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1045 Henry III of Germany by assuming the crown of
Lombardy secures possession of all the territories of
Switzerland not already within his dominions (Italian
Switzerland). He is frequently at Bâle and Solothurn. He
holds imperial diets at Zurich and lavishes gifts on her
religious foundations.
1057 Rudolf of Rheinfelden begins his rule as duke of
Alamannia and governor of Burgundy, thus controlling
all Switzerland.
1077 Rudolf is elected king by the opponents of Henry IV.
Switzerland is drawn into the struggle between Henry IV
and Pope Gregory VII.
1080 Rudolf is slain and his army defeated at Mersburg. The
Guelf-Zähringen faction wars against Frederick of
Hohenstaufen for the possession of Alamannia. Many
monasteries, castles, and towns are destroyed in
Switzerland.
1090 Berthold II of Zähringen inherits the possessions of the
Rheinfeldens in Switzerland.
1097 Berthold II surrenders his claims to the dukedom of
Alamannia. He receives as recompense the imperial
bailiwick of Zurich, and is made duke of that portion of
Alamannia lying in what is now Switzerland.
1114 The people of Schwyz resist the encroachments of the
monks of Einsiedeln. Henry V decides in favour of
Einsiedeln.
1127 Conrad of Zähringen is created rector of Burgundy by
the emperor Lothair. Most of the territories comprising
modern Switzerland are now under the rule of the house
of Zähringen. This family governs benevolently
throughout the century.
1140 Arnold of Brescia finds asylum at Zurich.
1144 In the quarrel of Einsiedeln and Schwyz, Conrad III
decides in favour of Einsiedeln.
1146 Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the crusade at Zurich.
Many Swiss join the crusade.
1152 The Waldstätte are placed under an interdict by the
bishop of Constance.
1173 By inheritance of the possessions of the house of
Lenzburg in Aargau and in the forest states the house of
Hapsburg gains in wealth and power.
1177 Berthold IV of Zähringen founds the free city of
Fribourg.
1186 Berthold V succeeds. He develops the policy of walling
in strong cities to offset the power of the nobles. He
fortifies Burgdorf, Moudon, Yuerdon, Laupen, and
Schaffhausen.
1190 Berthold V defeats the rebellious nobles at Avenches
and in the Grindelwald.
1191 Berthold V founds the city of Bern.
1209 Franciscan monks begin to enter Switzerland.
1211 Berthold V is defeated by Count Thomas of Savoy, who
seizes Moudon.
1215 Dominicans begin to enter Switzerland.
1218 Berthold V dies childless. With him the house of
Zähringen and the rectorate of Burgundy ends.
Switzerland reverts to Germany. Bern, Solothurn,
Zurich, and other towns become immediately dependent
on the emperor, and gain in freedom. Many nobles
become subject to the empire alone and increase in
power. The houses of Savoy, Kyburg (inheritors of the
lands of the Zähringens), and Habsburg become most
prominent. Religious orders flourish.
1231 The people of Uri obtain their first charter from King
Henry, which nominally places them directly under the
empire.
1240 The community of Schwyz is given a charter from the
empire by Frederick II. Savoy extends her dominion to
include Vaud and other portions of Southern
Switzerland.
1245-1250 The people of Switzerland take sides in the
struggle between Guelfs and Ghibellines. Risings occur
in the Waldstätte against the house of Habsburg which
has gained authority in middle and eastern Switzerland.
The expulsion of oppressive bailiffs (referred to this
period by modern investigators from its former position
in 1307-08).
1250 Lucerne enters into alliance with Schwyz and
Obwalden.
1254 The antiqua confederatio, the earliest league of the
Waldstätte, is formed (uncertain date).
1255 Pierre of Savoy is acknowledged suzerain of Bern;
later of Morat and Bâle.
1264 Pierre of Savoy is acknowledged suzerain of Geneva.
The greatness of the house of Habsburg is founded
through the inheritance of the possessions of the
Kyburgs.
1266 Zurich with the aid of Rudolf of Habsburg defeats
Ulrich of Regensburg. Rudolf gains in influence with
several Swiss towns.
1267 Pierre of Savoy defeats an army sent against him by
Rudolf of Habsburg at Löwenburg. Peace between
Habsburg and Savoy.
1273 Rudolf of Habsburg besieges Bâle. He is chosen
emperor of Germany. Bâle submits, Rudolf inherits the
possessions of his cousins in the Waldstätte.
1275 Rudolf of Habsburg is consecrated emperor by Pope
Gregory at Lausanne.
1277 Rudolf acquires Fribourg. He now holds in Switzerland
territories equivalent to the modern cantons of Aar, Zug,
Thurgau, Bern, and Lucerne, the towns of Sursee,
Sempach, and Winterthur, the convent of Säckingen,
and the wardenship of the Waldstätte.
1288 Rudolf twice unsuccessfully besieges Bern.
1289 The Bernese suffer loss in an Austrian ambuscade at
the Schosshalde and Bern is compelled to make peace.
1291 The men of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden (the three
Waldstätte) form the Everlasting League (Ewige Bund),
for the defence of their common rights and interests.
The Waldstätte form a temporary alliance with Zurich. In
the struggle for the imperial throne between Adolf of
Nassau and Albert, duke of Austria, the confederates
with Zurich and Bâle side against Albert. War ensues.
The territories of the bishop of Constance and the abbot
of St. Gall are laid waste.
1292 The Austrians defeat the men of Zurich before
Winterthur. Zurich is forced to make peace with Albert
and her alliance with the forest states is annulled.
1294 The first Landsgemeinde of which record remains is
held in Schwyz.
1297 Adolf of Nassau as king of Germany confirms the
charter of 1240 to Schwyz and the same charter to Uri.
1298 The Bernese defeat the Austrian nobles at Dornbühl.
Albert, duke of Austria, ascends the German throne and
strengthens the power of Austria in Switzerland.

THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY

1307 Werner Stauffacher of Schwyz, Walter Fürst of Uri, and
Arnold of the Melchthal in Unterwalden, with thirty
companions take an oath on the Rütli to free the country
from oppressors. William Tell shoots the Austrian bailiff
Gessler. (These events are now regarded as legendary.)
1308 The expulsion of the bailiffs. (This event some
historians now regard as merely traditional and refer it to
the period 1245-50.) King Albert is murdered. Bern
concludes a league with Solothurn.
1309 Henry VIII confirms the charters of Schwyz and Uri,
and grants liberties to Unterwalden, placing all three
under direct imperial jurisdiction. The confederates
renew their alliance with Zurich.
1314 The men of Schwyz capture the abbey of Einsiedeln
because of a quarrel over pasture land. Frederick of
Austria places the Waldstätte under the ban of the
empire. The Waldstätte conclude alliances with Glarus,
Ursern, Art, and Interlaken. Louis of Bavaria, rival of
Frederick for the German throne, declares the ban
removed. The confederates take his side in the struggle
for the throne.
1315 Duke Leopold of Austria, brother of Frederick, moves
against the Waldstätte. The Swiss vanquish the
Austrians at Morgarten. Leopold is slain. The three
forest districts renew the Everlasting League of 1291.
1316 Louis of Bavaria recognises the new league, declares
the political rights of the house of Austria forfeit in the
forest districts, and confirms their several charters.
1318 Truce with Austria. The Habsburgs surrender all
jurisdiction over the Waldstätte, but their rights merely
as landowners are recognized. Risings against Austria
in western Switzerland. Leopold besieges the free town
of Solothurn, but soon withdraws. (Traditional rescue of
the Austrians at the bridge by the men of Solothurn.)
1323 Bern and other Burgundian towns enter into an alliance
with the forest districts for protection against Austria and
the aristocracy.
1328 Lucerne revolts from Austria.
1332 Lucerne (fourth of the “old” places) joins the league.
1336 Civic revolution in Zurich places Rudolf Brun at the
head of the city government and gives power to the
craft-guilds.
1339 The Bernese with men from the forest districts defeat
the nobles at Laupen.
1350 Massacre of Austrian conspirators at Zurich. The men
of Zurich destroy the castle of Rapperschwyl, Zurich
thereby incurs the enmity of Austria.
1351 Zurich (fifth of the “old” places) for protection against
Austria enters the league. First regulations as to the aid
that the confederates owe to each other, first federal
rights and establishment of the circle of confederate
defence. Duke Albert of Austria unsuccessfully besieges
Zurich.
1352 Zug and Glarus (sixth and seventh of the “old” places)
enter the league. The duke of Austria renews war on
Zurich. By the terms of the peace of Brandenburg, Zug
and Glarus are again brought into subjection to Austria.

The Confederation of the Eight Old Places

1353 Bern (completing the eight “old” places) enters the

league, adding greatly to its strength.
1354 Zurich is besieged by the forces of Austria and the
empire.
1355 Peace is declared at Regensburg (Ratisbon).
1361 Charles IV recognises the confederation of eight states
as a lawful union for the preservation of the public
peace (Landfriedensverbindung).
1364 Zug is freed from Austrian rule by the men of Schwyz.
1367 The Gotteshausbund (league of God’s house) is
formed in the Engadine.
1368 The Peace of Thorberg adjusts matters between
Austria and the confederates. Zug rejoins the league as
a permanent member.
1370 The Parson’s Ordinance (Pfaffenbrief) abolishes
special exemption of the clergy and provides for the
preservation of peace among the confederates.
1375 Enguerrand de Coucy to assert claims to lands in
Aargau invades Switzerland with a horde of irregulars in
the Guglerkrieg, or English War. De Coucy is routed in
the Entlebuch and at Freibrunnen.
1382 Rudolf of Kyburg, of the Habsburg line, is defeated by
Bern and Solothurn, in the Kyburg War.
1384 Bern and Solothurn take Thun, Burgdorf, and other
places from Rudolf of Kyburg. The Kyburgs are forced to
accept citizenship in Bern.
1385 The Swiss cities join the league of the south German
towns. The men of Lucerne demolish Rotenburg, the
residence of the Austrian bailiff.
1386 The forest districts come to the aid of Lucerne against
Austria. The Swiss defeat the Austrians in spite of great
odds in the battle of Sempach (Arnold Winkelried).
1388 The men of Glarus aided by a few from Schwyz defeat
the Austrians at Näfels. Glarus is delivered from Austria.
1389 The confederates are secured in their conquests by a
seven years’ truce with Austria. Glarus permanently
rejoins the league.
1393 Schöno’s attempt to deliver Zurich to Austria fails. By
the Sempach Ordinance (Sempacher Brief) the
confederates are drawn closer together by provision for
an army and for the preservation of order.
1394 The truce with Austria is prolonged for twenty years.
The Swiss Confederacy is recognised and political
dependence on Habsburg is practically at an end. The
country hereafter is commonly known as Die Schweiz
(Switzerland).
1395 Formation of the Upper (Grey) League in the western
Grisons.

THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

1402 Revolt of the people of Appenzell and St. Gall against

the abbot of St. Gall.
1403 The Appenzellers defeat the abbot’s forces at
Vögelinseck.
1405 The abbot’s troops, assisted by an Austrian army, are
defeated in the battle of the Rheinthal or Stoss.
1408 The Appenzellers are beaten at Bregenz.
1411 Appenzell is placed under the protection of the Swiss
League (save Bern).
1412 The truce of the league with Austria is prolonged for
fifty years. During the first half of the century the league
increases its territory, not giving political rights, however,
to the acquired lands.
1414 The council of Constance is convened. Switzerland is
visited by great numbers of ecclesiastics and great
nobles.
1415 Duke Frederick of Austria helps John XXIII escape
from Constance. The emperor Sigismund places
Frederick under the ban. By Sigismund’s order the
 confederates conquer the Austrian Aargau. Bern
receives the lion’s share. The first common bailiwicks
(Freie Amter) are established. Uprising of the Valais
against the baron von Raron, a despotic ruler.
1416 Lucerne, Uri, and Unterwalden form an alliance with
Upper Valais.
1417 Uri and Upper Valais take the Val d’Ossola from Savoy.
1422 The attempts of Uri and the confederates to acquire
territory to the south of the Alps receive a check in their
defeat by the Milanese at Arbedo.
1424 The Grey League is formally renewed.
1436 The league of the Ten Jurisdictions is formed in the
eastern Grisons. Conflicting claims over the territories
left by Frederick, count of Toggenburg, cause
dissension between Zurich and Schwyz. The other
confederates take sides with Schwyz.
1440 The men of Zurich invade Schwyz but are compelled to
retreat. Felix Hämmerlin, humanist, furthers the new
learning at Zurich.
1442 Zurich allies itself with Austria and resists federal
jurisdiction. Civil war (the Old Zurich War) breaks out.
1443 The Zurich troops are defeated at Sankt Jacob on the
Sihl. Stüssi, the burgomaster of Zurich is slain.
1444 Zurich is besieged by the confederates. Charles VII of
France sends to her aid wild bands of the Armagnacs
under command of the dauphin Louis. They slaughter
the confederates, who make a heroic defence at Sankt
Jacob on the Birs before Bâle.
1450 Peace is concluded. Zurich is forced to renounce her
alliance with Austria.
1452 The Swiss League concludes treaty of friendship with
France. A new class of allies, the associate districts
 (Zugwandte Orte), begins to gather round the league.
1458 The league forms an alliance with Rapperschwyl.
Sigismund, duke of Austria, irritated by its loss declares
war.
1460 The confederates overrun the Austrian Thurgau. This
results in the second accession of common bailiwicks.
The art of printing is established at Bâle. Founding of
the University of Bâle. Material and artistic culture
flourishes.
1461 Sigismund gives up Thurgau which comes under the
protection of the confederates.
1463 The confederates renew the French treaty with Louis
XI.
1467 Zurich purchases Winterthur from Sigismund. The
league makes a treaty of friendship with Philip the
Good, duke of Burgundy.
1468 The Swiss lay siege to Waldshut. Sigismund buys them
off.
1469 Sigismund obtains the protection and financial aid of
Charles the Bold of Burgundy. He gives as security
Alsace, the Waldshut, and the Black Forest. The
alliance of Charles with Sigismund violates the treaty of
1467 and incenses the Swiss. Charles the Bold commits
the mortgaged lands to Peter von Hagenbach, as vogt.
His severity is complained of by the Swiss.
1470 Louis XI of France makes a treaty with the Swiss to
secure their neutrality.
1471 The three leagues of the Grisons confirm an earlier
alliance.
1473 Sigismund becomes the ally of Louis, who aims to
reconcile Sigismund and the Swiss and turn them
against Charles the Bold.
1474 The confederates attempt in vain to get redress from
Charles the Bold for the wrongs done by Hagenbach to
their friends in Alsace. As the result of the efforts of
Louis XI, the Everlasting Compact (Ewige Richtung) is
signed at Constance. By it Sigismund renounces all
Austrian claims on the lands of the confederates and
they agree to support him. The freedom of the Swiss
Confederation from the Habsburgs is now formally
established. The Swiss and Sigismund join a league of
the Alsatian and Rhine cities. Hagenbach is put to death
with the connivance of Bern. The confederates at the
instance of Sigismund declare war against Charles.
Bern takes the lead in westward aggression. Héricourt is
taken by the confederates.
1475 Further successes of the Swiss. Bern captures sixty
towns in Vaud, fighting against Savoy, which has joined
Charles the Bold. Bern and Upper Valais form an
alliance and the latter prevents the passage of the
Milanese troops of Savoy. The emperor and Louis
desert the confederates.
1476 Charles the Bold captures Granson and has the
garrison executed by two of their own comrades. The
Swiss gain a glorious victory in the battle of Granson
and retake the town. Rich spoils and revenge. Charles
besieges Morat. In the battle of Morat the Swiss
decisively defeat the Burgundians. By intervention of
Louis XI an arrangement is made with Savoy by which
for the first time French-speaking districts become
connected with the confederation. Savoy loses Fribourg,
Granson, Morat, Orbe, Echallens, and Aigle. Bern
profits most.
1477 The Swiss and the troops of René, duke of Lorraine,
defeat Charles the Bold at the battle of Nancy. The
foundation of Swiss nationality is firmly laid by these
victories, and the fame of Swiss arms is world-wide; but
internal jealousies arise. Riots in various states. The
 band of the Mad Life. Zurich, Bern, Lucerne, Fribourg,
and Solothurn form a separate league and a perpetual
treaty (Burgrecht).
1478 The men of Zurich, Lucerne, Uri, and Schwyz defeat
the Milanese at the battle of Giornico. Switzerland
expands toward the south.
1480 Fribourg and Solothurn seek admission to the league.
This demand is opposed by the rural members and
supported by the towns belonging to the separate
league of the Burgrecht.
1481 The Compact of Stanz (Stanzer Verkomnis) prevents
disruption. Nicholas von der Fluhe aids to an
understanding. Fribourg and Solothurn (the ninth and
tenth members) are admitted to the confederation. The
separate league of the towns is dissolved. Dangerous
societies are forbidden. The compact concentrates the
government of the confederation.
1489 Hans Waldmann, burgomaster of Zurich, attempts to
subordinate the peasants. He is overthrown and
executed.
1490 Insurrection against the federal government in St. Gall
is put down.
1496 The Swiss refuse to obey the imperial chamber,
objecting to taxation without representation. They refuse
to join the Swabian League.
1497 The confederates conclude a perpetual league with the
Grey League of the Grisons.
1498 The confederates conclude a perpetual league with the
League of God’s House (Gotteshausbund) of the
Grisons.
1499 The Swiss go to the support of their allies in the
Grisons against the emperor Maximilian and the
Swabian League. Successes of the Swiss at Triesen, at
 Bruderholz near Bâle, at Calven, at Schwaderloo, and at
Frastenz. The Swiss Confederation by the peace of
Bâle secures freedom from German imperial regulations
and rises to the rank of an allied state of the empire,
having practical independence. The Swiss establish
their rights in the Thurgau. The league of Ten
Jurisdictions in the Grisons confirms an alliance with the
Swiss League.
1500 Swiss mercenaries engaged by Louis Sforza surrender
Novara to the French rather than fight the Swiss in the
French army of Louis XII. By the help of the Swiss Milan
becomes a property of France. The practice of Swiss
serving in foreign armies has now become frequent.

THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

1501 Bâle and Schaffhausen (the eleventh and twelfth

members) are admitted to the confederation.
1510 Schinner, bishop of Sitten, induces Swiss troops to aid
in the expulsion of the French from Italy.
1512 The Swiss conquer Milan and drive the French out of
Italy; declare Maximilian duke of Milan. In return the
confederates receive Ticino and the Grisons leagues get
the Valtellina, Cleves, and Bormio.

The Confederation of Thirteen States

1513 Appenzell is admitted to the confederation, thus

completing the confederation of Thirteen States. The
Swiss defeat the French at Novara.
1515 Francis I defeats the Swiss at Marignano, breaking the
Swiss power in northern Italy.
1516 The Swiss League concludes a treaty of Perpetual
Peace with France. Hans Holbein at Bâle wins great
 reputation as a painter. His work marks the further
advance of humanism in Switzerland.
1519 Ulrich (Huldreich) Zwingli preaches the Reformation at
Zurich.
1521 Twelve states of the confederation (Zurich being
restrained by Zwingli) conclude an alliance with France.
1522 The diet at Lucerne forbids the clergy to preach
unauthorised doctrines.
1523 Zwingli’s teaching is sanctioned by the council at two
“disputations” at Zurich. Zurich pushes forward the work
of the Reformation, but is not supported by the other
confederates. The first ecclesiastics are publicly
married.
1524 Under Zwingli’s leadership Zurich dissolves the
monasteries. The forest states prevail on the diet at
Lucerne to pronounce for the old faith. Religious riots
occur in the Thurgau. The monastery of Ittingen is
burned down. The Reformation progresses in eastern
Switzerland.
1525 The mass is discontinued at Zurich. The temporal
rights of the Grossmünster are turned over to the state.
The Carolinum, a school for humanists, founded by
Zwingli and Zurich, is made a nursery of culture.
Lausanne concludes an alliance with Fribourg and Bern.
The disorders caused by the anabaptists are checked.
The Swiss mercenaries are defeated with the French at
Pavia.
1526 The disputation at Baden, Eck, and Faber,
representing the Catholics, decides in favor of the old
faith. Several executions follow. Geneva forms alliances
with Bern and Fribourg.
1527 Evangelical coburghership of Zurich and Constance
(Evangelisches Burgrecht). Execution of Max Wehrli, the
Catholic bailiff in the Thurgau. Troubles in Toggenburg
 and St. Gall widen the breach between Catholics and
Evangelicals.
1528 Bern joins Zurich and Constance in favour of religious
freedom and is followed by Bâle, Schaffhausen, St. Gall
and Mülhausen. The confederation is in danger of
breaking up.
1529 Lucerne, Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, and Zug form the
Christian Alliance (Christliche Vereinigung), and ally
themselves with Austria. First war of Kappel. The
Austrian alliance is annulled and religious parity for each
member of the confederation is declared by the first
Peace of Kappel.
1530 Genoa with confederate aid secures freedom from
Savoy.
1531 Second war of Kappel. The Catholic members of the
confederation advance on Zurich. Near Kappel the men
of Zurich are defeated and Zwingli is slain. Second
Peace of Kappel. The Reformation in Switzerland is
considerably checked. Catholic reaction. The league is
now completely split into Catholics and evangelicals.
1532 William Farel begins to preach the Reformation in
Geneva.
1535 The Reformation is successfully planted in Geneva by
Farel.
1536 Bern conquers Vaud and Lausanne and takes them
from Savoy. Calvin comes to Geneva. The first Helvetic
confession is published.
1538 By influence of the papal party Calvin is exiled from
Geneva.
1541 Calvin returns to Geneva and there establishes a
theoretic government, the consistorium. He enters upon
a harsh rule, imprisoning and executing his opponents.
1548 Constance is captured by the Austrians in the war of
Smalkalden and is cut off from the Swiss Confederation.
1549 Calvin’s theological disputes with the Zurich reformers
are partly settled by the Compromise of Zurich
(Consensus Tigurinus).
1553 Michael Servetus is burned at the stake at Geneva at
the instance of Calvin.
1555 Calvin expels from Geneva many who uphold
municipal liberty and replaces them by foreigners. The
city gains the name of the “Protestant Rome.”
Evangelicals driven out of Locarno take refuge in Zurich.
1559 Calvin founds the University of Geneva.
1564 Calvin dies. Théodore de Beze succeeds him as head
of the church. Emanuel Philibert, duke of Savoy,
supported by the Catholic members of the league,
demands back the districts seized by Bern in 1536. The
Treaty of Lausanne restores several of them. The
counter-Reformation (Catholic reaction) makes itself
strongly felt in Switzerland. It is furthered by Carlo
Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, and at Lucerne by
Ludwig Pfyffer, the “Swiss king.”
1565 The Catholic states of Switzerland ally themselves with
Pope Pius IV.
1566 The second Helvetic Confession is published as a
basis for union between the Calvinists and the Zurich
reformers.
1574 The Catholic reaction advances by the establishment
of the Jesuits at Lucerne.
1580 A papal nuncio comes to Lucerne. Borromeo founds at
Milan the “Collegium Helveticum” for the education of
Swiss priests.
1581 The Capuchins become active in Switzerland for the
Catholic reaction.
1582 The Protestants object to the introduction of the
Gregorian calendar.
1586 The Golden or Borromean League for support of
Catholicism is formed by the seven Catholic members of
the confederation (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, Lucerne,
Zug, Freiburg, Solothurn).
1588 The reformed states form a separate league with
Strasburg.
1597 Appenzell is divided into two parts, “Inner Rhodes,”
Catholic, and “Outer Rhodes,” Protestant.

THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

1602 The Duke of Savoy attempts to get hold of Geneva (the

“Escalade”).
1620 Massacre of Protestants in the Valtellina. The valley is
won for the Catholics. The Swiss Confederation remains
nominally neutral in the Thirty Years’ War, but various
members become involved from time to time.
1622 The Austrians conquer the Prätigau.
1624 French troops take the Valtellina.
1629 The Valtellina is taken by the imperial troops.
1632 The Baden Compromise adjusts the religious status of
the “common bailiwicks.”
1635 The French once more capture the Valtellina.
1637 George Jenatsch with help of the Spaniards drives the
French out of the Valtellina.
1639 The independence of the Grisons is established.
1648 By the Treaty of Westphalia the Swiss Confederation is
formally separated from Germany and recognized as
independent. Religious divisions continue to cripple the
 energy of the confederation. Poverty, a result of the
Thirty Years’ War, causes discontent.
1653 The Peasants’ War breaks out in Bern, Solothurn,
Lucerne, and Bâle because of the oppression of the
governing class. The peasants form a league of
Sumiswald. They are defeated at Wohlenschwyl.
1654 The Protestant Swiss intercede for the Waldenses.
They win the friendship of Oliver Cromwell, who pays
great honor to their envoys.
1655 Protestant fugitives from Schwyz find refuge in Zurich.
1656 The first Villmergen War results. Christopher Pfyffer of
Lucerne with a body of Catholics defeats the
Protestants at Villmergen. A treaty is concluded which
provides for the individual sovereignty of each member
of the confederation in religious matters.
1663 The confederation makes a treaty with Louis XIV of
France, by which Protestant Swiss mercenaries are
taken into the king’s pay.
1668 As the result of encroachments by Louis in the
Franche-Comté the confederates provide for joint action
against outside enemies by putting into execution the
agreement known as the Defensionale. French
Protestant refugees find shelter in Switzerland.

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

1707 Pierre Fatio at the head of a committee of the council

at Geneva demands a more liberal government.
1712 The abbot of St. Gall by his oppressions rouses the
people of Toggenburg to insurrection. The second
Villmergen War (or war of Toggenburg) between
Catholics and Protestants from these troubles. The
Catholics are defeated at Villmergen. The Treaty of
 Aarau assures the “common bailiwicks” religious liberty
and gives advantages to the Protestants.
1715 The Catholic members of the confederation by the
Truckli Bund agree to put France in the position of
guarantor of the confederation. A period of decline. The
confederation has little unity. Unsatisfactory relations of
the classes.
1723 The conspiracy of Davel to free Vaud from the
oppression of Bern is crushed.
1729 The “Harten” (hard ones) opponents of the
government, and the “Linden” (soft ones) at Zug
struggle for supremacy.
1732 The “Harten” gain a victory over the “Linden” in the
Outer Rhodes of Appenzell.
1737 The democrats win a victory for liberal government in
Geneva.
1744 Demands for a more liberal government are made in
Bern.
1749 Hentzi’s conspiracy attempts in vain to overthrow the
oligarchy at Bern.
1748 Discontents of the common people cause disorder in
Neuchâtel.
1755 Popular uprisings in the Leventina are crushed by the
government of Uri.
1762 The Helvetic Society is founded and fosters aspirations
for liberty. Rousseau, then a citizen of Geneva,
publishes the Contrat Social. These books are publicly
burned by order of the city government. The popular
party wins in the Outer Rhodes of Appenzell.
1764 The “Harten” are victorious in Zug.
1768 Armed intervention of France, Zurich, and Bern in
Geneva to suppress popular revolts of the “natives.”
 Disorders occur in the patriciate of Lucerne.
1770 The “natives” rise in revolt in Geneva.
1777 All of the thirteen states of the confederation join in
making a new alliance with France. Political
disturbances occur in Zurich.
1780 The meetings of the Helvetic Society are forbidden.
1781 Anarchy in Geneva. Pastor Waser is executed at
Zurich for opposition to the city government. France,
Bern, and Sardinia intervene. Emigration from Geneva.
Insurrection at Fribourg under Chenaux.
1784 Joseph Suter, a popular leader in the Inner Rhodes of
Appenzell, is executed.
1789 The French Revolution begins to find sympathizers in
Switzerland.
1790 Exiles from Vaud and Fribourg organise the Helvetic
Club at Paris to spread the new ideas in Switzerland.
The club stirs up risings in the western part of the
confederation. Lower Valais rises against the oppressive
rule of the upper districts.
1792 Porrentruy defies the prince-bishop of Bâle; with the
help of the French drives out the imperial troops; forms
the Rauracian Republic. This afterward becomes the
French department of Mont Terrible. Geneva is saved
from France by a force from Zurich and Bern. Massacre
of the Swiss guards at the Tuileries by the Paris mob.
The diet of Aarau orders the recall of the Swiss
regiments.
1793 A reign of terror begins in Geneva because of uprising
of the “natives.”
1794 The revolutionary party assumes control in Geneva.
Arrests and murders. Demands for greater freedom are
made at Stäfa in the territory of Zurich.