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Scrap.—After the lard is drawn from the cooking kettle, the scrap
should be drawn from the bottom. This scrap is used in the
prime steam lard tank. If, however, there is no other provision for
handling the scrap, it should be put into a hoop press (Fig. 150), and
pressure applied, thereby liberating all the oil left in the residue, the
scrap then being used as “pressed scrap.”
Packing and Cooling.—Kettle rendered lard is usually sold and
used more extensively during the cooler weather. It is very desirable
that there should be a light, fluffy top. This is only possible when the
lard is drawn hot in a cool room; chilling the lard rapidly causes this
appearance at the top, which is always looked upon by the trade as
a mark of excellence. When the lard is drawn off into small packages
they are placed one on top of the other, covering the top with paper.
The cover should not be put on the package until it is chilled,
otherwise the fluffy appearance is lost.
FIG. 150.—HOOP PRESS.
The oil when extracted from the seed is termed “crude oil.” In
refining this oil the loss varies from 7 per cent to 12 per cent, on an
average about 9¹⁄₄ per cent.
Refining Crude Oil.—The crude oil is purchased by refiners and
treated to produce “yellow oil.” In this process it is put into a tank (it
is generally considered profitable to refine cotton seed oil only in
large quantities) supplied with a revolving agitator. Into the tank is
put a solution of eighteen to twenty per cent caustic soda. The
quantity and strength of the solution necessary is determined by
treating a small sample. To a small sample of oil add the soda
solution, stirring continuously, having it heated to a temperature of
160° to 180° F. When sufficient soda lye has been added a floculent
precipitation will be noticed. This indicates a “breaking” of the oil. By
calculation of the relative amount the comparative quantities can be
arrived at.
An excessive amount of lye will saponify its equivalent in good oil,
therefore care must be exercised to see that only the proper amount
is used. In a practical way the soda is introduced in the crude oil
solution and agitation is started to insure the thorough mixing of the
caustic soda and the oil. The floculent substance appearing, the
agitation is stopped and the oil allowed to settle, the sediment and
substance other than oil collecting at the bottom of the tank. A small
quantity (about one-quarter of one per cent by weight) of fullers earth
is added and the oil removed by pumping through a filter press
producing what is known to the trade as “yellow oil.”
The sediment, known as “foots” is collected in kettles and treated
with additional lye, boiled and settled with salt; water added, settled
and drawn. This treatment is duplicated as many times as
necessary, until the soap stock will separate from impurities. When
thoroughly settled draw the soap stock into packages for the soap
trade. The finished “foots” contains about 33 to 40 per cent of
moisture and a small percentage of lye.
Deodorizing Cotton Seed Oil.—The “yellow oil” of trade has a
decided flavor which it is desirable to remove, and this process is
accomplished by deodorizing. (See Fig. 155.)
Treating Tank.—This tank is equipped for heating the oil to a very
high temperature by the introduction of a large coil surface,
preferably rings, one within the other and arranged so that each ring
is accessible. The kettle coils, etc., should be made extra heavy. The
top of the kettle must also be hooded and as the oil boils violently the
steam must be given free opportunity to escape. The escape pipe
should be at least sixteen to twenty inches in diameter in a tank six
feet in diameter, and should be provided with a goose neck, so that
the steam rising which condenses, does not drip back into the tank.
Fig. 155 show the construction of an oil treating tank.
The exhaust pipe extends into the atmosphere a short distance
above the deodorizing tanks. On account of the extreme agitation
caused by the heat, the oil is likely to boil over and waste. Special
attention is called to the crook or neck in the exhaust pipe with two-
inch outlet at the lowest point. This is done so that the condensation
will not run back into the oil, but can be taken out at this point.
Process For Oil.—The tank is filled with oil to about half its
capacity. The oil is then heated to a temperature
of 320° to 360° F. After being held at this temperature for an hour to
an hour and a half, it is ready for the washing process. This is done
by means of a two-inch perforated pipe at the top of the kettle,
through which is sprinkled cold water on the oil. The extreme
temperature evaporates the water very rapidly and at the same time
causes a precipitation. The water should be allowed to run for five
minutes, and then the body of oil should stand for from one to two
hours. The cone, or bottom of the kettle, will be found to have a
sediment which has been precipitated from the oil. This “bottom”
should be drawn off, and the steam again turned on the coils.
FIG. 155.—DEODORIZING TANK FOR COTTON SEED OILS.