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Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of William Pitt
and national revival
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: William Pitt and national revival

Author: J. Holland Rose

Artist: Thomas Gainsborough

Release date: March 13, 2024 [eBook #73157]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: G. Bell and Sons, Ltd,

1911

Credits: MWS and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from
images generously made available by The Internet
Archive/American Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WILLIAM

PITT AND NATIONAL REVIVAL ***
 Transcriber’s Note
Larger versions of most illustrations may be seen by right-
clicking them and selecting an option to view them separately,
or by double-tapping and/or stretching them.
New original cover art included with this eBook is granted
to the public domain. It includes an illustration taken from the
original book.
Additional notes will be found near the end of this ebook.
 WILLIAM PITT
AND
NATIONAL REVIVAL
 BY THE SAME AUTHOR
Fifth Edition. With many Maps and Plans and numerous
Illustrations from contemporary paintings, rare prints
and engravings, medals, etc.
In Two Volumes, Large Post 8vo. 18s. net.
Also a Cheaper Edition, without the Illustrations, 2 vols. 10s. net.

THE LIFE OF NAPOLEON I

INCLUDING NEW MATERIALS FROM THE BRITISH
OFFICIAL RECORDS
Second Edition, revised. Post 8vo. 5s. net.

NAPOLEONIC STUDIES
LONDON: G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.
Emery Walker Ph. sc.
 William Pitt
as Chancellor of the Exchequer
from a painting by T. Gainsborough
 WILLIAM PITT
AND

NATIONAL REVIVAL
BY
J. HOLLAND ROSE, Litt.D.

A rarer spirit never

Did steer humanity; but you, gods, will give us
Some faults to make us men.
Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra.
 LONDON
G. BELL AND SONS, LTD.
1911
CHISWICK PRESS: CHARLES WHITTINGHAM AND CO.
TOOKS COURT, CHANCERY LANE, LONDON.
 PREFACE

I N this volume I seek to describe the work of national revival

carried out by William Pitt the Younger up to the time of the
commencement of friction with Revolutionary France, completing the
story of his life in a volume entitled “William Pitt and the Great War.”
No apology is needed for an attempt to write a detailed description of
his career. The task has not been essayed since the year 1862,
when the fifth Earl Stanhope published his monumental work; and at
that time the archives of the Foreign Office, War Office, Admiralty,
and Home Office were not open for research in the period in
question. Excellent monographs on Pitt were given to the world by
Lord Rosebery and Mr. Charles Whibley in the years 1891 and 1906,
but they were too brief to admit of an adequate treatment of the
masses of new materials relating to that career. Of late these have
been greatly augmented by the inclusion among the national
archives of the Pitt Manuscripts, which comprise thousands of letters
and memoranda hitherto little used. In recent years also the records
of the Foreign Office and Home Office have become available for
study, and at many points have yielded proofs of the influence which
Pitt exerted on the foreign and domestic policy of Great Britain.
Further, by the great kindness of the Countess Stanhope and Mr.
E. G. Pretyman, M.P., I was enabled to utilize the Pitt Manuscripts
preserved at Chevening and Orwell Park; and both His Grace the
Duke of Portland and the Earl of Harrowby generously placed at my
disposal unpublished correspondence of Pitt with their ancestors.
These new sources render it necessary to reconstruct no small
portion of his life.
Among recent publications bearing on this subject, the most
important is that of “The Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq.,”
preserved at Dropmore (Hist. MSS. Comm., 7 vols., 1892–1910), the
seventh volume of which comprises details respecting the death of
Pitt. This collection, containing many new letters of George III, Pitt,
Lord Grenville, and British ambassadors, has proved of incalculable
service. Many Memoirs, both English and foreign, have appeared of
late. Among foreign historians who have dealt with this period, Sorel
holds the first place; but his narrative is often defective on English
affairs, to which he gave too little attention. The recent monograph of
Dr. Felix Salomon on the early part of Pitt’s career (Leipzig, 1901),
and those of Herren Beer, Heidrich, Luckwaldt, Uhlmann, Vivenot,
and Wittichen on German affairs, have been of service, as well as
those of Ballot, Chassin, and Pallain on Anglo-French relations. The
bias of Lecky against Pitt detracts somewhat from the value of the
latter part of his work, “England in the Eighteenth Century”; and I
have been able to throw new light on episodes which he treated
inadequately.
Sometimes my narrative may seem to diverge far from the
immediate incidents of the life of Pitt; but the enigmas in which it
abounds can be solved only by a study of the policy of his rivals or
allies at Paris, The Hague, Madrid, Vienna, Berlin, and St.
Petersburg. These questions have not received due attention from
English students; for Lecky did not treat the period 1793–1800
except in regard to Irish affairs. Accordingly, while by no means
neglecting the private and social life of Pitt, I have sought in this
volume to describe his achievements during the period dominated by
Catharine of Russia, Joseph of Austria, and Mirabeau. That age is
also memorable for political, fiscal, and social developments of high
interest; and I have dealt with them as fully as possible, often with
the aid of new materials drawn from Pitt’s papers. It being impossible
to extend the limits of this work, I ask the forbearance of specialists
for not treating those problems more fully. It is a biography, not a
series of monographs; and I have everywhere sought to keep the
figure of Pitt in the foreground. New letters of George III, Pitt,
Grenville, Windham, Burke, Canning, etc., which could only be
referred to here, will be published in a volume entitled “Pitt and
Napoleon Miscellanies,” containing also essays and notes.
I wish to thank not only those whose generous assistance I have
already acknowledged, but also Mr. Hubert Hall, of the Public Record
Office, for advice given during my researches; the Rev. William Hunt,
D.Litt., for a thorough recension of the proofs of this work; the
Masters of Trinity College and Peterhouse, Cambridge; Professor
Firth, and Mr. G. P. Gooch, M.A., for valued suggestions; the Ven.
Archdeacon Cunningham and Mr. Hewins for assistance on
economic subjects; M. Raymond Guyot and Herr Doctor Luckwaldt
for information on French and German affairs; also Mr. E. G.
Pretyman, M.P., for permission to reproduce the portrait of the first
Countess of Chatham; Mr. R. A. Tatton, for similar permission to
include Gainsborough’s portrait of William Pitt; and last, but not least,
Mr. A. M. Broadley for the communication of new letters relating to
Pitt and his friends.
J. H. R.
February 1911.
 CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
Introduction 1
I. Early Years 34
II. At Cambridge 50
III. Political Apprenticeship 63
IV. At Westminster and Goostree’s 76
V. The Peace with America 97
VI. The Coalition 124
VII. The Struggle with Fox 152
VIII. Retrenchment 178
IX. Reform 196
X. India 216
XI. The Irish Problem (1785) 241
XII. Pitt and his Friends (1783–94) 267
XIII. Isolation (1784, 1785) 296
XIV. L’Entente cordiale (1786) 321
XV. The Dutch Crisis (1786, 1787) 349
XVI. The Triple Alliance 368
XVII. The Prince of Wales 391
XVIII. The Regency Crisis 406
XIX. Australia and Canada 432
XX. The Slave Trade 454
XXI. The Schemes of Catharine II 480
XXII. Partition or Pacification? 503
XXIII. Partition or Pacification? (continued) 518
XXIV. The French Revolution 537
XXV. The Dispute with Spain 562
XXVI. Pitt and Catharine II 589
XXVII. The Triumph of Catharine II 608
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
William Pitt as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
(From a painting by Gainsborough in the possession of
R. A. Tatton, Esq.) Frontispiece
Lady Chatham, mother of William Pitt. (From a
painting in the possession of E. G. Pretyman, Esq.,
M.P.) 38
William Wyndham, Lord Grenville. (From a painting
by Hoppner) 280
William Wilberforce. (From an unfinished painting by
Sir T. Lawrence) 458
 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE TITLES
OF THE CHIEF WORKS REFERRED
TO IN THIS VOLUME
Ann. Reg. = “Annual Register.”
Ashbourne = “Pitt: some Chapters of his Life and Times,” by
the Rt. Hon. Lord Ashbourne. 1898.
Auckland Journals = “The Journal and Corresp. of
William, Lord Auckland.” 4 vols. 1861.
Buckingham P. = “Mems. of the Court and Cabinets of
George III,” by the Duke of Buckingham. 2 vols. 1853.
B.M. Add. MSS. = Additional Manuscripts of the British
Museum.
Beaufort P. = “MSS. of the Duke of Beaufort,” etc. (Hist.
MSS. Comm.). 1891.
Campbell. = “Lives of the Lord Chancellors,” by Lord
Campbell. 8 vols. 1845–69.
Castlereagh Corresp. = “Mems. and Corresp. of Viscount
Castlereagh.” 8 vols. 1848-.
Chevening MSS. = Manuscripts of the Countess Stanhope,
preserved at Chevening.
Cunningham = “Growth of Eng. Industry and Commerce
(Modern Times),” by Dr. W. Cunningham. 1892.
Dropmore P. = “The Manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq.,
preserved at Dropmore” (Hist. MSS. Comm.). 7 vols.
1892–1910.
Fortescue = “The History of the British Army,” by the Hon.
J. W. Fortescue. vol. iv.
Häusser = “Deutsche Geschichte (1786–1804),” by L.
Häusser. 4 vols. 1861–3.
Holland = “Memoirs of the Whig Party,” by Lord Holland. 2
vols. 1852.
Jesse = “Mems. of the Life and Reign of George III,” by J. H.
Jesse. 3 vols. 1867.
Lecky = “Hist. of England in the Eighteenth Century,” by
W. E. H. Lecky. 8 vols. Fifth edit. 1891–1904.
Luckwaldt = “Die englisch-preussische Allianz von 1788,”
von F. Luckwaldt. 1902.
Leeds Mem. = “Political Memoranda of Francis, Fifth Duke of
Leeds,” ed. by Mr. O. Browning. 1884.
Malmesbury Diaries = “Diaries and Corresp. of the First
Earl of Malmesbury.” 4 vols. 1844.
Parl. Hist. = “History of the Parliamentary Debates” (after
1804 continued in Hansard).
Pellew = “Life and Corresp. of the first Viscount Sidmouth,”
by Rev. C. Pellew. 3 vols. 1847.
Pitt MSS. = Pitt MSS., preserved at H.M. Public Record
Office.
Pitt-Rutland Corresp. = “Corresp. between ... W. Pitt and
the Duke of Rutland.” 1890.
Rose G., “Diaries” = “Diaries and Corresp. of Rt. Hon. G.
Rose.” 2 vols. 1860.
Rose, “Napoleon” = “Life of Napoleon,” by J. H. Rose. 2
vols. 1909.
Rutland P. = “MSS. of the Duke of Rutland” (Hist. MSS.
Comm.). 3 vols. 1894.