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 A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RUSSIAN
HISTORY

BASED ON THE WORKS QUOTED, CITED, OR

CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE
PRESENT HISTORY; WITH CRITICAL AND
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

Anon., La guerre d’Orient en 1877-1878, par un tacticien, Paris,

1880; Tainy nashei gosudarstvennoi politiki v Polshye. Sbornik
sekretnykh dokumentov (The secrets of our governmental policy in
Poland. A collection of secret documents), London, 1899; Secret
Memoirs of the Court of St. Petersburg, particularly towards the end
of the reign of Catherine II and the commencement of that of Paul I
(translated from the French), London, 1895; The Persecution of the
Jews in Russia, published by the Russo-Jewish Committee, London,
1890; Russia, Its Industries and Trade (Official report prepared for
the Glasgow Exhibition), Glasgow, 1901; Erinnerungen eines
Dorfgeistlichen. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Leibeigenschaft und
ihrer Aufhebung. Aus dem russischen übertragen von M. Oettingen,
Stuttgart, 1894 (Bibliothek russischer Denkwürdigkeiten. Edited by
Th. Schiemann, vol. 5); An early news-sheet. The Russian Invasion
of Poland in 1563. An exact facsimile of a contemporary account in
Latin, published at Douay. Together with an introduction and
historical notes, and a full translation into English, London, 1874;
The French bulletins relating to the war in Russia, London, 1813;
Russia’s March Towards India, by an Indian officer, London, 1893, 2
vols.; Russia Before and After the War. By the author of “Society in
St. Petersburg,” etc. Translated from the German, with later additions
by the author, by E. F. Taylor, London and New York, 1880; Von
Nicolaus I zu Alexander III: St. Petersburger Beiträge zur neuesten
russischen Geschichte, Leipsic, 1881; Russisch-Baltische Blaetter,
Beiträge zur Kenntniss Russlands und seiner Grenzmarken, 4 vol.,
Leipzig, 1886-1888; Russland vor und nach dem Kriege; auch “Aus
der petersburger Gesellschaft,” Leipsic, 1879; Russland am
Scheidewege: Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Slawophilenthums, Berlin,
1888; Lose Blätter aus dem Geheim-Archive der russischen
Regierung; Ein aktenmässiger Beitrag zur neuesten Geschichte der
russischen Verwaltung und Beamten-Korruption, Leipsic, 1882.—
Abaza, V. A. Istorya Rossii (History of Russia), St. Petersburg, 1893.
—Abbott, J., Narrative of a Journey from Herat to Khiva, Moscow
and St. Petersburg, during the late Russian invasion of Khiva,
London, 1856, 2 vols.—Adam, Mme., Le général Skobélef, Paris,
1886.—Adelung, F. von, Kritisch-literarische Übersicht der
Reisenden in Russland bis 1700, St. Petersburg, 1846, 2 vols.—
Alexander II, Manifest (The proclamation of emancipation) printed
by the Senate, St. Petersburg, 1861.—Alison, A., History of Europe,
London and New York, 1849-1850, 14 vols.—Arnaud, C. A. de, The
New Era in Russia, Washington, 1890.—Arnheim, F., Der
ausserordentliche Finländische Landtag, Leipsic, 1900.—Avril, A. d’,
Négociations relatives au traité de Berlin et aux arrangements qui
ont suivi, Paris, 1886.

Bain, R. N., Charles XII and the Collapse of the Swedish empire
(Heroes of the Nations series) New York, 1895; The Pupils of Peter
the Great. A History of the Russian Court and Empire from 1697 to
1740, Westminster, 1897; The Daughter of Peter the Great. A
History of Russian Diplomacy and of the Russian Court under the
Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1762), Westminster, 1899.—
Bakunin, A., M. Herzen, and others, Sozial-politischer Briefwechsel.
Mit einer biographischen Einleitung von M. Dragomanov. Autorisirte
Übersetzung aus dem russischen von B. Minzer, Stuttgart, 1895.
(Bibliothek russischer Denkwürdigkeiten, vol. 6).—Bantysh-
Kamenski, D. N. Istorya maloi Rossii (History of Little Russia)
Moscow, 1842.
Bantysh-Kamenski was born in Moscow in 1788. Between 1825
and 1828 he was governor of Tobolsk, and from 1836 to 1838,
governor of Vilna. After that he was engaged in the ministry of the
interior. He died at St. Petersburg in 1850. Besides his “History of
Little Russia,” which is to this day the only complete history in this
department, he also wrote a biographical dictionary and the lives of a
number of Russian statesmen and commanders.
Bantysh-Kamenski, N., Diplomatitcheskoe sobranie dyel mezhdu
Rossiiskim i Kitaiskim gosudarstvom s 1619 po 1792 god (a
collection of diplomatic papers between the Russian and Chinese
empires from 1619 to 1792) Kazan, 1882; Obzor vnyeshnikh
snoshenyi Rossii po 1800 g (a review of the foreign relations of
Russia up to the year 1800, Courland, Livonia, Esthonia, Poland,
and Portugal), Moscow, 1897.—Bell, R., Russia (Cabinet
Cyclopædia series), London, 1836, 3 vol.—Bernhardi, T. von,
Geschichte Russlands und der europäischen Politik in den Jahren
1814-1831, Leipsic, 1868-1878, 3 vols.—Bestuzhev-Riumin, K. N.,
Russkaya istorya (Russian history) St. Petersburg, 1872, 2 vol.
Konstantin Nikelaievitch Bestuzhev-Riumin was born in 1829.
From 1865 to 1882 he was a professor at the university of St.
Petersburg. Besides the History, he has been the author of a number
of monographs. His method is thorough, painstaking, and minute. He
insists on a many-sided study of the national life, and of the
exclusion of all philosophical or general theories, and devotes much
more space to internal than to external history, paying special
attention to forms of family life, political organisation, law, religion,
and literature. The introductory chapters give a valuable account of
the source and authorities of Russian history. At his death, in 1897,
he left his History a torso. It was translated into German by Dr.
Schiemann (Mitau, 1873-1875).
Beveridge, A. J., The Russian Advance, New York, 1903.—
Bigelow, P., The German Emperor and his Eastern Neighbors, New
York, 1892.—Bilbassov, V. A., Istorya Ekateriny II (History of
Catherine II), London, 1895, 2 vols.—Bilbassov, B., Katherina II,
Kaiserin von Russland, im Urtheile der Weltlitteratur. Übersetzt aus
dem russischen mit einem Vorwort von T. Schiemann, Berlin, 1897, 2
vols.; Geschichte Katharina II. Übersetzt aus dem russischen von M.
von Petzold, Berlin, 1893, 2 vols.—Bodenstedt, F. von, Die Völker
des Kaukasus und ihre Freiheitskämpfe gegen die Russen, Berlin,
1855, 2 vols.—Bogdanovitch, M. I., Istorya tsarstvovanya
imperatora Alexandra I i Rossii v yevo vremya (History of the reign of
Alexander I and of Russia during his time) St. Petersburg, 1869-
1871, 6 vols.—Bond, E. A., Russia at the Close of the 16th Century;
comprising the treatise “Of the Russ Commonwealth,” by G.
Fletcher, and the travels of Sir J. Horsey (Hakluyt Society
Publications, vol. 20), London, 1856.—Bookwalter, J. W., Siberia
and Central Asia, New York, 1899.—Boulger, D. C., England and
Russia in Central Asia, London, 1873, 5 vols.—Brodhead, J. M. N.,
Slav and Moslem: historical sketches, Charleston, S. C., 1894.—
Brooks, C. W. S., Russians of the South, London, 1854.—
Browning, O., Charles XII of Sweden, London, 1899.—Brueckner,
A. Finanzgeschichtliche Studien: Kupfergeldkrisen, St. Petersburg,
1867; Kulturhistorische Studien: die Russen im Ausland: die
Ausländer in Russland im 17. Jahrhundert, Riga, 1878; Ivan
Possoschkow: Ideen und Zustände in Russland zur Zeit Peters des
Grossen, Leipsic, 1878; Peter der Grosse, in Oncken’s Allgemeine
Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen, Berlin, 1879; Der Zarewitsch
Alexei, Heidelberg, 1880; Katharina II, in Oncken’s Weltgeschichte in
Einzeldarstelungen, Berlin, 1883; Istorya Yekateriny II (History of
Catherine II), St. Petersburg, 1885, 3 vols.; Bilder aus Russlands
Vergangenheit, Leipsic, 1887; Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte
Russlands im 17. Jahrhundert, Leipsic, 1887; Die Europäisierung
Russlands, Gotha, 1888; Geschichte Russlands: Überblick der
Entwicklung bis zum Tode Peters des Grossen, in Geschichte der
europäischen Staaten, Gotha, 1896.
Alexander Brueckner was born August 5, 1834, at St. Petersburg.
After engaging for six years in business, he turned his attention to
the study of history, which he pursued at Heidelberg, Jena, and
Berlin. After returning to St. Petersburg he became professor of
history at the Imperial School of law, in 1867 professor at the
university of Odessa, and in 1872 at Dorpat. Owing to his German
origin, he was removed in 1891 from Dorpat and transferred to the
university of Kazan, but at his request he was permitted to settle at
Jena. Brueckner is, like Schiemann and Eckhardt, a German-
Russian, and as such has a special qualification for the presentation
of Russian history to a West-European audience. He has written
numerous works both in Russian and in German, and takes rank
with the foremost historians of Russia.
Brueggen, E. von der, Polens Auflösung, Leipsic, 1878; Wie
Russland europäisch wurde, Leipsic, 1885.—Bunge, F. G. von,
Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Standesverhältnisse in Livonia,
Esthonia, und Kurland bis 1561, Dorpat, 1838; der Orden der
Schwertbrüder, Leipsic, 1875.—Burtsev, V., and S. M.
Kravtchinski, Za sto lyet (1800-1896). Sbornik po istorii
polititcheskikh i obshtchestvennikh dvizhenyi v Rossii (One hundred
years. Documents Relating to the History of Political and Social
Movements in Russia), London, 1897.—Buturlin, Knyaz D. P.,
Histoire militaire de la campagne de Russia en 1812, Paris, 1824, 2
vols.

Cary, C., The Trans-Siberian Route, New York, 1902.—Catherine

II, empress of Russia, Memoirs of the Empress Catherine II, written
by herself, with a preface by A. Herzen, translated from the French,
New York, 1859.—Celestin, Fr. J., Russland seit Aufhebung der
Leibeigenschaft, Laibach, 1875.—Choiseul-Gouffier, (Tisenhaus),
comtesse de, Historical Memoirs of the Emperor Alexander I and the
Court of Russia. Translated by M. B. Patterson, Chicago, 1901.—
Colquhoun, A. R., Russia against India: The Struggle for Asia, New
York, 1900.—Coxe, W., An Account of the Russian Discoveries
between Asia and America: added, The Conquest of Siberia, and the
history of the transactions and commerce between Russia and
China, London, 1803.—Crusenstolpe, M. I. von, Der russische Hof
von Peter I bis auf Nikolaus I, Hamburg, 1855-1859.—Curzon, G.
N., Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question,
London, 1889; Persia and the Persian Question, London, 1892;
Problems of the Far-East: Japan, Corea, China, London, 1894; The
Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus, London, 1896.—Custine, le
marquis de, La Russie en 1839, Paris, 1844, 4 vols.

Danilevski, N. Y., Rossiya i Evropa: Vzgliad na kulturnyia i

polititcheskyia otnoshenya slavianskavo mira k germano-
romanskomu (Russia and Europe: a glance at the cultural and
political relations of the Slav world to the German-Romance world),
St. Petersburg, 1895.—Day, W. A., The Russian Government in
Poland. With a narrative of the Polish insurrection in 1863, London,
1867.—De la Gorce, P., Histoire du second Empire, Paris, 1894, 4
vols.—Delord, T., Histoire du second Empire, Paris, 1868-1875, 6
vols.—Deutsch, L. G., Sixteen Years in Siberia, New York, 1903.—
De Windt, H., Finland as It Is, London, 1901.—Drage, G., Russian
Affairs, New York, 1904.—Dubrovin, N. F., Pugatchev i yevo
soobshtchniki (Pugatchev and his accomplices), St. Petersburg,
1884, 3 vols.; Prisoedinenie Krima k Rossii (The annexation of the
Crimea to Russia), St. Petersburg, 1885-1889, 4 vols.—Duggan, S.
P. H., The Eastern Question: A Study in Diplomacy (Columbia
studies in history, economics, and public law), New York, 1902.

Eckardt, J., Jungrussisch und Altlivländisch. Politische und

culturgeschichtliche Aufsätze, Leipsic, 1871; Distinguished persons
in Russian society (translated from the Author’s Aus der
Petersburger Gesellschaft), London, 1873; Aus der Petersburger
Gesellschaft, 5th edition, Leipsic, 1880; Neue Folge, Leipsic, 1881;
Von Nikolaus I zu Alexander III, Leipsic, 1881; Russische
Wandlungen. Neue Beiträge zur russischen Geschichte von Nikolaus
I zu Alexander III, Leipsic, 1882.
 Julius von Eckhardt was born August 1, 1836, at Wolmar in
Livonia. From 1860 to 1867 he was the secretary of the Evangelical-
Lutheran Consistory at Riga, one of the editors of the Riga Zeitung,
and an active member of the Liberal-German party in the Baltic
provinces of Russia. After the leaders of this party had been
removed from their offices on account of their Germanising
tendencies, Eckardt emigrated to Germany, where he was active first
as a journalist, then as secretary of the Hamburg senate, and finally
as German consul at Tunis, Marseilles and Stockholm. Eckardt was
the author of numerous works and pamphlets, many of which were
published anonymously, on Russian, Baltic, and German affairs. He
was less an historian than a publicist and politician; but he had an
intimate knowledge of the Russia of his own day, the Russia of
Alexander II and Alexander III, and his works are indispensable for
an understanding of Russian parties and the vacillations of Russian
public opinion. His own point of view is that of a conservative liberal.
Edwards, H. D., Russian Projects against India, London, 1885.—
Engelmann, J., Peter der Grosse, seine Jugend und seine
Reformen, Dorpat, 1872; Die Leibeigenschaft in Russland, Leipsic,
1884; Das Staatsrecht Russlands, in Marquardsen’s Handbuch des
öffentlichen Rechts, vol. 4, Freiburg, 1888.—Engels, F., Die
auswärtige Politik des russischen Zarenthums, in Neue Zeit,
Stuttgart, 1890.

Favre, L., Histoire de la guerre entre la Russie et la Turquie, Niort,

1879.—Fenton, F. de, La Russie dans l’Asie-Mineure; ou,
Campagnes du Maréchal Paskewitch en 1828 et 1829, Paris, 1840.
—Ferrand, A. de, Les trois démembrements de la Pologne, Paris,
1865, 3 vols.—Fischer, I. E., Sibirskaya istorya s samavo otkrytya
(A history of Siberia from its discovery), St. Petersburg, 1774.—
Fisher, J. R., Finland and the Tsars, London, 1899.—Flerovski, N.,
Tri polititcheskya sistemy: Nikolai I, Alexander II, Alexander III,
(Three political systems: Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III),
Geneva, 1897, (German translation, Berlin, 1898).—Foster-Fraser,
J., The Real Siberia, London, 1902.—Foulke, W. D., Slav or Saxon:
A Study of the Growth and Tendencies of Russian Civilisation, New
York, 1887.—Fowler, G., History of the War between Turkey and
Russia to the End of 1854, London, 1855.—Fraehn, C. M., Ibn
Fosslans und anderer Araber Berichte über die Russen älterer Zeit,
St. Petersburg, 1823.—Fraser, J. F., The Real Siberia; with an
account of a dash through Manchuria, New York, 1902.—Frederica,
Sophia Wilhelmina, Princess Royal of Russia, Memoirs, London,
1812, 2 vols.

Galakhov, A. D., Istorya russkoi slovesnosti (History of Russian

literature), Moscow, 1894, 2 vols.—Galitsyne, A., Le faux Pierre III,
trad. de Pouchkine, Paris, 1858.—George, H. B., Napoleon’s
Invasion of Russia, New York, 1899.—Gerebtzov, N. de, Essai sur
l’histoire de la civilisation en Russie, Paris, 1858, 2 vols.—Gerrare,
W., The Story of Moscow (Mediæval Towns series), London, 1900;
Greater Russia, London, 1903.—Gogol, N. V., Home Life in Russia,
by a Russian noble; revised by the editor of “Revelations in Siberia,”
London, 1854, 2 vols.—Golovin, Knyas I, Russia under the Autocrat
Nicholas I, London, 1846, 2 vols.—Gossip, R., History of Russia,
London, 1800.—Grigorev, V. V., Rossya i Azya, Sbornik
izslyedovanyi i statey po istorii, etnografii i geografii (Russia and
Asia. Researches in history, ethnography, and geography), St.
Petersburg, 1876.—Grodekov, N. G., A Ride from Samarcand to
Herat, translated by C. Marvin, London, 1885.—Gurowski, A.,
Russia As It Is, New York, 1854.

Hagemeister, I. A., Rozyskanya o finansakh drevney Rossii

(Investigations concerning the finances of ancient Russia), St.
Petersburg, 1833.—Hakluyt, R., Discovery of Muscovy (Cassel’s
Nat. Lib.)—Hamley, E. R., The Story of the Campaign: a complete
narrative of the war in southern Russia. Written in a tent in the
Crimea, Boston, 1855.—Hanna, H. B., Indian Problems,
Westminster, 1895-1896, 3 vols.—Hare, A. J. C., Studies in Russia,
London, 1885.—Haumant, E., La guerre du Nord (1655-1660),
Paris, 1893.—Haxthausen, A. von, Studien über die inneren
Zustände, das Volksleben, und insbesondere die ländlichen
Einrichtungen Russlands, Hanover, 1847-1852, 3 vols.; Die
Kriegsmacht Russlands, Berlin, 1852; Transcaucasia: sketches of
the nations and races between the Black Sea and the Caspian,
translated by J. E. Taylor, London, 1854; Tribes of the Caucasus:
with an account of Schamyl and the Murids, translated by J. E.
Taylor, London, 1855; Transkaukasia, Leipsic, 1856, 2 vols.; The
Russian Empire, Its People, Institutions and Resources, translated
by R. Farie, London, 1856, 2 vols.; Die ländliche Verfassung
Russlands, Leipsic, 1866.
Baron August von Haxthausen was born on his father’s estate
near Paderborn in Westphalia, February 3, 1792. He studied in a
mining school and took part in the War of Liberation, 1813-1815. His
life was mainly devoted to the study of agrarian conditions in eastern
Prussia and in Russia. His researches in the latter country were
undertaken at the request of Nicholas I, and he is generally regarded
as the discoverer of the mir or Russian village community. He died at
Hanover, January 1, 1867.
Hedin, Sven, Through Asia, New York, 1899, 2 vols.—Hehn, V.,
De moribus Ruthenorum. Zur Charakteristik der russischen
Volksseele. Edited by Th. Schiemann, Stuttgart, 1892.—Hellwald, F.
A. H. von, The Russians in Central Asia, translated from the German
by Theo. Wirgman, London, 1874.—Herzen, A. I., Die russische
Verschwörung und der Aufstand vom 14. Dezember 1825, Hamburg,
1858; Russlands soziale Zustände. Aus dem russischen, Hamburg,
1854; Du développement des idées révolutionnaires en Russie, par
A. Iscander (pseud), Paris, 1851; Le monde russe et la révolution;
mémoires, 1812-1835, traduits par H. Delaveau, Paris, 1860-1862, 3
vols.—Himmelstjerna, S. H. von, Russland unter Alexander III.,
Leipsic, 1891, English translation, Russia under Alexander III., and in
the preceding period, New York, 1893; Verlumpung der Bauern und
des Adels in Russland, nach G. I. Uspensky und A. N. Terpigoriew,
Leipsic, 1892.—Historischer Atlas von Russland, Polen, etc.,
vom Jahre 1155 bis zum Jahre 1816, Leipsic, 1817.—Holland, Th.
E., A Lecture on the Treaty Relations of Russia and Turkey from
1774 to 1853, London, 1877.—Hourwich, I. A., The Economics of
the Russian Village (Columbia studies in history, economics, and
public law), New York, 1892.—Howard, B., Prisoners of Russia: a
personal study of convict life in Sakhalin and Siberia, New York,
1902.—Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the Ninth to the
Nineteenth Century, London, 1876-1880, 4 vols.

Ignatovitch, I., Pomyeshtchitchi krestyane nakanune

osvobozhdenya (Proprietor’s peasants on the eve of emancipation),
in “Russkoe Bogatstvo,” 1900.—Ilovaiski, D. I., Istorya Rossii
(History of Russia), Moscow, 1876-1890, 3 vols.; Smutnoe vremya
moskocskavo gosudarstva (The Troublous Period in the Muscovite
Empire), Moscow, 1894.—Ivanin, M. L., O voyennom iskustvye i
zavoevanyakh Mongolo-Tatar i srednyeazyatskikh narodov pri
Tchingis Khanye i Tammerlanye, (The Art of War and the Conquests
of the Mongol-Tatars and Central-Asian peoples under Jenghiz Khan
and Tamerlane), St. Petersburg, 1875.

Jauffret, P. E., Catherine II., et son règne, Paris, 1860.

Kapnist, J., Code d’organisation judiciaire russe, Paris, 1893.—

Karamzin, N. M., Istorya gosudarstva rossiiskavo (History of the
Russian Empire), St. Petersburg, 1818-1829, 12 vols.
Nikolai Mikhailovitch Karamzin was born December 12, 1765, at
the village of Mikhailovka, in the government of Orenburg, and died
June 3, 1826, at Tsarskoi Selo. His first literary efforts consisted of
translations of essays and poems from foreign languages. In 1789
he undertook a journey to Germany, France, Switzerland and
England, the literary result of which was his Letters of a Russian
Traveller, elegant, poetical and sentimental. These letters were first
published in the Moscow Journal, of which he was the founder, and
which he edited in 1791-1792. In the same periodical also appeared
some of his original stories, one of which treats of the fall of
Novgorod. From 1794 to 1799 he published a number of
miscellanies, Aglaia, The Aonides, and the Pantheon, containing
original as well as translated matter. In 1802-1803 Karamzin edited
the European Messenger, destined to become one of the most
important Russian reviews, and of which he was the founder. He
then turned to the work of his life, the great History of the Russian
Empire, which was to occupy him till his death. In this last enterprise
he was aided and encouraged by the emperor Alexander I, who
contributed 60,000 rubles to the cost of publication. The history
terminates at the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613.
Karamzin’s work is the first great Russian history. Its style is elegant
and flowing, its erudition large and solid, and it abounds in curious
information. It is owing to these qualities that the book still maintains
its place, although much of it has by this time become obsolete. The
book is especially strong in description of battles and analysis of
character. Its spirit is frankly reactionary. The barbarism of early
Russia is glossed over by a glittering veil of romanticism, the
material, intellectual and moral condition of the Russian people is
almost entirely ignored, and the book has been styled the “epic of
despotism.” A French translation appeared at Paris in 1819-1820,
and a German one at Leipsic in 1820-1833.
Kelly, W. K., History of Russia, London, 1854, 2 vols.—Kennan,
G., Tent Life in Siberia, and Adventures Among the Koraks and
Other Tribes in Kamtchatka and Northern Asia, New York, 1870;
Siberia and the Exile System, New York, 1891, 2 vols.—Kinglake, A.
W., The Invasion of the Crimea, London, 1863-1887, 8 vols.—
Klaczko, J., Études de diplomatie contemporaine (1861-1864),
Paris, 1866; Deux chanceliers (Gortchakov and Bismarck), Paris,
1877.—Kleinschmidt, A., Drei Jahrhunderte russischer Geschichte
(1598-1898), Berlin, 1898.—Knorr, E., Die polnischen Aufstände
seit 1830, Berlin, 1880.—Kohl, J. G., Russia: Travels, London, 1842.
—Kostomarov, N. I., Istoritcheskya monografii i izslyedovanya
(Historical Monographs and Researches), St. Petersburg, 1863-
1867, 3 vols.; Russkaya istorya v zhiznye opisanyakh yeya
glavnyeisliikh dyeiyatelyei (Russian History in the Biographies of its
Chief Actors), St. Petersburg, 1892-1896, 4 vols.; Smutnoe vremya
moskovskavo gosudarstva v natchalye XVII. stolyetya (The
Troublous Period in the Muscovite Empire at the Beginning of the
Seventeenth Century), St. Petersburg, 1868; Poslyednie gody
ryetchi-pospolitoi (The Last Years of the Polish Republic), St.
Petersburg, 1870; Predanya pervonatchalnoi russkoi lyetopisi (The
Traditions of the Earliest Russian Chronicles), St. Petersburg, 1881;
Bogdan Khmelnitski: istoritcheskaya monografia (Bogdan
Khmelnitsky: an Historical Monograph), St. Petersburg, 1884, 3
vols.; Syevernorusskie narodopravstva vo vremya udyelno-
vyetchevovo uklada (Popular Rights in Northern Russia During the
Period of Appanages and Republics. The History of Novgorod,
Pskov, and Vyatka), St. Petersburg, 1886, 2 vols.; Otcherk
domashney zhizni i nravov velikorusskavo Naroda v 16. i 17. stolyetii
i starinnye zemskie sbory (A Sketch of the Domestic Life and
Manners of the Great-Russians in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth
Centuries; and the Ancient Provincial Assemblies), St. Petersburg,
1887; Otcherk torgovli moskovskavo gosudarstva v 16. i 17.
stolyetyakh (A Sketch of the Commerce of the Muscovite Empire
During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries), St. Petersburg,
1889.
Nikolai Ivanovitch Kostomarov was born May 4th, 1817, at
Ostrogosh, in the government of Voronezh. In 1846 he was
appointed to a professorship of history in the university of Kiev.
Owing to his activity for the reviving of Little Russian literature he
was accused of harbouring separatist tendencies, arrested,
imprisoned for a whole year, and then banished to Saratov and
forbidden to teach or publish his writings. On the accession of
Alexander II he was pardoned, and in 1859 he was appointed
professor of history at the university of St. Petersburg. But in 1862,
when the university was closed in consequence of students’
disorders, he resigned his post, and henceforth devoted himself
exclusively to writing. He died at St. Petersburg, April 19th, 1885. His
poetical works, which were written in the Little Russian dialect under
the nom de plume of Jeremiah Halka, were published collectively at
Odessa, 1875. Some of them have been translated into German. As
an historian Kostomarov occupies a very high place in Russian
literature. His work has assumed the form of monographs, owing to
his idea that Russian history cannot be understood without an
exhaustive study of the numerous ethnological elements and the
separate territorial divisions of which the Russian empire is
composed. In his own words, “the Russian empire represents an
integration of parts that once led an independent existence, and for a
considerable time after unification the life of the parts expressed
itself in separate tendencies within the general political structure. To
discover and disclose these peculiarities of national life in the
divisions that make up the Russian empire, was the problem I set
before myself in my historical labours.” The justification of this view
lies in the comparative recency of the Russian empire, its weakness
in the assumption that the national or provincial character is
unchangeable and immobile. Kostomarov had at his command a
vigorous, dramatic style and a lively imagination, and his books
contributed greatly toward the popularisation of historical studies in
Russia: but he was also possessed in a high degree of the critical
faculty, and more than one historical legend has been demolished in
his pages. His “Russian History in Biographies” was translated into
German and published at Leipsic, 1886-1889.
Kovalevski, M., Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia,
London, 1891; Le Régime économique de la Russie, Paris, 1896;
L’Agriculture en Russie, Paris, 1897; Russian Political Institutions,
Chicago, 1902.
Maxim Kovalevski was born at Kharkov in 1851, of a rich and
noble family that is remarkable for the number of men—and one
woman—of science it has given to Russia. He studied at Berlin,
Paris, and London, and in 1877-1887 he was professor of
comparative law at the university of Moscow. Owing to his liberal
views he was compelled to give up his position. Since then he has
settled at Paris, where he has collected a valuable library, and
lectured at various seats of learning in Europe and America—
Stockholm, Oxford, Brussels, Chicago. He has written numerous and
important works on the history of Russia, France, England, the
Caucasus, etc., and is a recognised authority in the departments of
pre-history, public and private law, and economic history.
Koyalovitch, M. I., Dnyevnik poslyednyavo pokhoda Stefana
Batorya na Rossiyu, 1581-1582. Osada Pskova (A diary of the last
campaign of Stephen Batory against Russia in 1581-1582. The siege
of Pskov), St. Petersburg, 1867; Tchtenya po istorii zapadnoi Rossii
(Lectures on the history of Southern Russia), St. Petersburg, 1884.
—Kravchinski, S. M., (Stepniak). The Russian Peasantry: Their
Origin, Condition, Social Life and Religion, London, 1888, 2 vols.—
Kropotkin, P. A., Memoirs of a Revolutionist, Boston, 1899.—
Kulish, P. A., Istorya vozsoedinenya Rusi (A history of the unification
of Russia), St. Petersburg, 1874.—Kunik, E., Die Berufung der
schwedischen Rodsen durch die Finnen und Slawen, St. Petersburg,
1844-1845.—Kuropatkin, Gen. A. N., Les confins anglo-russe,
translated by G. Le Marchand, Paris, 1879; Kashgaria, translated by
Col. W. E. Gore, Calcutta, 1882; Kritische Rückblicke auf den
russisch-türkischen Krieg 1877-1878, Berlin, 1885-1890, 3 vols.
Alexei Nikolaievitch Kuropatkin was born March 29, 1848. In 1866
he joined the army of Turkestan as a lieutenant, served with
distinction in the expedition of General Kaufman in 1867-1868, was
sent at the head of a diplomatic-military mission to the emir of
Kashgar, and studied in 1872-1874 at the academy of the general
staff. He joined the French army in Algeria as a volunteer, was active
on his return in Turkestan, and then became chief of the Asiatic
section of the general staff. In 1877-1878 he was chief of General
Skobelev’s staff, under whom he also served in the campaign
against the Akhal-Tekke Turkomans, 1880-1881. In 1890 he became
a lieutenant-general and governor of the Transcaspian territory, and
later minister of war.
He is the author of two important works on the last Russo-Turkish
War, which have been translated into French and German, and of a
book of travels on Kashgar.

Labensky, A., A Russian’s Reply to the Marquis de Custine’s

“Russia in 1839,” London, 1844.—Laferté, V., Alexander II: Détails
inédits sur sa vie intime et sa mort, Paris, 1882.—Lamartine, A. de,
Histoire de la Russie, Paris, 1855, 2 vols.—Lansdell, H., Russian
Central Asia, including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv, Boston,
1885.—Latham, R. G., Native Races of the Russian Empire,
London, 1854; Russian and Turk, from a Geographical, Ethnological
and Historical Point of View, London, 1878.—Latimer, Mrs. W. E.,
Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century, Chicago, 1893.—
Leger, L., Cyrille et Méthode, étude historique sur la conversion de
Slaves au christianisme, Paris, 1868; De Nestore rerum russicarum
scriptore, Paris, 1868; Traduction de la chronique de Nestor, Paris,
1884.—Lehmann, C. and Parvus (pseud.), Das hungernde
Russland, Stuttgart, 1900.—Lemke, M., Otcherki po istorii tsenzuri
(Studies in the History of the Russian Censorship), in “Russkoe
Bogatstvo,” 1903.—Leonov, R., Documents secrets de la politique
russe en Orient (1888-1890), Berlin, 1893.—Leroy-Beaulieu, A.,
L’empire des Tsars et les Russes, Paris, 1881-1889, 3 vols.; Un
homme d’état russe: Nicolas Milutin, Paris, 1884; La France, La
Russie et l’Europe, Paris, 1888; Israël chez les nations, Paris, 1893.
Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu was born in 1842 at Lisieux. Since 1881
he has been professor of modern history at the école libre de
sciences politiques in Paris. His chief work, “L’empire des Tsars et
les Russes,” is one of the most important works on Russia ever
published in western Europe. The first two volumes treat of the
geography, ethnology, and the economic and political institutions,
while the third is devoted to a study of the Russian church and the
sects.
Leroy-Beaulieu, P., The Awakening of the East: Siberia, Japan,
China, New York, 1900.—Lestrade, Combes de, La Russie
économique et sociale, Paris, 1896.—Lessar, P., La Russie et
l’Angleterre dans l’Asie centrale, Paris, 1886.—Lévesque, P. C.,
Histoire de Russie, Yverdun, 1782, 8 vols., Paris, 1812, 4 vols.—
Livov, G., Michel Katkoffet son époque: quelque pages d’histoire
contemporaine en Russie (1855-1887), Paris, 1897.—Loris-
Melikov, M. T. T., Konstitutsya grafa Lorisa-Melikova (The
Constitution of Count Loris-Melikov), London, 1893.—Lyaskoronski,
V., Istorya Pereyaslovskoi zemli s drevneyshikh vremyon do
polovinny XIII stolyetya (A History of Pereyaslavl from the earliest
times to the middle of the thirteenth century), Kiev, 1897.

Maggiolo, A. de, France et Russie; Pozzo di Borgo, 1764-1842,

Paris, 1890.—Maltsev, A., Die russische Kirche, Berlin, 1893.—
Manstein, Baron de, Memoirs of Russia 1727-1744, translated from
the original manuscript, London, 1773.—Martens, F. F., Étude
historique sur la politique russe dans la question d’Orient, Gand,
1877; Recueil de traités et conventions conclus par la Russie avec
les puissances étrangères, St. Petersburg, 1878-1889, 10 vols.;
Russia and England in Central Asia, London, 1879.—Martin, H.,
Histoire de France depuis 1789 jusqu’à nos jours, Paris, 2nd edition,
1878-1885, 8 vols.—Marvin, C., The Eye Witnesses’ Account of the
Disastrous Russian Campaign against the Akhal-Tekke Turkomans,
London, 1880; The Russian Advance Towards India: conversations
with Skobelev, Ignatiev, and other distinguished Russian generals
and statesmen, London, 1882; The Russians at Merv and Herat and
their Power of Invading India, London, 1883; The Russians at the
Gates of Herat, London and New York, 1885.—Marx, F., The Pacific
and the Amoor: Naval, military, and diplomatic operations from 1855
to 1861, London, 1861.—Marx, K., The Eastern Question: a reprint
of letters written 1853-1856 dealing with the events of the Crimean
War, London, 1897; Secret Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth
Century, London, 1899; Lord Palmerston, London, 1899.—Massa,
Isaac de Harlem, Histoire des guerres de Moscovie 1601-1611,
Brussels, 1876; Skazanya Massy i Herkmana o smutnom vremeni v
Rossii (The Accounts of Massa and Herkmann of the Troublous
Period in Russia), St. Petersburg, 1874.—Masson, C. F. P.,
Mémoires secrets sur la Russie pendant les regnes de Catherine II
et de Paul I, (in Bibliothèque des mémoires relatifs à l’histoire de
France pendant le 18ᵉ siècle, vol. 22), Paris, 1859.—Maxwell, J. S.,
The Czar, his Court and People, New York, 1849.—Mechlin, R., Das
Staatsrecht des Grossfürstenthums Finland, Freiburg, 1889.—
Mérimée, P., Les faux Démétrius, Paris, 1852; Épisode de l’histoire
de Russie, Paris, 1854; Les cosaques d’autrefois, Paris, 1865;
Mélanges historiques et littéraires, Paris, 1867; Portraits historiques
et littéraires, Paris, 1874.—Michelin, L. H. S., Finland in the
Nineteenth Century, Helsingfors, 1894.—Milukov, P. N., Glavnyia
tetchenya russkoi istoritcheskoi mysli (The Main Currents of Russian
Historical Thought), Moscow, 1898; Skizzen russischer
Kulturgeschichte. Deutsche vom Verfasser durchgesehene Ausgabe
von E. Davidson, Leipsic, 1898-1901, 2 vols.
Milukov was born in 1859. From 1886 to 1895 he taught at the
university of Moscow. But like so many other Russian professors of
history and social science, he came in conflict with the government,
and accepted a professorship at the university of Sofia, Bulgaria. He
is one of the ablest of the younger generation of Russian historians,
his method being the realistic or economic. During several years he
was a regular contributor of reviews on Russian literature to the
London Athenæum.
Milutin, D. A., Istorya voiny Rossii s Frantsieu v tsarstvovanie
imperatora Pavla I v 1799 g. (A History of the War Between Russia
and France During the Reign of the Emperor Paul I in the Year
1799), St. Petersburg, 1852-1853, 5 vols.
Dmitri Alexeievitch Milutin was born July 10, 1816, at Moscow. In
1833 he entered the army as lieutenant, then served in the army of
the Caucasus, in which he advanced in 1843 to the post of chief of
the commissariat department, and in 1856 to that of chief of the
general staff. In 1860 he became first adjutant to the war minister,
and in 1862 war minister. In this capacity he devoted himself toward
reorganising the army on a modern basis, and in 1874 he introduced
universal military service. The campaigns of 1877-1878 showed the
shortcomings as well as the improvements of the army under his
administration. In 1878 the title of count was conferred on him. In
1881 he was dismissed by Alexander III owing to his expressed
dissatisfaction with the reactionary, strictly absolutist manifesto of
May 11 of that year. He was the author of a number of works on
military history and science, and his history of Souvorov’s campaign
in Italy appeared in a German translation, at Munich, 1856-1858.
Moltke, H. C. B., The Russians in Bulgaria, in 1828-1829, London,
1854.—Monteith, W., Kars and Erzeroum: with the campaigns of
Prince Paskiewitch, London, 1856.—Morane, P., Finlande et
Caucase, Paris, 1900.—Morfill, W. R., Russia (Story of the Nations
series), New York, 1891; A History of Russia from the Birth of Peter
the Great to Nicholas II., New York, 1902.—Motley, J. L., Peter the
Great, London, 1887.—Munro, H. H., Rise of the Russian Empire,
Boston, 1900.
 Nagasee, H., Die Entwicklung der russischen und englischen
Politik Persien und Afghanistan betreffend bis 1838, Halle, A. S.
1894.—Nestor, Prepodobnavo Nestora rossiski lyetopisets (Holy
Nestor’s Russian Chronicle), St. Petersburg, 1767; La chronique de
Nestor, translation by Louis Paris, Paris, 1834, 2 vols.—Neuburger,
F., Russland unter Kaiser Alexander III., Berlin, 1895.—Nicolai, on
(pseud. of Danielson) Histoire de développment économique de la
Russie depuis l’abolition du servage, Paris, 1899; Die
Volkswirthschaft in Russland nach der Bauernemancipation.
Autorisierte Übersetzung aus dem russischen von Dr. G. Polansky,
Munich, 1899.—Nikitin, P., Istorya goroda Smolenska, (History of
the City of Smolensk), Moscow, 1848.—Nikitski, A., Otcherk
vnutrennei istorii Pskova (Outline of the Internal History of Pskov),
St. Petersburg, 1873.—Noble, E., The Russian Revolt: its causes,
condition and prospects, Boston, 1885; Russia and the Russians,
Boston, 1901.—Norman, H., All the Russias: travels and studies in
contemporary European Russia, Finland, Siberia, New York, 1902.—
Novikov, Mme. O. K., Skobelev and the Slavonic Cause, London,
1883; Russia and England from 1876 to 1880: a protest and an
appeal: with a preface by J. A. Froude, London, 1880.

O’Donovan, E., The Merv Oasis, London, 1882.—Ordega, V., Die

Gewerbepolitik Russlands von Peter I bis Katharina II, Tübingen,
1885.—Oxley, T. L., Character and Reign of Alexander II, London,
1881.

Palmer, F. H. E., Russian Life in Town and Country, New York,

1901.—Parmele, M. P., A Short History of Russia. New York, 1900.
—Pavlov, N. M., Russkaya istorya ot drevneyskikh vremyon
(Russian History from the Earliest Times, 862-1362), Moscow, 1896-
1899, 2 vols.—Pekarski, P. P., Nauka i literatura v Rossii pri Petrye
Velikom (Science and Literature in Russia at the Time of Peter the
Great), St. Petersburg, 1862, 2 vols.—Pember, A., Ivan the Terrible,
London, 1895.—Pfuel, E. von, Der Rückzug der Franzosen aus
Russland, Berlin, 1867.—Pierling, P., Rome et Démétrius, Paris,
1878; La Sorbonne et la Russie, Paris, 1882; Un Nonce du pape en
Moscovie: préliminaires de la trêve de 1582, Paris, 1884; La Saint-
Siège, la Pologne et Moscou (1582-1587), Paris, 1885; Bathory et
Possevino, Paris, 1887; Papes et Tsars (1547-1597), Paris, 1890; La
Russie et l’Orient: marriage d’un Tsar au Vatican, Ivan III et Sophie
Paléologue, Paris, 1891; L’Italie et la Russie au XVI siècle, Paris,
1892.—Pingaud, L., Les Français en Russie et les Russes en
France, Paris, 1886.—Pogodin, M. P., Izslyedovanya,
zamyetchanya i lektsii o russkoi istorii (Researches, Comments and
Lectures on Russian History), Moscow, 1846-1857, 7 vols.; Nestor:
eine historisch-kritische Untersuchung über den Anfang der
russischen Chroniken. Übersetzt von F. Loewe, (Beiträge zur
Kenntniss des russischen Reiches, vol. 10), St. Petersburg, 1884.—
Popowski, J., The Rival Powers in Central Asia, London, 1893.—
Porter, R. K., Narrative of the Campaign in Russia During the Year
1812, London, 1814.—Possevino, A., Antonii Possevini missio
moscovitica ex annuis litteris Societatis Jesu excerpta et
adnotationibus illustrata curante P. Pierling, Paris, 1882.—Pozzo Di
Borgo, Ch., Correspondance diplomatique du comte Pozzo di
Borgo, Paris, 1891.—Pyzyrewsky, A., Der polnisch-russische Krieg
von 1831, Wien, 1892-1893, 3 vols.

Rafn, K. C., Antiquités Russes, Copenhagen, 1850-1854, 3 vols.

—Ralston, W. R. S., The Songs of the Russian People, London,
1872; Russian Folk-tales, London, 1873; Early Russian History,
London, 1876.—Rambaud, La Russie épique, Paris, 1876;
Souvorof, (conférances de Saint-Cyr), Paris, 1889; Français et
Russes, Moscou et Sevastopol, Paris, 1892; L’armée du tsar
Alexandre III, in la Revue Bleue, November 10, 1894; Histoire de la
Russie, Paris, 1900; The Expansion of Russia: Problems of the East
and of the Far East, New York, 1904.
Alfred Nicolas Rambaud was born July 21st, 1842 at Besançon.
Appointed in 1864 a teacher at the lyceum of Nancy, he advanced
steadily until his appointment to a professorship in the university of
Paris in 1882. In 1896 he was minister of education in the Méline
cabinet. He is the author of many works on the history of France,
and in conjunction with Lavisse he is editing the “Histoire générale
du IVᵉ siècle jusqu’à nos jours.” His “History of Russia” is regarded
as the best of its kind that has ever been written by a West-
European.
Ravenstein, E. G., The Russians on the Amur; its discovery,
conquest, and colonisation and personal accounts of Russian
travellers, London, 1861.—Rawlinson, H. C., England and Russia in
the East; a series of papers on the political and geographical
condition of Central Asia, London, 1875.—Reinholdt, A. von,
Geschichte der russischen Litteratur von ihren Anfängen bis auf die
neueste Zeit, in Geschichte der Weltlitteratur in Einzeldarstellungen,
vol. 7, Leipsic, 1886.—Reinsch, P. S., World Politics at the End of
the Nineteenth Century, New York, 1900.—Rivière, Ch. de la,
Catherine II et la révolution française, Paris, 1895. Rocca, F. de, Les
assemblées politiques dans la Russie ancienne, Paris, 1899.—
Rozhkov, N., Gorod i derevnia v russkoi istorii: kratki otcherk
ekonomitcheskoi istorrii Rossii (City and village in Russian history; a
rapid survey of Russian economical history), in “Mir Bozhi,” 1902;
Obzor russkoi istorii s sotsiologitcheskoi totchki zryenya. Tchast
pervaya: Kievskaya Rus (A survey of Russian history from the
sociological point of view. Part first: Kievan Russia), in “Mir Bozhi,”
1903.—Rulhière, C. C. de, Révolution de Pologne, Paris, 1862, 3
vols.

Saraw, Chr. von, Die Feldzüge Karl’s XII, Leipsic, 1881.—

Schiemann, Th., Russland, Polen, und Livland bis im XVII.
Jahrhundert, in Oncken’s Allgemeine Geschichte in
Einzeldarstellungen, Berlin, 1886-1887, 2 vols.; Die Ermordung
Pauls und die Thronbesteigung Nikolaus I: neue Materialien
veröffentlicht und eingeleitet, Berlin, 1902.—Schlözer, K. von,
Russlands älteste Beziehungen zu Skandinavien und
Konstantinopel, Berlin, 1847.—Schmucker, S. M., Memoirs of the
Court and Reign of Catherine the Second, New York, 1855.—
Schnitzler, J. H., Geheime Geschichte Russlands unter den Kaisern
Alexander und Nikolaus, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der
Krisis von 1825, Grimma, 1847, 2 vols., English translation, Secret
History of the Court and Government of Russia Under the Emperors