Renewable Energy Focus  Volume 21, Number 00  October 2017 www.renewableenergyfocus.

com

BIPV in Southeast Asian countries –

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opportunities and challenges
Akash Kumar Shukla1, K. Sudhakar1,2,*, Prashant Baredar1 and R. Mamat2
1
Energy Centre, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal, India
2
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pahang, Malaysia

In building integrated photovoltaic systems, PV elements are integral of the building which displace the
use of conventional building materials. BIPV serves as the external lined covering and also acts as a
support structure for the building. BIPV system has many benefits such as on-site generation of
electricity, architectural elegance, reduced cost of the building construction and increased market
acceptance of the buildings. PV professionals from several countries have been working from several
years to improve the design for building application. This paper identifies the solar potential for BIPV
application, function of BIPV, possible design and integration strategies with reference to Southeast
countries. Finally, Barrier and challenges of implementing BIPV system have been examined.

Introduction to greenhouse gas emissions [5]. One of the major strategic

In the 21st century, electricity demand electricity has increased
owing to rapid industrialization, urbanization and improved
quality of life in emerging economies [1]. Economic development
and providing affordable clean energy remains as the major
priority of the Southeast Asian governments in the last few
decades [2]. The South-East Asian economies began to make
strategic changes in their energy policies only after 1990 [3].
The major objective of these economies energy policy was to
provide affordable, accessible, reliable, clean, green electricity
for all in the next decades to fuel their growth. Under such a
plan, growth in the region has been accompanied by a high rate of
energy consumption and therefore, intense pollution. An exten-
sive evaluation of energy policies in Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippines, Thailand and Singapore indicates greater balance
between sustainability and security concerns, and increased focus
on utilization of energy along with an emphasis on sufficient
supply of energy [4]. In the light of recent hikes in energy prices,
huge energy supply and demand conditions, energy security,
concerns of climate change, all developing countries including
South-East Asia has focused their attention on energy sector and
*Corresponding author. Shukla, A.K. (aakashshukla54321@gmail.com),
Sudhakar, K. (sudhakar@ump.edu.my)
responses of South-East Asia economy is setting more emphasis
on energy conservation and efficiency and sustainable energy
sources, keeping in mind the goal of energy security as well as to
decrease emissions.
In Southeast Asia, the dependency on conventional fuel such as
natural gas and coal for generating power is relatively high.
Because of the inflation rate, cost of production, and limited
reserves, the price for the supply of natural gas and coal becomes
very sensitive to fluctuation [6]. With this intensification, South-
east Asian governments are promoting the use of renewable energy
as an alternative to reduce impact of climate change and challenge
of energy shortage.
Among all renewable energy, solar energy is viewed as the most
promising for the tropical countries especially in South Asia. An
enormous step has been undertaken to advance the use of Photo-
voltaic systems. However, this type of PV technology is widely
applied and researched.
Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) refers to the integra-
tion of photovoltaic (PV) devices into the building skin for solar
power generation. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) sys-
tems play a significant role in domestic energy generation. Among
all the clean technologies, BIPV are considered as the one that can
achieve the sustainability in the construction sector and energy

1755-0084/ã 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2017.07.001

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sector. By the application of green technologies, the construction
sector helps to achieve sustainable development [7].
This paper aims to identify the role and application of BIPV in
the sustainable building of south Asian countries. This review will
address related issues on solar resource potential, BIPV design,
Integration strategies, and Function of BIPV technology. Finally,
the article also discusses the barrier and challenges of BIPV system
and future direction is highlighted.
Solar resource potential in South-East Asia
Basic profile of South East Asia
South-East Asia is a region covering 4,875,068 km2 which consist
of 3,209,506 km2 of land and 1,665,562 km2 of water. More than
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85% of South-East Asia covers the area between 10 N and 10 S.
Southeast Asian comprises ten member countries; Brunei, Cam-
bodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, with a combined total popu-
lation of around 540 million [11]. The population varies from the
fourth world populous country like Indonesia with 238 million
people to the least populace country of Brunei (365,251, July
2004). South-East Asia can be regarded as a region of tropical
islands because most of the lands are surrounded by ocean with
an average distance of less than 200 km from the sea. Nearly half of
the total area is in the form of peninsulas and extended subconti-
nents are part of mainland Asia, and remaining area consist of
thousands of islands. Southeast Asia is the most diverse region in
terms of population, geography, culture, and level of socio-eco-
nomic development.
Climatic conditions
The climate in Southeast Asia have quite similar climatic condi-
tions and is mainly tropical with some sub tropical highlands. The
FIGURE 1
Solar resource potential in Southeast Asia (https://solargis.info/).
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Renewable Energy Focus  Volume 21, Number 00  October 2017
climate is Hot, warm and humid all year round with average
temperature of 27  C and plentiful rainfall. The summer monsoon
brings a humid climate and torrential rainfall to these areas. Due to
the geographical locations there are very little climatic variations
amongst the countries. Most of these countries are considered as
developing and middle-income countries [8]. In terms of solar
energy, they have a similar resource potential as shown in Figure 1.
Solar radiations can be converted to electricity through solar
photovoltaic route and useful thermal energy through solar ther-
mal route [9]. Availability of reliable solar radiation data is vital for
the success of solar energy installations in different sites of the
country. For solar Photovolatic applications, Global Horizontal
Irradiance is useful whereas for solar collectors which are concen-
trating in nature Direct Normal Irradiance is required. For design-
ing concentrating solar thermal power plants, DNI data is a pre-
requisite [10]. Table 1 shows summary of the progress made in
solar PV and Renewable Energy targets for all the Southeast Asian
countries. Thailand has high levels of insolation all over the
country. The insolation ranges from 1825 to 1935 kWh/m2 per
year, averaging about 1875 kWh/m2 per year. High values are
observed particularly during April and May; with insolation in
the range of 5.6–6.7 kWh/m2 per day. The north eastern and
northern regions receive roughly 6–8 sunlight hours per day [11].
BIPV market trends
Building Integrated Photovoltaic’s (BIPV) refer to PV products that
are used in building as replacements for conventional building
materials. BIPV dons dual role of energy generation and building
material, providing considerable savings in material and electricity
costs [11].
Owners of commercial buildings are increasingly more inter-
ested in installing BIPV, to enhance the aesthetics and obtain
Renewable Energy Focus  Volume 21, Number 00  October 2017 REVIEW

TABLE 1
Summary of solar PV and RE targets in ASEAN countries [36,11].
Country Average solar insolation (kWh/m2/day 2013 installed Targets by Primary renewable energy
and kWh/m2/year) capacity (MW) year (MW) (respectively)
Thailand 5.0–5.3 kWh/m2/day, 1875 kWh/m2/year 690.6 19,635 (2036) Hydropower, biomass, solar and wind
Malaysia 4.5 kWh/m2/day, 1643 kWh/m2/year 74.7 4000 (2030) Solar, biomass
Indonesia 4.8 kWh/m2/day, 1752 kWh/m2/year 42.8 74.5 Geothermal, hydro, biomass and solar
Philippines 4.5–5.5 kWh/m2/day, 1862 kWh/m2/year 14.6 89.9 Geothermal, hydro and wind
Singapore 4.5 kWh/m2/day, 1635 kWh/m2/year 15.6 350 (2020) Solar, solid waste
Vietnam 1825 kWh/m2/year (Southern). 4 20,700 (2020) Hydro, biomass
1460 kWh/m2/year (northern)
Brunei 5.43 kWh/m2/day, 1982 kWh/m2/year 1.2 – –
Cambodia 5 kWh/m2/day, 1825 kWh/m2/year 1.5 2241 (2020) Hydropower and biomass
Myanmar 5 kWh/m2/day, 1825 kWh/m2/year – – Hydro, biomass
3.6–5.5 kWh/m2/day – –

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Laos Hydropower, biogas, solar

‘green’ rating for their property. The BIPV is used to balance the
energy generation and energy consumption of the building. The
sustainable building envelope has the following characteristics:
Affordable, Durable, Energy-positive, Environmental, Healthy and
comfortable, Intelligent.
With the recent developments in the PV technology, BIPVs are
being designed to completely replace building components such
as windows, roofs and façades; and in structural components such
as railings, porches, and balconies [12]. BIPV installations are
growing worldwide due to its benefits of onsite electricity genera-
tion and its positive impact on improving energy performance of
buildings. While BIPVs are by and large utilized as a part of new
building developments, stringent energy efficiency norms are
stimulating demand in retrofit projects as well [13].
The aesthetic appeal of BIPV will continue to be the major source
of attraction for building architects and end-users [14]. Research
and development efforts focused on increasing innovative BIPV
products are also supporting the market growth. Technology
advances related to flexible, thin-film, transparent solar materials,
energy-efficient materials, such as CIGS, organic PV, and dye-
synthesized cells (DSC) are also expected to play a prominent role
in the development of cost-effective high-performance BIPV sys-
tems (Figure 2) [15].
The up scaling of BIPV market will be possible only if non-
technical barriers that hinder the application of BIPV are addressed
and dealt successfully.
BIPV system: a multifunctional technology
BIPV is a multifunctional technology applied for various purposes
including electricity generation, weather protection, noise protec-
tion, thermal insulation, or daylight modulation (Figure 2) [17].
Roof integrated and facade integrated BIPV systems act as a rain
screen; and semitransparent BIPV can provide diffused, natural
day lighting [37]. Multifunctional BIPV components act as UV
filters, prevent fires, and provide thermal and noise insulation [19].
The rapid progress of the PV technology evolving from rigid,
thick solar panels into a variety of flexible semitransparent in
different colors, made possible to expand and transform tradi-
tional buildings into energy generating constructions [18]. BIPV
components helps to reduce the cooling load and glare associated
with architectural glazing. In addition, BIPV serve as shading
elements and daylight modulators, reducing building energy con-
sumption in the first place.
14

BIPV will rapidly become appealing and competitive within the

next few years. It can be estimated that the cost reductions of a 12
mere 25–50% are sufficient for opening up the BIPV market with
limited or no government support at all [16]. The global market of 10
Revenue(Billion dollar)

BIPV is expected to be worth $14 Billion by 2017 (Figure 3).

8

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
6
Year
FIGURE 2
BIPV installations forecast by PV technology. FIGURE 3
Source: Nanomarkets. Growth of BIPV market (billion dollars).

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FIGURE 4
Multiple function of BIPV module [37].
BIPV systems are being designed to blend with traditional
building materials design to a high-technology, potential aesthetic
appearance and solutions. This important shift into a multifunc-
tional device with architectural qualities is an important aspect for
widespread adoption of BIPV. The following are the various func-
tions of BIPV beside the fundamental production of electricity
(Figure 4) [37].
 Electromagnetic shielding
 Aesthetic quality
 Noise protection walls (up to 25 db is possible)
 Weatherproof (waterproof and windproof)
 Privacy protection panels
 Sun protection/shadowing; solar protection fins and protection
panels and canopies
 Thermal insulation (heating as well as cooling), by cooling
through rear ventilation
 Visual cover/refraction
 Safety glass
BIPV system design and integration strategies
BIPV design option
The following strategies are proposed for energy responsible facade
design approach for warm and humid climates in Asia. The build-
ing location, climatic conditions size, orientation are the most
important factor with respect to the application of BIPV in build-
ings. The integration of BIPV into architectural design is a topical
and prevalent theme that presents innovative approaches and
opportunities for consultants, architects and design engineers
and drivers of innovation. The combined energetic, architectural,
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Renewable Energy Focus  Volume 21, Number 00  October 2017
engineering design, and economic factors play a decisive role in
recognizing the advantages and potentials of building-integrated
photovoltaic’s (BIPV) to meet specific project requirements. PV
modules can be applied to the building envelope by using several
methods depending on the level of integration and functions they
perform [20].
The large variety of BIPV products provides opportunities to
replace many of the building components, including roofs and
facades. The building envelope bound to be waterproof and it
creates a border between the inner controlled building environ-
ment and the outer climate [21]. Moreover, the facades and roofs
regulates and control functions in relation to the daylight, venti-
lation, energy, safety, and privacy protection, etc. It fulfills the
priority of ensuring the comfortable inner-climate with least
energy expense [22].
BIPV integration strategies
The performance of a BIPV system is optimized during the initial
stages of design and integration into a building. The material/instal-
lation costs and electrical output curves differ based on integration.
For example, horizontal roof BIPVs which serves as building enve-
lope and vertical curtain walls BIPV are different due to each other’s
position relative to the sun [23]. The specific characteristics of a
project, such as building layout, sitting and surroundings are evalu-
ated first to determine the best optimum integration strategy for
BIPV applications. As a result, variations in efficiencies are observed
among various BIPV applications. The typical Façade applications
include vertical curtain wall, inclined curtain wall, and stepped
curtain wall; the roof applications normally include inclined roofs
Renewable Energy Focus  Volume 21, Number 00  October 2017
FIGURE 5
Typical application of BIPV.
and skylight monitors (Figure 5). Different strategies for PV building
integration are given in Table 2 [35].
Beyond comfort and aesthetics, BIPV design considerations take
account of environmental and structural factors. Environmental
factors comprises of a structure’s solar access, average seasonal
outdoor temperatures, local weather conditions, shading and
shadowing from nearby structures and trees, and the site’s latitude,
which influences the optimum BIPV system orientation and tilt
[24]. Structural factors include a building’s energy requirements,
which influences the electrical characteristics, system sizing and
the BIPV s operation and maintenance requirements.
To achieve the best possible design and value for the BIPV
systems, both environmental and structural factors must be taken
into consideration during the design stages [25]. BIPV design
requires expertise and in-depth knowledge of the building profes-
sion. Design strategies for BIPV capitalize on the multifunctional
nature of building components that also generate electricity [26].
BIPV design factors for integration
To best integrate BIPV into a building, design teams should
consider an integrated design approach to successfully address
issues surrounding aesthetic, construction requirements, electric-
ity demand and generation. The BIPV design strategies include
minimizing electric loads, optimizing system configuration, elec-
tricity generation, maximizing efficiency of energy storage and
meeting aesthetic criteria.
Minimize electric loads
The designers first consideration in BIPV applications is to maxi-
mize efficiency and minimize the building’s energy demand or
electricity load. The following integrated energy design strategies
such as building envelope improvements, day lighting techniques
and natural ventilation applications helps to reduce the load [27].
The main goal is to meet the building’s energy needs with PV-
generated electricity and then supplement the remaining loads
with local utility grid. Additionally, energy-efficient lighting and
HVAC equipment can be installed to minimize building energy
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loads. By utilizing BIPV and minimizing the electricity needs, the
designer maximizes the potential energy cost savings [28].
Optimize the generation of electricity
The solar radiation availability generally matches with the electric
loads of the building throughout the day and year [35]. BIPV
system should be designed to optimize electrical output. For
example, typical energy use in office buildings during the summer
season peaks near noon when there is the greatest solar potential.
For maximizing the energy output, the optimum orientation, tilt
angle, size and location of the BIPV system has to be determined in
relation to the building site and design [36].
Tilt
Maximum solar intensity falls on a horizontal surface perpendic-
ular to the sun’s rays. Inclined PV surface increases the amount of
sunlight incident on the surface and thereby increases the electri-
cal output [29]. Proper orientation of BIPV panels according to
certain times of day and year, it is possible to optimize solar
collection to match loads. Studies have shown that, the tilt of
the installation directly affects energy output and economics
associated with energy savings [30].
Orientation
The total amount of sunlight striking on a surface is a function of
tilt and orientation. In general, a typical commercial application
largely uses horizontal southern or vertical western installations to
collect more suns energy [31]. South oriented BIPV systems are
more efficient than east- and west-facing façades. Nevertheless,
vertically mounted BIPVs system with east/west orientation yields
up to 60% of the optimally inclined south orientation.
Sizing
Design constraints typically determine the capacity of BIPV sys-
tems rather than electric load requirements. Even with the on-site
BIPV generation, buildings imports electricity because of their
significant energy requirements. Commercial BIPV systems are
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TABLE 2
Different strategies for BIPV building integration [35].
BIPV integration strategies Remarks
Inclined roof/atrium space BIPV as a roof element for weatherproofing, structural, and snow accumulation issues. The seasonal
performances vary according to the Tilt angle and orientation.
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PV skylights (shed roof system) PV skylights can be easily used in existing building renovations for day lighting benefits with good
PV efficiency.

Inclined PV/stepped curtain wall BIPV on an inclined/curtain wall is an efficient collection strategy for reducing building footprint. It
requires a complex construction.

Vertical curtain wall (with windows) BIPV are integrated into a curtain wall to avoid overshadowing and minimize sealing problems. In
general, opaque PV, semitransparent PV, or clear glazing can be used as a fairly economical vertical
curtain wall strategy.

Sawtooth vertical curtain wall A sawtooth vertical curtain provides passive self-shading, day lighting control and multiple ``corner”
windows. It can work efficiently for certain orientations.

often designed to serve a dedicated load, such as irrigation control,
landscape lighting or to more directly link output to demand.
Variation in climatic conditions and available surface areas also
limits the sizing of BIPV systems [32].
Location
BIPV’s should be located in a place where neighboring landscapes
or tall structures are not present or anticipated in the future to
ensure long term solar access and avoid shading effect. It is critical
not to locate BIPV panels on shading areas which inhibits the
production of electricity [33]. Homogeneous solar access to solar
cell with the lowest illumination level determines the operating
current for all of the cells wired in that series and it ensures best
performance.
Maximize efficiency of energy storage
A energy storage device is needed as BIPVs generates electricity
only during the day. In most commercial applications, hybrid
systems (battery plus grid-connected configurations), are used to
provide the added benefit of protection from power interrup-
tions. Additionally, battery-stored energy may offset the
demand and reduce the high-energy costs during peak hours.
The following considerations are important for battery storage
[34].
 Assess the hours of non-solar input power.
 The daily power requirement (amp-hours) is multiplied with
the time.
 A safety factor is added to avoid over draining of the battery
bank and depth of discharge.

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Renewable Energy Focus  Volume 21, Number 00  October 2017
 A multiplier factor to account for reduced performance due to
extreme ambient temperature conditions.
Meet aesthetic goals
BIPV products in the market today have visually distinctive appli-
cations by adding patterns, textures, colors, and visual to the roof
or façade of a building. Example includes shiny exterior of a BIPV
curtain wall or the inscribed patterns of semitransparent BIPV
glazing products. Several prominent architectural firms and archi-
tects have used BIPV designs to achieve a distinguished image of
being environmentally green and aesthetically appealing [35].
BIPV implementation: barriers and drivers
BIPV Implementation framework is crucial in encompassing the
successful application of BIPV in Southeast Asian countries. Fig-
ure 6 shows the barriers and drivers in the implementation of BIPV
in Malaysian context [11] which holds well in other Southeast
Asian countries as well. On one hand, the drivers are the solution
FIGURE 6
BIPV Implementation [38].
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to overcome the barriers and further BIPV implementation. On the
other hand, the barriers are the limitations that the developers face
in the implementation [38]. Both barriers and drivers are inter-
connected. It is for the purpose of achieving the BIPV application,
the consistencies of the barriers and critical issues are to be
addressed. The various solutions proposed by the developers in
pushing the BIPV implementation forward are favorable policy;
comprehensive loan and financial benefits [37]. Nevertheless,
there is some difference in the researchers with the developers
on the technology perspective. This contrast could lead to the
issues in which the developers are hesitant to implement BIPV
despite the profits it can produce. The developers also mentioned
some new barriers and drivers for BIPV that has not pointed out by
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previous researches. The other barriers in implementation of BIPV
are the lack of promotion, lack of incentive, lack of expertise,
product design, flexibility and durability; and adoption readiness.
One of the prime drivers is incentives and promotion which may
help in overcoming the existing barriers in spite of several other
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barriers [38]. Moreover, these incentives and promotion bring
mutual benefits in the implementation of BIPV in the developer’s
housing project. During the implementation of BIPV projects,
these drivers’ effects encompass the advertising from the devel-
opers to the resident property buyers and bring reduction to the
principal loan amount for house buyers [38].
Conclusion
The building and construction industry in Southeast Asia faces its
most serious challenge in finding specific technological solutions
to overcome issues such as non renewable raw materials, water
consumption, land use, soil degradation and waste generation.
The construction industry has a long way to go in order to
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adequately address pertinent environmental issues affected by
its activities. BIPV system can play a vital role in transforming
the construction sector. The following conclusions are drawn from
the study.
 The global future of BIPV lies in the primary areas of application
such as facades, roof, spandrels and balconies.
 BIPV technology has multifunctional role which facilitates a
new approach in the area of aesthetics, energy performance and
efficiency of building.
 BIPV’s future lies in the development of energy efficient PV
material that architecturally adapts into the electrical infra-
structure of built environment.
 The success of BIPV project lies in understanding the basic
principles of BIPV systems, BIPV design strategies, integration,
architectural applications, economic factors.
 BIPV system can only act as an auxiliary power source to sup-
plement grid-generated electricity. The energy generated from
BIPVs can be used to displace a larger percentage of the grid-
electricity through proper design strategies. However it is not
possible always to meet the complete energy through BIPV.
 Another consideration for designers is to optimize the BIPV
system configuration and electricity generation. Designers
should work to closely match the BIPV peak output to the
building’s peak energy demand. It is also important to properly
design a storage system and the balance of system components
to fully maximize the BIPV application.
 Several factors like high initial costs, design constraints, eco-
nomic and environmental attractiveness have impeded the
progress and growth of Building Integrated Photovoltaic’s
applications.
 New technologies and cost reduction strategies would help
BIPV products to penetrate end-user segments aggressively in
the future.
 BIPV offers the real opportunity to replace conventional build-
ing materials and with the additional income of the PV energy
generation, the total building cost may be cheaper on a square
meter basis.
Conflict of interest
None.
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Renewable Energy Focus  Volume 21, Number 00  October 2017
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