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to effect a renewal of their old friendship with France, which
proposal, however, the Americans treated with contempt.
On the 30th of September, 1800, their ambassadors concluded an
agreement at Bonaparte’s country seat of Morfontaine, which
referred especially to the resistance which all the neutral powers
under the protectorate of the emperor of Russia were desirous of
making to the pretensions and claims of England. The Americans
first of all declared that neutral flags should make a neutral cargo,
except in cases where the ship was actually laden with goods
contraband of war. It was afterwards precisely defined what were to
be considered goods contraband of war. By the fourth article it was
determined that neutral ships must submit to be detained, but that
the ships of war so detaining a merchantman with a view to search
should remain at least at the distance of a cannon-shot, and only be
allowed to send a boat with three men to examine the ship’s papers
and cargo; and that in all cases in which a merchantman should be
under convoy of a ship of war, no right of search should exist,
because the presence of the convoy should be regarded as a
sufficient guarantee against contraband. Inasmuch as England and
Denmark were at open issue concerning this last point, the
Americans would have been inevitably involved in the dispute had
they immediately ratified the treaty of Morfontaine: they were,
however, far too cunning to fall into this difficulty; and they did not
therefore ratify the treaty till the Russian confederation had been
dissolved.
Sweden and Denmark had come to issue with England concerning
the right of search in 1798 and 1799, when four frigates, two
Swedish and two Danish, were captured and brought into English
ports. True, they were afterwards given up, but without any
satisfaction, for the English still insisted upon the right of search. The
dispute became most vehement in the case of the Danish frigate
Freya, which, together with the merchantmen under her convoy,
were brought into an English port, after a sharp engagement on the
25th of July, 1800; and the English, aware of the hostile negotiations
which were going on in the north, at once despatched an expedition
against Denmark.
Sixteen English ships of war suddenly appeared before
Copenhagen, and most unexpectedly threatened the harbour and
city with a destructive bombardment, if Denmark did not at once
acknowledge England’s right of search at sea. Had this
acknowledgment been made, Bonaparte’s and the emperor’s plan
would have been frustrated in its very origin; but Denmark had the
good fortune to possess, in its minister Bernstorff, the greatest
diplomatist of the whole revolutionary era, who contrived for that time
to save Copenhagen without the surrender of any rights. It was quite
impossible to resist by force, but he refused to enter upon the
question of right or wrong; and in the agreement which he signed
with Lord Whitworth on the 25th of August, 1800, he consented that
in the meantime all occasion for dispute should be avoided, and thus
the difficulty be postponed or removed. Denmark bound herself no
longer to send her merchantmen under convoy—whereupon the
Freya, and the vessels by which she was accompanied, were set at
liberty. On this occasion the emperor Paul offered himself as
arbitrator; and when Lord Whitworth rejected his interference or
arbitration, he immediately laid an embargo on all the English ships
in Russian ports.
The news of the agreement entered into at Copenhagen, however,
no sooner reached St. Petersburg, than this first embargo was
removed, and the dispute carried on merely in a diplomatic manner.
At last the emperor Paul put an end to this paper war, when Vaubois,
who had defended Malta since July, 1798, against the English,
Russians, Neapolitans, and sometimes also the Portuguese, at
length capitulated, on the 5th of September, 1800. The island was
taken military possession of by the English without any reference
whatever to the order, to Naples, to the promise which they had
made to the emperor, or to Bailli de la Ferrette, whom Paul had
named as the representative of the order. As soon as this news
reached St. Petersburg, Paul’s rage and indignation knew no
bounds. On the 7th of November, he not only laid an embargo upon
three hundred English ships then in his ports, but sent the whole of
their crews into the interior of Russia, and allowed them only a few
kopecks a day for their support.
Lord Carysfort, the English ambassador in Berlin, was unable for
six weeks to obtain any answer from the Prussian government with
respect to its connection with the northern confederation, although
he insisted strongly upon it; and yet Stedingk, the Swedish minister,
and Rosenkranz, the Danish minister, had signed the agreement for
an armed neutrality in the form of that of 1780 as early as the 17th of
December, 1800, in St. Petersburg, and the Prussian minister, Von
Luft, in the name of his king, had signified his acceptance of the
alliance on the 18th. When Lord Carysfort at length obtained an
answer on the 12th of February to his demands, so long and
repeatedly urged in vain, Haugwitz had drawn it up equivocally both
in form and contents. The emperor of Russia was so indignant at the
ambiguity that he not only expressed his feelings on the subject
warmly, but also took some hostile measures against Prussia.
On the other hand, the emperor invited Gustavus IV to St.
Petersburg where he was received with the greatest splendour. He
arrived at St. Petersburg at Christmas, 1800, and immediately, as if
to insult the English, a grand meeting of the order of Malta was held;
the king himself was loaded with marks of honour of every possible
description, and at the end of December he signed a new
agreement, by which the objects of that of the 16th of the same
month were greatly enlarged. In the former alliance defensive
operations alone were contemplated; but now offensive measures
were also agreed upon, with the reservation, indeed, if they should
become necessary. Paul took measures to refit his fleet, and an
army was equipped which was to be placed under the commands of
Soltikov, Pahlen, and Kutusov; the Danish fleet was in good
condition; the Russian minister in Paris appeared to regard the
circumstances as very favourable for gaining Hanover to his master
without danger or risk; and Pitt himself considered the state of affairs
so unfavourable, that he seriously contemplated the propriety of
retiring and making way for a new ministry, in order to render a
peace possible. This close confederacy against England was,
however, dissolved at the very moment in which the first consul
appeared to be disposed to favour Naples and Sardinia, in order to
gratify the wishes of the emperor of Russia.
ASSASSINATION OF PAUL (1801 A.D.)