‫ درﺟﺎت ﺑﺪل اﻟﻤﯿﺪ ﺗﺮم وﻻزم اﻟﺮﺳﻤﺔ‬10‫دا ﺳﻮال اﺟﺒﺎري ﻛﺪه ﻛﺪه ھﯿﺠﻲ ب‬

‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬
1-compare between mitosis and meiosis
mitosis meiosis
Number of division 1 2
No of daughter cells 2 4
produced
Type of cells Somatic (body) Gametes(sex
produced cell cells)
Chromosome Same as parent Half of parent
number of daughter cell (diploid) cell(haploid)
cells
Pairing of no yes
homologous
Chromosomes
occurrence Growing tissues Reproductive
tissues
Role For growth & For Gamete
Replacement formation
 mitosis meiosis
Parent cell The chromosome Parent cell The chromosome
become visible shorten and fatten
and become visible

Each chromosome Each chromosome

produce a replica of produces a replica
itself
of itself

The chromosomes Homologous

line up across the chromosomes come
middle of the cell
logether arrange
themselves across
the middle of the
cell
The chromatides Homologous
saparate and move chromosomes part
to opposite ends of company and move
the cell and the cell to opposite ends of
starts to split into the cell which starts
two to split into two
The chromatide The cell has finished
become the splitting and arrange
chromosomes of the themselves across the
two daughter cells;the middle of the two
cell has finished daughter cell
splitting and we now The chromatides now
have two cells each of saparate from each
which contants th other and the two cells
same number of starts to split
chromosomes as the
The cell have finished
parents cell
splitting so we finish
up with a total of four
cells each of which
contains half the
original number of
chromosomes
2-Functions of the Nervous System
1. Sensory input.
Sensory receptors monitor numerous external and internal stimuli, such as touch,
temperature, taste, smell, sound, blood pressure, pH of body fluids, and body
position.
.‫ اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت اﻟﺣﺳﯾﺔ‬.1
،‫ واﻟراﺋﺣﺔ‬،‫ واﻟذوق‬،‫ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة‬،‫ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻠﻣس‬،‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻼت اﻟﺣﺳﯾﺔ رﺻد اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣﻔزات اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ واﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬
.‫ وﻣوﻗف اﻟﺟﺳم‬،‫ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺣﻣوﺿﺔ ﻣن ﺳواﺋل اﻟﺟﺳم‬،‫ وﺿﻐط اﻟدم‬،‫واﻟﺻوت‬
2. Integration.
The brain and spinal cord are the major organs for processing sensory input and
initiating responses
.‫ اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣل‬.2
‫اﻟدﻣﺎغ واﻟﺣﺑل اﻟﺷوﻛﻲ ھﻣﺎ اﻟﺟﮭﺎزان اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺎن ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻣدﺧﻼت اﻟﺣﺳﯾﺔ واﻟﺑدء ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺎت‬
3. Homeostasis.
The regulatory and coordinating activities of the nervous system are necessary for
maintaining homeostasis. heart cells must contract at a rate that ensures adequate
delivery of blood, skeletal muscles of respiration must contract at a rate that ensures
oxygenation of blood, all these function under the control of nervous system.
.‫ اﻟﮭواﻛوﺳﺗﺎﺳﯾس‬-3
‫ ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺗﻘﻠص ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻘﻠب ﺑﻣﻌدل ﯾﺿﻣن‬.‫اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻧظﯾﻣﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﻧﺳﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ ﺿرورﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗوازن‬
‫ ﻛل ھذه اﻟوظﯾﻔﺔ ﺗﺣت‬، ‫ وﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺗﻘﻠص ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﻔس ﺑﻣﻌدل ﯾﺿﻣن أﻛﺳﺟﺔ اﻟدم‬، ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾم اﻟﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠدم‬
.‫ﺳﯾطرة اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬
4. Mental activity.
The brain is the center of mental activities,
including consciousness, thinking,memory, and emotions.
.‫ اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ‬.4
،‫اﻟدﻣﺎغ ھو ﻣرﻛز اﻷﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻠﯾﺔ‬
.‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟوﻋﻲ واﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر واﻟذاﻛرة واﻟﻌواطف‬
5. Control of muscles and glands.
Skeletal muscles Finally, the nervous system controls the secretions from many
glands, such as sweat glands, salivary glands, and glands of the digestive system

.‫ اﻟﺳﯾطرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت واﻟﻐدد‬.5

‫ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻌرﻗﯾﺔ واﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯾﺔ وﻏدد اﻟﺟﮭﺎز‬،‫ ﯾﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ إﻓرازات اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻐدد‬،‫ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﮭﯾﻛل اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ وأﺧﯾرا‬
‫اﻟﮭﺿﻣﻲ‬
 Central nervous system
1: cerebrum
1- its the largest part of the brain making up 85% of brain weight

‫ ﻣن وزن اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬٪85 ‫ اﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺟزء اﻷﻛﺑر ﻣن اﻟدﻣﺎغ ﺗﺷﻛل‬-1

2-Itis the thinking part of brain responsible for complex mental functions.

.‫اﻟﺗﮭﺎب ﺟزء اﻟﺗﻔﻛﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟدﻣﺎغ اﻟﻣﺳؤوﻟﺔ ﻋن اﻟوظﺎﺋف اﻟﻌﻘﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة‬-2

3-It determines intelligence ,personality ,structure ,motor functions(voluntary

,involuntary)

(‫ ﻏﯾر اﻟطوﻋﻲ‬،‫ﯾﺣدد اﻟذﻛﺎء واﻟﺷﺧﺻﯾﺔ واﻟﮭﯾﻛل واﻟوظﺎﺋف اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ )اﻟطوﻋﯾﺔ‬-3

4-It is located in the anterior portion of forebrain

‫ ﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣن اﻟدﻣﺎغ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬-4

5-It is divided into 2 cerebral hemispheres (halves) , the right and left cerebral
cortex control the left and right side of the body .

‫ واﻟﻘﺷرة اﻟدﻣﺎﻏﯾﺔ اﻟﯾﻣﻧﻰ واﻟﯾﺳﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﯾطرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻷﯾﺳر واﻷﯾﻣن‬، (‫وﯾﻧﻘﺳم إﻟﻰ ﻧﺻﻔﻲ اﻟدﻣﺎغ )ﻧﺻﻔﻲ‬-5
‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳم‬
6-The right half of cerebrum allows us to think about (color, music, shapes) while
the left half of cerebral cortex assist the speech, mathematics, reasoning.

‫اﻟﻧﺻف اﻷﯾﻣن ﻣن اﻟﻣﺦ ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﻔﻛﯾر )اﻟﻠون واﻟﻣوﺳﯾﻘﻰ واﻷﺷﻛﺎل( ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن أن اﻟﻧﺻف اﻷﯾﺳر ﻣن ﻗﺷرة‬-6
.‫اﻟدﻣﺎغ ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة اﻟﻛﻼم واﻟرﯾﺎﺿﯾﺎت واﻟﻣﻧطﻖ‬
7-Athick Band of nervous tissue called corpus callosum connects the left, right
halves.

.‫ اﻟﻧﺻﻔﯾن اﻷﯾﻣن‬،‫ ﺑﺎﻧد ﻣن اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ اﻟﻌﺻﺑﯾﺔ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻛﺎﻟوﺳوم اﻟﺟﺳم ﯾرﺑط اﻟﯾﺳﺎر‬Athick-7

8-The cerebral hemisphere is divided into 5 lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal,

occipital, insula.

.‫ ﺟزﯾرة‬،‫ اﻟﻘذاﻟﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﺻدﻏﻲ‬،‫ اﻟﺟداري‬،‫ اﻟﺟﺑﮭﻲ‬:‫ ﻓﺻوص‬5 ‫ﻧﺻف اﻟﻛرة اﻟدﻣﺎﻏﻲ ﻣﻘﺳم إﻟﻰ‬-8

A- frontal lobe: it lies in the frontal portion of brain, it‘s concerned with planning ,
organizing , problem solving.
.‫ وﺣل اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل‬،‫ وﺗﻧظﯾم‬،‫ اﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺧطﯾط‬s'‫ اﻧﮭﺎ‬،‫ اﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﻣن اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬:‫ اﻟﻔص اﻟﺟﺑﮭﻲ‬-A
B-Parietal lobe: it is located behind frontal lobe, concerned with motor output,
sensory input, damage to left lobe may affect spoken or written language, while
lesion of right lobe can cause visual-spatial defect (in ability to find the way)
‫اﻟﻔص ‪-B‬اﻟﺟداري‪ :‬ﯾﻘﻊ ﺧﻠف اﻟﻔص اﻟﺟﺑﮭﻲ ‪ ،‬وﯾﮭﺗم ﺑﺈﺧراج اﻟﻣﺣرك ‪ ،‬واﻟﻣدﺧﻼت اﻟﺣﺳﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺿرر اﻟذي ﯾﻠﺣﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔص اﻷﯾﺳر ﻗد ﯾؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻣﻧطوﻗﺔ أو اﻟﻣﻛﺗوﺑﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾن أن آﻓﺔ اﻟﻔص اﻷﯾﻣن ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺳﺑب ﻋﯾﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺻرﯾﺎ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺎ )ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺛور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطرﯾﻖ(‬
‫‪C-Occipital lobe: It lies at the back of cerebrum, concerned with vision‬‬

‫اﻟﻔص اﻟﻘذاﻟﻲ ‪ :C‬ﯾﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺦ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﺔ اﻟرؤﯾﺔ‬

‫‪d-Temporal lobe: it lies beneath parietal lobe concerned with hearing.‬‬
‫د‪-‬اﻟﻔص اﻟﺻدﻏﻲ‪ :‬اﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻔص اﻟﺟداري اﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﻣﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪f-Insula: it is the central lobe concerned with conscious perception.(upset stomach,‬‬
‫‪full bladder‬‬
‫و‪ :Insula-‬ھو اﻟﻔص اﻟﻣرﻛزي اﻟﻣﻌﻧﯾﺔ اﻹدراك اﻟواﻋﻲ‪ ).‬اﺿطراب ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌدة‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪2-Cerebellum:‬‬
‫‪-It lies at the back of the brain beneath cerebrum.‬‬
‫‪-‬اﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻣن اﻟدﻣﺎغ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻣﺦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪-It is responsible for fine smooth coordinated movement, muscle tone ,equilibrium‬‬
‫‪(ballet dancer), damage to cerebellum lead to ataxia.‬‬

‫‪ -‬وھﻲ ﻣﺳؤوﻟﺔ ﻋن ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻣﻧﺳﻘﺔ ﻧﺎﻋﻣﺔ ﻧﺎﻋﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺿﻼت ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗوازن )راﻗﺻﺔ اﻟﺑﺎﻟﯾﮫ( ‪ ،‬واﻷﺿرار اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﺣﻘت‬
‫اﻟﻣﺧﯾﺦ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺗرﻧﺢ‪.‬‬
3-Brain Stem:

:‫ﺟذع اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬-3

It lies in the inner part beneath the cerebrum

‫اﻧﮭﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻣﺦ‬
-It connects the brain with spinal cord

‫ﯾرﺑط اﻟدﻣﺎغ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺑل اﻟﺷوﻛﻲ‬-

-it is responsible for automatic behaviour, it is the part of the brain keeps up alive .
. ‫ ھو ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟدﻣﺎغ ﯾﺑﻘﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯾد اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬،‫ ھو اﻟﻣﺳؤول ﻋن اﻟﺳﻠوك اﻟﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ‬-
-it tells the heart to beat , circulate blood through the body, it directs the stomach,
small intestine, digest meal, it control voluntary and involuntary movements.
‫ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺗﺣﻛم‬، ‫ ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾوﺟﮫ اﻟﻣﻌدة واﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ وﺟﺑﺔ اﻟﮭﺿم‬، ‫ وﺗﻌﻣﯾم اﻟدم ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﻟﺟﺳم‬، ‫ ﯾﻘول اﻟﻘﻠب ﻟﻠﻔوز‬-
.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟطوﻋﯾﺔ وﻏﯾر اﻟطوﻋﯾﺔ‬
-it consists of 3 parts
a. midbrain b. pons c. medulla oblongata.

‫ أﺟزاء‬3 ‫ﯾﺗﻛون ﻣن‬-

.‫ ﻣﯾدوﻻ ﻣﺳﺗطﯾﻼﺗﺎ‬.‫ﺑوﻧس ج‬.‫ﻣﯾدﺑراﯾن ب‬.‫أ‬

‫دا ھﯾﻛون اﻟﺟزء‬mcq

5-Action potential propagation

1- A resting membrane potential(-90mv) results from charge difference that exists

across cell membrane .

2- The cell exhibits electrical properties ( the outside of most cell membrane are
+ve charged while the inside is –ve charged .

3- This charge difference across the membrane of un-stimulated cell is called

resting membrane potential (polarized cell )

4- Causes of resting membrane potential is :

a- Unequal concentration of ions across the cell membrane .

b- Permeability character of cell membrane

5- There is relatively excess cations outside the membrne Na+ and excess anions
inside the membrane , this is maintained by Na+ ,K+ exchange pump.

6- When the cell is at rest excess cations outsids, k+ channels are opened while
Na+ channels are not , the cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+
this allows K+ to diffuse out of the cell down their concentration gradient ,
molecules inside the cell with –ve charge ( proteins, CL-, HCO3-) tends to
attack K+ back to the cell .

7- A point of equilibruim is reached (no excess K+ go outside the cell ), so resting

potential is established with +ve ions outside the cell and -ve ions inside the
cell.

8- Muscle ,nerves are excitable tissues, when a stimulus is reached Na+ channels
are opened , Na+ enter the cell, the inside of the cell become +ve relative to
outside (depolarization phase ) and local potential change from –90mv to
+20mv , while K+ channels are closed .

9- After the end of the stimulus , the membrane returns to its resting state Na+
outside , K+ inside (repolarizing phase )

10- Meduim diameter lightly myelinated fibers conduct action potential at rate 3-
15 m/sec, while large diameter heavily myelinated fibers conduct action
potential at rate 15-120 m/sec
Muscle contraction

Histology of skeletal muscle

1- skeletal muscle is formed from muscle fibers which are cylindrical in shape with
elongated multinucleated cells parallel to the longitudinal axis of muscle

2-each muscle fiber is surrounded by elastic membrane called sarcolemma under

which there is plasma membrane called sarcoplasm .

3- the sarcoplasm contains a system of tubes called the sarcoplasmic reticulum

consisting of longitudinal and transverse tubes rich in CA+ , when action potential
reaches the tubes >>> dislodgment of CA+ into muscle fiber lead to increase Na
permeability >>> depolarization

4- Each muscle consists of groups of muscle fibers >>>> Each muscle fiber consists of
groups of myofibrils >>>> each myofibrils consists of >> groups of myo filament >>
myosin , action >>

Responsible for muscle contraction ..

1band = actin

H zone =actin +myosin

Sacromere = muscle unit .

 ‫دا ﻣﮭﻢ وﺗﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﺨﻤﺲ ﺧﻄﻮات ﺑﺲ‬
6-Steps of muscle contraction :
: ‫ﺧﻄﻮات ﺗﻘﻠﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬
1- An action potential travels along an axon to neuromuscular junction .
. ‫وھﻨﺎك اﺣﺘﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﯾﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮل ﻣﺤﻮر ﻋﺼﺒﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻘﺎطﻊ ﻋﻀﻠﻲ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬ .1

2- Acetyl choline ( neuromuscular transmitter ) is released from synaptic vesicle

of the neuron , bind to receptor molecule in muscle cell membrane .
‫ رﺑﻂ إﻟﻰ‬, ‫أﺳﺘﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﻮﻟﯿﻦ ) اﻻرﺳﺎل اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﻲ ( ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮھﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻮﯾﺰل ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻚ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻌﺼﺒﯿﺔ‬2.
. ‫ﺟﺰيء ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼت ﻓﻲ ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻌﻀﻠﯿﺔ‬
3- Action potential travel along sarcolemma to tubes in sarcoplasmic reticulum
where CA+ are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum >>> so the permeability
to NA+ increase >>> depolarization starts .
+ CA ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮل ﺳﺎرﻛﻮﻟﯿﻤﺎ إﻟﻰ أﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺒﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎرﻛﻮﺑﻼزﻣﻲ ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ‬ .1
. ‫ زﯾﺎدة <<< ﯾﺒﺪأ إزاﻟﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب‬+ NA ‫ﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎرﻛﻮﺑﻼزﻣﻲ <<< وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن ﻧﻔﺎذﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
4- The head of myosin filament bends causing the actin myofilament to slide
over the surface of myosin mayo filament ( cross bridge ) >>>> contraction
result .
‫ن ﺧﯿﻮط‬myosi ‫ ﻟﻼﻧﺰﻻق ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬myofilament actin ‫ اﻻﻧﺤﻨﺎءات ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ‬myosin ‫رﺋﯿﺲ ﺧﯿﻮط‬ .1
. ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻮ )ﺟﺴﺮ اﻟﺼﻠﯿﺐ( <<<< ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ اﻻﻧﻜﻤﺎش‬

5- Muscle contraction need ATP energy .

. ATP ‫ﺗﻘﻠﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻼت ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ طﺎﻗﺔ‬
7-Compare between ascending sensory & descending ( motor ) pathways . ‫دا ﻣﮭﻢ ﺟﺪ ﺟﺪا‬
Variable Ascending (sensory)
pathway
Name 1-spinothalamic
2-posterior column
3-spino cerebellar
Starting site spinal cord (posterior or
dorsal root)
Type of tract Sensory pathway ( pain –
touch – temperature –
muscle sense)
Pathway direction Ascending pathway start
from dorsal horm of spinal
cord (dorsal root – medulla
ablongata – pons – mid
brain – limbic system –
sensory area of cerebral
cortex
Number of neurons 2-3 neurons in sequence
from periphery to brain
Function Pain . temperature . touch .
position sensation
lesion Loss of sensation
according to type of tract
Descending (motor pathway )
1- corticospinal
2-cerebello spinal
3- extra pyramidal pathway
Pyramidal cells in cerebral cortex
Muscle contraction &organ secretion
,muscle tone
Descending pathway starting from
motor area of cerebral cortex –
limbic system – mid brain – pons –
medulla oblongata -- anterior horn
cell of spinal cord – muscle .
2 neurons in sequence from motor
area to periphery .
Motor action such as muscle control
action & muscle tone & skilled
movement & uncontious control of
body movement
Loss of motor function ..
1- upper motor neuron lesion (
hypertonia & hyperreflexia &
spasticity )

2- lower motor neuron lesion .

a- Cerebellar lesion :
(ataxia , hypotonia , loss of
equilibrium .

b-(extra pyramidal lesion – rigidity ,

Actiology of lesion
peripheral neuropathy
lesion of spinal cord
(trauma . T.B . leprosy
paskinsonian , tremor , loss of
skilled movement )
- cerebro vascular stroke
- poliomyelitis .gullian barre
syndrome
--space occupaying lesion.
‫اﻟﺮﺳﻤﮫ ﻣﮭﻤﮫ‬
8- Pituitary gland
consists of anterior lobe, posterior lobe
Anterior lobe:
It is located at the base of the skull under control of
Hypothalamus ( releasing factors secreted by hypothalamus to
control secretion of hormones by pituitary gland).
The anterior lobe hormones are:
Growth H, Prolactin H, Thyroid stimulating H,A dreno-
corticotrophic H, Follicular stimulating H, Lutenizing H

The posterior lobe:

This lobe has no secretory function but it stores 2 hormones
coming to it from hypothalamus:
1-Vasopressin H
2- Oxytocin H