
Pseudocumidae
(p. 121).
Isopoda Apseudidae (p. 122).
(p. 121) Chelifera (p. 122)
Tanaidae (p. 122).
Flabellifera (p. 124) Anthuridae (p. 124).
Gnathiidae (p. 124).
Cymothoidae
(p. 126).
Cirolanidae (p. 126).
Serolidae (p. 126).
Sphaeromidae