Spm chemistry A+ !!!

F4C2 notes
1. Compare normal VS supercooling graph
Normal cooling graph
Temperature drops uniformly
Heat is distributed evenly
Supercooling graph
Temperature drops drastically
Heat is distributed unevenly

2. Explain the constant part in heating curve.

- Heat absorbed by the particles is used to overcome the attraction force
between the particles until solid changes to liquid.

3. Explain the constant part in cooling curve.

- Heat energy that is lost to the surroundings is balanced by heat energy
released when the particles attract each other to form solid.

4. Why water bath is used in heating?

- To replace direct heating to ensure napthalene is heated uniformly.

5. Development of atomic structure model

John Dalton -> atom
J.J. Thomson -> electrons
Ernest Rutherford -> protons
Niels Bohr -> shells
James Chadwick -> neutrons

6. Uses of isotopes
Medical Agriculture Nuclear
Cobalt-60 Phosphorus-32 Uranium-235
Radiotherapy to kill Study of plant Generating electricity
cancer cells without metabolism through nuclear power
surgery generator

Iodine-131
Sterilising surgical tools
 Archaeology Industry Engineering
Carbon-14 Hydrogen-3 Sodium-24
Estimation of artifacts As a detector to study Detects leakage in
or fossils’ age sewage and liquid underground pipes
wastes
Lead-210
Determine the age of
sand and earth layers
up to 80 years

F4C3 notes
1. Why MgO cannot use same method as CuO when conducting
experiment to determine the empirical formula?
- Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen.

2. Compare the difference in reaction (empirical formula experiment) for

MgO and CuO
- CuO react with H2 to produce Cu and water.
- Mg react with O2 to produce MgO.
- Cu is less reactive than hydrogen whereas Mg is more reactive than
hydrogren.
- Mg is more reactive than Cu towards oxygen.

3. Why carbon-12 is used?

- Solid at room temperature so can be handled easily.
- Combines easily with other elements.
- RAM of carbon-12 is exactly 12.0
- Major isotope with abundance of 99%.

4. Complete reaction
- Repeat heating, cooling and weighing process until a constant mass is
obtained.
F4C4 notes
1. Development of Periodic Table of Elements
Antoine Lavoisier -> Classify gases, non-metal, metals, metal oxides
Johann W. Dobereiner -> same chemical properties (triad : Cl,Br,I)
John Newlands -> Law of Octaves (1st 17 elements)
Lothar Meyer -> Graph
Dimitri Mendeleev -> Increasing atomic masses, Group
Henry Moseley -> X-ray, increasing proton number

2. Arrangement of Periodic Table of Elements

- Ascending order of proton number

3. Why Grp 18 (noble gases) are chemically unreactive?

- Valence shell is fully occupied with valence electrons.
- Already achieved a stable duplet/octet electron arrangements.
- Noble gases atom do not donate, receieve or share electrons with other
atoms.

4. Uses of Grp 18 elements

Helium -> Weather balloons, oxygen tanks of divers
Neon -> Advertising board lights
Argon -> Electric bulbs, inert atmosphere for welding in high temperature
Krypton -> flashlight of cameras, lasers for eye retina treatment
Xenon -> Lighthouse lamps, anesthesia
Radon -> treat cancer

5. Explain melting&boiling point of elements going down the Grp 18

(General)
- When going down the group, proton number increases.
- Number of shells filled with electrons increases and atomic size increases.
- Attraction force between atoms becomes stronger.
- This requires more heat energy to overcome the strong attraction force
between atoms.
(Specific)
- Proton number of Neon is greater than Helium.
- Number of shells filled with electrons and atomic size of Neon is greater
than Helium.
- Attraction force between Neon atoms is stronger than Helium atoms.
- Neon atoms requires more heat energy to overcome the strong attraction
than Helium atoms.

6. Explain the reactivity of alkali metals going down the Grp 1

(General)
- When going down the group, atomic size of alkali metal increases.
- Distance between nucleus and valence electron increases.
- Attraction forces between nucleus and valence electron becomes weaker.
- Tendency to donate valence electron increases.

(Specific)
- Atomic size of Potassium is bigger than Sodium.
- Distance between nucleus and valence electron in potassium is
greater than sodium.
- Attraction forces between nucleus and valence electron in potassium is
weaker than sodium.
- Tendency to donate valence electron for potassium is higher than sodium.

7. Explain melting&boiling point of alkali metals going down the Grp 1

(General)
- When going down the group, proton number increases.
- Number of shells filled with electrons increases and atomic size increases.
- Attraction forces between metal atoms becomes weaker.
- Less heat energy is required to overcome the weak attraction force
between metal atoms.

(Specific)
- Proton number of sodium is greater than lithium.
- Number of shells filled with electrons and atomic size of sodium is greater
lithium.
- Attraction force between sodium atoms is weaker than lithium atoms.
- Less heat energy is required for sodium atom to overcome the weak
attraction force compared to lithium atom.
8. Explain the reactivity of halogens going down the Grp 17
(Specific)
- Atomic size of Bromine is bigger than Chlorine.
- Distance between nucleus and valence electron in Bromine is greater than
Chlorine.
- Attraction force between nucleus and valence electron in Bromine weaker
than Chlorine.
- Tendency to accept valence electron for Bromine is lower than Chlorine.

9. Explain melting&boiling point of halogens going down the Grp 17

(Specific)
- Molecular size of Bromine is bigger than Chlorine.
- Attraction force between bromine molecules is stronger than chlorine
molecules.
- More heat energy is required for bromine molecule to overcome the Van
der Waals forces of attraction compared to chlorine molecules.

10. Why atomic size of Na > Cl ?

- Number of protons in the nucleus of Na atom > Cl atom.
- Positive charge in the nucleus of Na atom > Cl atom.
- Attraction force between nucleus and valence electron in Na atom > Cl
atom.

11. Increase in electronegativity across period 3

(General)
- Proton number increases, positive charge in the nucleus of an atom
increases.
- Nuclear attraction force towards valence electron increases.
- Tendency to attract electrons into the outermost shell from other atom
increases.

(Specific)
- As proton number increases, positive charge in the nucleus of silicone
atom is greater than aluminium atom.
- Nuclear attraction force towards valence electron in silicone atom is
stronger than aluminium atom
- Silicone atoms have higher tendency to attract electrons into the
outermost shell from other atom compared to aluminium atom.