Functions of Complex Variables and

Complex Integration

Functions of Complex Variables and Complex Integration

1. Analytic function: 7. Construction of Analytic function Milne -

If a function f(z) has a derivative at zo and at Thompson method:
every point in some neighbourhood of zo, If Real part u(x, y) of an analytic function
then f(z) is said to be analytic at zo. f(z) is f(z) is given then,
said to be analytic in a Domain D, if it is ∂u z, 0 ∂u z, 0
f z = −i dz + C
analytic at every point of D. ∂x ∂y
2. Cauchy - Riemann Equations: If Imaginary part v(x, y) of f(z) is given,
The necessary conditions for a complex then,
function f(z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y) to be ∂v z, 0 ∂v z, 0
analytic are f z = +i dz + C
∂y ∂x
∂u ∂v ∂v − ∂u
= ; = 8. Some Results:
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂2 ∂2
i) + ∂y 2 |f z |2 = 4|f ′ z |2
i.e., ux = vy ; vx = −𝑢𝑦 ∂x 2

3. Sufficient condition for f(z) to be analytic ii) If f(z) is analytic and f(z) is constant then
The function f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) is a) f ′ (z) = 0 everywhere
analytic in a domain D if b) f(z)is also analytic
i) u(x, y) and v(x, y) are differentiable in D c) R(f(x)) is a constant
and ux = vy and ux = −vx d) | f(z) | is constant
ii) The partial derivatives ux , uy , vx and vy iii) f(z) = zis nowhere differentiable.
are all continuous in D. iv) f(z) = |z|2 Is differentiable only at the
4. Polar-form of Cauchy - Riemann origin.
equations v) Both the real part and the imaginary parts
Let f(z) = P(r, θ) + iQ (r, θ) of any analytic function satisfies Laplace
Then, equation.
∂P 1 ∂Q ∂Q 1 ∂P i.e., If f(z) = u + iv is analytic then,
= and =− ∂2 u ∂2 u
∂r r ∂θ ∂r r ∂θ + =0
5. If w = f(z) is analytic in a domain D then, ∂x 2 ∂y 2
i)
dw
=
∂w
= −i
∂w
∂2 v ∂2 v
dz ∂x ∂y + =0
∂2 w
∂x 2 ∂y 2
ii) ∂z ∂z = 0 vi) Any function which has continuous
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
iii) f ′ z = + i ∂x = ∂y − i ∂y second order partial derivatives and which
∂x
satisfies Laplace equation is called
6. If f(z) = P(r, θ) + iQ (r, θ) is analytic, then
∂P ∂Q
Harmonic function.
f ′ z = e−Iθ + i ∂r vii) If f = u + iv is analytic function, then the
∂r
1 −Iθ ∂Q ∂P curves u(x, y) = c1 cuts orthogonally the
= e +i
r ∂θ ∂θ
1
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 Functions of Complex Variables and
Complex Integration

curves v(x, y) = c2 .where c1 and c2 are 9. Fixed points:

constants. There are two points in the z-plane which
Mappings: will transform into themselves in w-plane.
1. i) Translation : w. = z + c The fixed points of the bilinear transform
ii) Rotation: w = eiα z az +b az +b
w = cz +d is given by z =cz +d
iii) Contraction: w = kz 10. If z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 are distinct points taken in
Where k is real and positive constant
order then the cross ratio of these points is
iv) Rotation and magnification map: w = cz z1 − z2 z3 − z4
Where c is complex constant
1
z2 − z3 z4 − z1
v) Inverse and reflection: w = z 11. To find the bilinear transformation that maps
vi) Linear transformation w = az + b. z1 , z2 and z3 onto w1 , w2 and w3
2. Conformal mapping: respectively is
Suppose a mapping f(z) preserves angles w − w1 w2 − w3 z − z1 z2 − z3
=
both inmagnititude and direction between w2 − w1 w − w3 z − z3 z2 − z1
every pair of curves through a point then f(z) 12. Normal formation of a bilinear
is said to be conformal at that point. transformation:
3. f(z) is said to be isogonalif it preserves i) When there are two non-infinite fixed
themagnitudes of the angles but not the points, α, β then the bilinear transform is
direction., w−α z−α
=k
4. At each point of the domain D where f(z) is w−β z−β
analytic and f'(z) ≠ 0, then the mapping w = ii) Suppose α is a fixed point then the
1 1
f(z) is conformal. bilineartransform is w−α = z−α + k
5. Necessary condition for w = f(z) to Complex integration:
represent a conformal mapping : 1. Cauchy’s integral theorem (or) Cauchy’s
If the mapping w = f(z) is conformal then fundamental theorem :
f(z) isan analytic function of z. If a function f(z) is analytic at all points
6. Bilinear transformation: insideand on a closed contour C, then
az +b
w = ad - bc≠ 0 where a, b, c and d ∫ f(z)dz = 0
cz +d
arecomplex constants is called a C
2. Cauchy’s integral formula:
bilineartransformation.
If f(z) is analytic inside and on a closed
7. Any bilinear transformation can be
curve C of a simply - connected domain D
expressed as a product of translation,
and if a is any point within D, then
rotation, magnification orcontraction and
1 ∫ f z dz
inversion. f a =
2πi C z − a
8. Any bilinear transformation maps the
3. If f(z) is analytic inside the domain D
totality of circles and straight lines in the z-
bounded by C,then
plane onto the totality of circles and straight
lines in the w-plane.
2
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 Functions of Complex Variables and
Complex Integration

1 ∫ f z dz neighbourhood of z = a, then it is called

f′ a =
2πi C z − a 2 isolated singular point.
2! ∫ f z dz ii) Removable singularity:
f ′′ a =
2πi C z − a 3
n! ∫ f z dz If the principal part of f(z) in its Laurent’s
fn a =
2πi C z − a n+1 series contains no term, then the singularity
4. Taylor's series: z = a is called removable singularity.
If a function f(z) is analytic inside a circle C If z = a is a removable singularity then,
with centre at a, then limz→a f(z) exists.
f ′′ a iii) Essential singularity:
f z = f a + f′ a z − a + z−a 2
2! If the principal part of f(z) in its Laurent's
f ′′′ a series contains Infinite number of terms,
+ z−a 3+⋯
3! then z = ais called an essential singular point
fn a of f(z).
+ z−a n +⋯
n! iv) Poles:
5. Maclaurin series: If we can find positive Integer n such that
Put z = 0 in Taylor’s series It
z2 z − a n f(z) ≠ 0 then z = a is called a
f(z) = f(0) + zf'(0) + f"(0) + ....... z→a
2! pole or order n for f(z).
zn
+ fn (0) + .......... A pole of order 1 is called a simple pole.
n!
6. Laurent’s series: 9. Entire function:
If f(z) is analytic in the annulus (ring shaped A f(z) is analytic everywhere in the finite
region) between two concentric circles C1 plane (except at infinity) is called an entire
and C2 with centre at a and radii R1 and R 2 function. Example: z,ez , cosz
(R1 >R 2 ) for any point z in the annulus 10. Meromorphic function:
∞ n ∞ bn A functionf(z) which is analytic everywhere
f(z)= n=0 a n z−a + n=1 z−a n
in the finite plane except at finite number of
∫ f(z)
1
Where, an =2πi dz and poles is called a meromorphic function.
C1 z−a n +1
1 ∫ f(z)dz
bn = 11. Residues :
2πi C2 z − a 1−n 1
The co-efficient b, of in the Laurent’s
7. Singular points: z−a
If a function f(z) is not analytic at z = a, then seriesof f(z) is called the residue of f(z) at z
it is called a singular point or singularity of =a
f(z). 12. Cauchy’s Residue theorem:
8. Types of singularities: Let f(z) be single valued analytic function
i) Isolated singularity: within and on a closed contour C. except at a
Let z = a be a singular point of f(z). If there finitenumber of polesz1 , z2 , … zn within C
is no other singular point in the and If R1 , R1 .........R n be the residues of
f(z) at these poles respectively then,
3
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 Functions of Complex Variables and
Complex Integration

∫ f(z)dz = 2πi R + R + ⋯ + R Residue of f(z) at z = a is

1 2 n
C 1 d n −1
limz→a z − a n f(z)
= 2πi (Sum of the residues of poles within n−1 ! dz n −1

C)
P(z)
13. Formulae to find Residues: iii) If f(z) =Q(z)and z = a is a pole of
i) If z = a is a simple pole of f(z) then orderone, then Residue of f(z) at z = a is
Residue of f(z) at z = a is limz→a (z − a) f(z) P(z)
ii) If z = a is a pole of order n then Q′ (a)

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