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Fig. 24.— Fig. 25.—Kernel Fig. 26.—Indian Corn.
Sprouting of Indian Corn. Caulicle at c; roots emerging at m; plumule at p.
Indian Corn. Caulicle at b;
Hilum at h; micropyle at cotyledon at a;
d. plumule at p.
The Root System.—The offices of the root are to hold the plant in
place, and to gather food. Not all the food materials, however, are
gathered by the roots.
Fig. 32.—Tap-
root System of Fig. 33.—Tap-root of the Dandelion.
Alfalfa.
The entire mass of roots of any plant is called its root system.
The root system may be annual, biennial or perennial, herbaceous or
woody, deep or shallow, large or small.
Kinds of Roots.—A strong leading central root, which runs
directly downwards, is a tap-root. The tap-root forms an axis from
which the side roots may branch. The side or spreading roots are
usually smaller. Plants that have such a root system are said to be
tap-rooted. Examples are red clover, alfalfa, beet, turnip, radish,
burdock, dandelion, hickory (Figs. 32, 33).
A fibrous root system is one that is composed of many nearly
equal slender branches. The greater number of plants have fibrous
roots. Examples are many common grasses, wheat, oats, corn. The
buttercup in Fig. 34 has a fibrous root system. Many trees have a
strong tap-root when very young, but after a while it ceases to
extend strongly and the side roots develop until finally the tap-root
character disappears.
Shape and Extent of the Root System.—
The depth to which roots extend depends on
the kind of plant, and the nature of the soil. Of
most plants the roots extend far in all directions
and lie comparatively near the surface. The
roots usually radiate from a common point just
beneath the surface of the ground.
The roots grow here and there in search of
food, often extending much farther in all
directions than the spread of the top of the
plant. Roots tend to spread farther in poor soil
than in rich soil, for the same size of plant. The
root has no such definite form as the stem has.
Roots are usually very crooked, because they
are constantly turned aside by obstacles.
Examine roots in stony soil.
Fig. 34.—A Buttercup
The extent of root surface is usually very Plant, with fibrous
large, for the feeding roots are fine and very roots.
numerous. An ordinary plant of Indian corn may
have a total length of root (measured as if the roots were placed end
to end) of several hundred feet.
The fine feeding roots are most abundant in the richest part of the
soil. They are attracted by the food materials. Roots often will
completely surround a bone or other morsel. When roots of trees are
exposed, observe that most of them are horizontal and lie near the
top of the ground. Some roots, as of willows, extend far in search of
water. They often run into wells and drains, and into the margins of
creeks and ponds. Grow plants in a long narrow box, in one end of
which the soil is kept very dry and in the other moist: observe where
the roots grow.
Buttresses.—With the increase
in diameter, the upper roots often
protrude above the ground and
become bracing buttresses.
These buttresses are usually
largest in trees which always have
been exposed to strong winds
(Fig. 35). Because of growth and
thickening, the roots elevate part
of their diameter, and the washing
Fig. 35.—The Bracing Base of a Field away of the soil makes them to
Pine.
appear as if having risen out of
the ground.
Aërial Roots.—Although roots usually grow underground, there
are some that naturally grow above ground. These usually occur on
climbing plants, the roots becoming supports or fulfilling the office of
tendrils. These aërial roots usually turn away from the light, and
therefore enter the crevices and dark places of the wall or tree over
which the plant climbs. The trumpet creeper (Fig. 36), true or English
ivy, and poison ivy climb by means of roots.
In some plants all the roots are aërial; that is, the plant grows
above ground, and the roots gather food from the air. Such plants
usually grow on trees. They are known as epiphytes or air-plants.
The most familiar examples are some of the tropical orchids which
are grown in glass-houses (Fig. 37). Rootlike organs of dodder and
other
parasit
es are
discus
sed in
a
future
chapte
r.
So
me
plants
bear
aërial
roots,
that
may
propa
gate
the Fig. 37.—Aërial Roots of an Orchid.
plant
or
may act as braces. They are often called
prop-roots. The roots of Indian corn are
familiar (Fig. 38). Many ficus trees, as the
banyan of India, send out roots from their
branches; when these roots reach the
ground they take hold and become great
trunks, thus spreading the top of the parent
tree over large areas. The mangrove tree of
the tropics grows along seashores and
sends down roots from the overhanging
branches (and from the fruits) into the
Fig. 36.—Aërial Roots of shallow water, and thereby gradually
Trumpet Creeper or
Tecoma. marches into the sea. The tangled mass
behind catches the drift, and soil is formed.
Adventitious Roots.—Sometimes roots grow
from the stem or other unusual places as the result
of some accident to the plant, being located without
known method or law. They are called
adventitious (chance) roots. Cuttings of the stems
of roses, figs, geraniums, and other plants, when
planted, send out adventitious roots and form new
plants. The ordinary roots, or soil roots, are of
course not classed as adventitious roots. The
adventitious roots arise on occasion, and not as a
normal or regular course in the growth of the plant.
No two roots are alike; that is, they vary among
themselves as stems and leaves do. Each kind of
plant has its own form or habit of root (Fig. 39).
Carefully wash away the soil from the roots of any
Fig. 38.—Indian
two related plants, as oats and wheat, and note the
Corn, showing
the brace roots at differences in size, depth, direction, mode of
oo. branching, number of fibrils, colour, and other
features. The character of the root system often
governs the treatment that the farmer should give the soil in which
the plant or crop grows.
Fig. 39.—Roots of Barley at A and Corn at B.
Carefully trace the differences.
Roots differ not only in their form and habit, but also in colour of
tissue, character of bark or rind, and other features. It is excellent
practice to try to identify different plants by means of their roots. Let
each pupil bring to school two plants with the roots very carefully dug
up, as cotton, corn, potato, bean, wheat, rye, timothy, pumpkin,
clover, sweet pea, raspberry, strawberry, or other common plants.
Root Systems of Weeds.—Some weeds are pestiferous because
they seed abundantly, and others because their underground parts
run deep or far and are persistent. Make out the root systems in the
six worst weeds in your locality.
CHAPTER VIII
THE ROOT.—FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE