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Culture Documents
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RM
A
The Cell
R
SS
C
Cell Defination
-
C
Tissue
Cell Study -> is called cytology ↓
SS
-
Cell Discovery
.
-
R
First discovery by: Robert Hooke (1665)
Observed in cork
A
Cork is obtained from bark of tree
↓
RM
Dead cell
Cork Cell
↓
Father of
PA
cytology
Sin
Honeycomb shape
-
(with compartments)
Some other discoveries
- in pond water
↑
I
-
n
Atomic
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
Robert Brown (1831) Nuclues
--
>
~
Free living cells in water (Father of modern
cytology)
C
-
SS
Cell Theory
-
↑
“All the plants and animals are composed of cells”
“Basic unit of life”
↓
↑
R↓
Virchow further worked on it > New cells are formed
A
from Pre-existing cells
Other characteristics:
----
RM
--
Flexibility enables the cell
W
Cell membrane
I
to engulf food
-
Protects the cell:
bodyguard -M
W
Living
W
Outer most covering
-
Provides definite
shape and holds
content of cell
I
Present in both plant
and animal
Movements across Cell Nembrane
-
↑
Diffusion
-
C
->mixing
Rate of Diffusion
-
SS
Gases > liquids > solids
takes place
R
A
Conc. of CO > Conc. of CO2
I
inside cell in external environment
RM
I
-
un
Solution
Solution == Solute
Solute+ +Solvent
Solute
Hypertonic
-
Hypotonic
-
Isotonic
-
in
-
C
I SS
Concentrated
solution
e R t
Swollen cell
A
Shrunken cell No change in cell
Normal solution
RM
PA
. ..
Cell wall I- Cell membrane
↑
Bacterial cell wall made of
Only present in plants
:
Peptidoglycan and and
and bacteria and fungi outermost layer is called as
l cell
↳ bacteria wall
I
Non-living Glycocalyx
Freely permeable made of: Glycocalyx
Determines shape
I
Fungi: Chitin
Made up of cellulose
Provides strength and
turgidity to cells
C
SS
R
A
RM
/
cell membrane
PA
cellular component
-
of cell
Centrally located
Large in size
C
Largest cell
structure
I “Brain of the cell”
SS
involved in formation
=*
of proteins
Components of Nucleus
R
A
Nuclear envelope Nucleoplasm
-
> Covered by NE
I
Composed of membranes Liquid ground
substance of nuclear
RM
-
Covers Nucleus
W Separates nucleus from envelope
cytoplasm Types:
-
Permits materials between One or more in
nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
Nucleolus
- numbers
Forms protein
I
Pores are present called: nuclear
Chromatin forming centres-
pores
material Ribosomes
PA
-8
Chromatin material
-
-
Entangled mass of thread like structures
During cell division they get organised into
chromosomes
Chromosomes
...
i
,
Visible during cell division
Components:
-
C
DNA
Proteins
-
chromosomes: 23 pairs
SS
1
-
Eli
22 pairs Molecule discovery: Fredrick Mischer
-- Double-helical
↑ -
DNA(1869)
(autosomal)
v
T
pair)
Genetic information
transferred from one
Total: 46
chromosomes
R
generation to another
#
are basic
The functional
physicalsegment of DNA
and functional
·
A
unit of heredity
XY: Male Or
XX: Female I
Are functional unit of DNA
RM
↓
Four bases of DNA
/
Adenine (A)
↑
Cytosine (C)
↑
Guanine (G)
I
Thymine (T)
Cytoplasm
-
PA
E
N
Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
C
SS
or 1-10Nee - or 5-10 e
meter meter
R
A
ex: bacteria,
cynobacteria, - --
I
mycoplasma ex: Plant and
Animal cells
RM
Sugars
Cell organelles - Organic acids
:
in plants:
Large, distinct
: Store cell sap
W
C
Sausage shape Provide
:
turgidity and in animals:
II
Mitochondria e rigidity Small, temporary
I
-
-
50-90% of and stores glucose,
SS
“powerhouse of the cell”- volume glycogen, protein
T
ATP (Adenosine Permanent
Triphosphate), makes
energy Vacuoles
X-
Two-membranes:
Membrane bound
Outer: Porous
Solid or liquid
Inner: ATP synthesis
filled
Has its own DNA and
R Sac-like
is
Energy ribosomes
currency
of the cell
A
Lysosomes
-
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
“Suicidal bag of the Membrane bound organelle
.
I
cell”- waste disposal
RM
Types
I Breaks digestive enzymes to -
Long Tubules
simpler substances ·
-
Discovered by Camillo Vesicles
Golgi -
Cisternae
PA
Other functions of ER -
Consists of vesicles,
-
I
- -
-
Chromoplasts: contains different types of
Cell Division
-- Types:
Phases of Cell Cycle
S
Division of cells into new cells -
I Mitosis
E
growth of organism Meiosis
replace old, dead and injured
cells
for gamete formation
Mitosis Meiosis
--involved in
C
e
-
-
reproduction
---
SS
-
-
2 -
1
- -
W
-
Largest cell in
- humans
- Smallest cell in
-
qu -
R -
-
humans
A
/
-
I
largest cell: Ostrich egg
-
smallest cell: ↳
Gallicepticum
Mycoplasma
↑
Longest cell in human:
Uncontrolled cell Neurons
division
-
Smallest cell in humans: Sperm
cell
-
Largest cell in humans: Ovum
PA
Endocytosis
-
C
↑
Endo: andar
SS
↑
Exo: bahar
v
It is of two types
I Phagocytosis
↑
Pinocytosis
R -
Phagocytosis
Cell’s eating process
A
-
Large particles taken into cell
Process
↑
Plasma membrane invaginate
RM
Vacuole formation
↑
Merging of vacuole with Lysosomes
↑
Vacuole formation
-
L
PA
-
L
/
g
False feet generates
Exocytosis
Movement of particles from cell to external
·
environment
Also called cell vomiting
Vomited particles are:
C
Undigested residues from endocytosis
Enzymes and hormones
SS
R
A
RM
- Three parts
Filament
R
Hook
-
Basal body
PA
>
-
Basal body
↑
Biological stains used in histology and cytology to colour cell
nuclei red: Safranin
I
Most abundant molecule in cell: Water (70% or more of total cell
mass)
C
- Phases of Golgi apparatus:
Concave: maturing face
SS
Convex
-
Active transport example: Sodium and Potassium pumps
-
Peptidoglycan: Bacteria
Cellulose: Plants
R
A
/
Chitin: Insects
-
Pectin: Fruits
RM
PA
LECTURE - 2 (TISSUES )
Outermost layer found in cell envelope of bacteria: Glycocalyx
:
I Bacterial cell wall: Peptidoglycan
/
Plasmid DNA function: to confer certain unique phenotypic characters to bacteria
C
/
Role of ribosomes of a polysome is to translate mRNA into proteins
SS
I
Cell that isdete
aloe void in shape: White blood cell (has irregular shape)
amoeboid
Transcription: the process of the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA
Cell Cycle
R
A
- Mitosis (cell division)
RM
PA
W
DNA synthesis
Major microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) in eukaryotic cells
=
involved in various cellular process, including sensory reception,
locomotion, and embryogenesis: Centrosome
C
lateral movement of proteins within the bilayer: Fluid Mosaic Model
SS
Tissues
R Tissues
A
plant tissues animal tissues
RM
Importance
Group of Organs
E Organism
System
Plant tissue
it C
Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue
-
SS
occurrence: growing regions of plants -
when cell lose the ability to
(root, shoot, etc) divide, by the process of
shape: spherical, oval or rectangular differentiation, the take a
Intercellular spaces: absent permanent shape, size and
Vacuoles: absent function
Active cells -
Structure: large central vacuoles
Cytoplasm: dense
Cell wall: cellulose
Nuclei: prominent
Cell division
R j
·
Cell wall in thin/thick
Function:
-
protection
A
-
Support
>
Storage
-
Photosynthesis
RM
I ⑳8
④
④
-I
Tips of roots
and shoots
Nodes
PA
I
Sideways growth
=
↓
Height growth: Apical and intercalate
Width growth: Lateral
Types
Types of Permanent Tissue
- -
I
a) Collenchyma Tissue
-
C
-
Cell Structure
-
I Living
SS
I Elongated
/
Irregularly thickened at corners
I
Very little intercellular space
Functions
e
↑
Provides mechanical strength and flexibility
S
Allows bending of parts
ex: tendrils and stems of climbers
R
A
b) Parenchyma Tissue
-
Aerenchyma
-
Functions
-
Chlorenchyma
-
·
In some cases contains chlorophyll, called
Chlorenchyma
When loosely packed, intercellular airy spaces
I are present called Aerenchyma
@°@°
c) Sclerenchyma Tissue >
-
- Dead cells
-
Provides toughness to the tissue
-
Walls are thick -
>
Lignin
Protective Tissue (part of simple tissues)
-
Types:
EEpidermis
C
Cork
a) Epidermis Cuticle
· SS
-
I
Occurrence: Outermost layer of plant parts
-
Functions:
-
R
Plants of dry habitats have thicker epidermis
Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of plant secrete waxy secretions which
prevents from:
A
I
-
Water loss
Injury
RM
Fungi infection
W
Plants growing in desert have cuticle
I
Layer of cutin is called cuticle
Cutin is waxy materials and water resistant
:
W
Cuticle aids in protection against water loss, injury
and invasion of fungi
Epidermal cells of the roots form hair like structures
PA
-
Occurrence: in mature roots and shoots
-
Functions:
-
C
Complex Permanent Tissue
-
SS
-
Function
- Xylem
-
Transport water, minerals and food materials
Types
-
I vascular tissues
·
Xylem
↑
Phloem
R
A
Xylem
-
-
Conducting tissue (one-way conduction)
RM
-
Conducts water and minerals from roots to shoots Xylem Types:
-
!
Phloem storage
Living
-
Tracheids
-
Conducts food (two-way conduction) Vessels
Xylem fibres /sclerenchyma
·
PA
Phloem Types:
- dead
Sieve tubes
Companion cells
Phloem parenchyma: food
storage
Phloem fibers: rigidity and
support ↳or Phloem Sclerenchyma
Animal Tissue
↓ V
I I
W
↓
Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous
C
-
-
E E
-
-
-
SS
·
Columnar
Stratified Cardiac Skeletal
Ciliated Fluid
a) Epithelial >
Tightly packed
Characteristics
R
Covering/protective tissues of animal body ; cells form continous sheet
A
Function > -
Forms lining of mouth and
alimentary canal
Protection to body from injury ,·
t e
infection
and and damage
damage ↑ Eliminates waste
I Absorption of water and nutrients
Types
RM
Irregularly shaped
a) Simple Squamous Tissue
-
-
Single layer of cells
PA
-
Forms delicate lining
eg: mouth and oesophagus
food pipe
Structure
- -
I
Cube like
Tall = wide
: C
Occurrence
-
↑
Sweat glands
↑
Salivary glands
SS
↑
Thyroid glands
a
Lining of Kidney tubules
↑
Structure
-
-
Lining of intestine
Lining of stomach, gallbladder
RM
iii)
iv Ciliated Epithelial Tissue
-
Structure
-
W
Cuboidal/Columnar cells
PA
v
Cells have hair like projections on free surface
called “cilia”, which facilitates movement
Occurrence
-
Respiratory tract
. Urinary tubules or kidney
Function
Movement of mucus, urine, egg etc through
rhythmic beating of cilia
b) Muscular Tissue/ Muscle Tissue
-
large sized
Movement of body
.
↳
- Contraction and
Contractile protein relaxation
C
Types
- -
SS
↑
Cardiac muscle
-
Skeletal muscle
-
Smooth muscle
a) Skeletal Muscle
R -
Occurrence
--
Biceps, bone
Other names
PA
Unbranched
-
C
Slow
W soft interior organs:
Do not fatigue
- lung, liver, abdomen,
intestines
-
SS
Other names
-
Found in visceral organs: Visceral Muscles
Striations are absent: Unstriated muscles
↑
R
Organs like; that have visceral muscles
A
RM
↑
Fibres are cylindrical in shape
-
Each fibre is uninucleated
↑ Fibres are branched
C
-
Striations are present
-
Do not fatigue
SS
Other names
-
·
Cardiac muscle: only present in heart
-
Striated: Striations are present
-
Not under our control: Involuntary muscles
Function
-
W
Perform contraction and relaxation in wall of heart
/
R
Help to pump and distribute blood to body
A
RM
PA
c) Connective Tissue
-
C
/1Y
Cartilage Blood Bone
SS
R
A
Tendons Dermis
RM
PA
Adipose Cartilage
Structure
Cells + loose gel like matrix
i
Occurrence
Types of Connective tissue
-
Between skin and muscles
Around blood vessels and nerves
a) Areolar Connective Tissue In bone marrow
In space inside organs
i) Loose Connective Tissue
C
Functions
ii) Dense Connective Tissue
Connects skin + muscles
SS
Tendons Helps in repair of tissues
↑
-
a) Tendons
-
Fibrous tissue
R
A
-
Great strength
~
Limited flexibility
~
Connects muscles to bones
RM
Muscle -
Tendon -
Bone
W
b) Ligaments
-
↑
Considerable strength
Bone Ligament Bone
PA
W
Connects bones to bones
Structure
-
:
Bet internal organs
n shocks
Fat reservation
Act as insulation
Temperature regulation
C
c) Skeletal Connective Tissue
-
Types
-
SS
-
Cartilage
-
Bones
I
-
- -
300 bones: child
i) Cartilage
R
A
-
Occurrence
-
/
Ear pinna, nose tip, trachea, larynx
Smoothens bone surfaces at joints
:
Function
PA
-
Support and flexibility to body parts
ii) Bones
-
Very strong
-
Non flexible
Hard and rigid
↑
Matrix is hard and composed of calcium and
phosphorous compounds
Functions
-
Forms a framework
C
I Layer: meningitis
SS
22 bones in brain
8: cranial
14: facial
Types
E Blood
Lymph
-
-
55% E / I °
45%
Liquid Solid
/ / -
Plasma: E 90% water RBC WBC Platelets
~ Remaining:and
92% water
proteins,
hormones
Protein,
glucose,
salts,
8% hormones,
fats,
V vitamins
Yellow fluid
Solid
- in
RBC WBC Platelets
!
- -
C
red in colour due Also known as leukocytes I
Helps in blood
to presence of heme (Fe) Prevent from infection, clotting
Heme has high affinity provide our body a If suffering from
SS
towards oxygen defence mechanism dengue, it reduces
Heme transports oxygen S
Is formed in bone Also known as
throughout the body to marrow thrombocytes
carry out respiration to
produce energy Types : No. of formation: 150-400K
Life span: 7-10 days
-
Graveyard of RBC: Spleen Monocytes
Shape: Biconcave; disc- Lymphocytes > T cells and B cells
shaped
Also known as erythrocytes R ·
Basophils
Neutrophils
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
> Granulocytes
A
- Time period of Shape: round/irregular
RBC: 120 days
End point: Spleen Life span: 12 days
RM
I -
Order in number:
-
- study of blood: hematology
ii) Lymph
-
Structure
-
Colourless fluid
RBCs and Blood proteins are absent
d) Nervous Tissue
-
cell body
C
SS
Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves fundamental unit of kidney:
Function
R
: Fundamental unit of nervous system: Neuron
G
Converts Chemical Energy to
W
·
Nephron
Study of kidney: Nephrology
A
- -
- ~
Touch
Smell
RM
Taste
Hearing
Sight
/
PA
I
Glial cells: far more numerous than neurons and unlike
neurons, they are capable of mitosis
C
A
R I.
SS
-
one neuron’s dendrite
transmit information to
other neuron’s cell body
The gap bet these two
is called synapse
RM
C
Kingdom
SS
R
A
RM
PA
C
Father of Taxonomy
SS
Gave 2 Kingdom Classification
Animal
--
Plant 5 kingdoms
Taxonomy: it is the science of classifying and naming
i
-
R
5 kingdoms classification by Robert Whittaker in 1969 These two ·
Me
important
s ett
kingdoms
Kingdoms arevery
very important
A
I
Ernst Haeckel in 1866 coined the term “Ecology”
↳ 3 Kingdom Classification (1864)
I Father of Indian ecology: Ramdeo Mishra
RM
Play
PA
Class
Our
Of
Girls
E
Sum
Some
Diversity in living organism
↓ ↓
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Classification is based on following: ↓ ↓ ↓
:
Unicellular/Multicellular organization ↓ ↓ ↓
Plantae Fungi Animalia
C
e
Moses
Modes ofofnutrition
nutrition
Further classification is done into sub groups
SS
KINGDOM MONERA
Prokaryotic
↳
A
KINGDOM PROTISTA Kingdom Monera Classification
· Archaebacteria
-
Mostly autotrophs
Characteristics
RM
Few photosynthesis
Unicellular eukaryotic organisms
Locomotion through appendages - Eubacteria
Cell wall is present
Cell wall is absent except Euglena
·
...
Mode of Nutrition Ribosomes present
Autotrophic/Heterotrophic
PA
PHYLUM PROTOZOA
R
A
RM
Euglena has a
-
PA
tail-like structure
T
Helps in cell movement
C
- -
I
SS
false feet
R
A
KINGDOM FUNGI
RM
PA
Characteristics
!...
eg: Lichen - Blue green algae + fungi
India’s first lichen park: Uttarakhand
C
changes gives food gives water + shelter
colour due to to fungus + minerals to algae
global warming
SS
Used in medicine: Penicillin Alexander Fleming
Used in bakery: Yeast discovered Penicillin
Mode of nutrition
Heterotrophic
R
A
Saprophytic: Decaying organic material as food
Parasitic: Dependent on protoplasm of a host organism for food
RM
PA
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Multicellular
- Eukaryotes
C
Cell Wall present Cellulose
! AutotrophsA
Sedentary
ic in
in nature
nature
SS
R
A
FI
RM
conducting tissue
without
PA
↓
↑
hidden reproductive
Cryptogams
organs
C
SS
R
⑦
.
A
RM
single cotyledon
Two cotyledons
Characteristics of Thallophyta
.
or body
Plants are called as algae
Mostly aquatic
eg: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva, and Chara
Presence or absence of vascular tissues
C
: Brown algae: Phaeophyceae
Sargassum grass, V
SS
Lamanaria (Kelps) Chlorella
↑ Blue green algae: Cyanobacteria
Characteristics of Bryophyta
R / Antheridium: the male sex organ of algae,
Moses, ferns, fungi, and other non-
flowering plants
A
They are known as “Amphibians of Plant Kingdom”
=
Well differentiated body: Stem and leaves
RM
-
First terrestrial plants
zameen par
-
Well-differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves
C
I
Well-developed reproductive organs are hidden
- Specialised tissue for food and water conduction: Vascular tissues are
present
SS
eg: Marsilea and fern , Horsetails
R
A
RM
PA
Characteristics of Gymnosperms
:
Sperma: Seeds without fruit
C
-
Usually perennials, evergreen and mostly woody plants
True roots, stem, and leaves are present
Xylem vessel absent
SS
eg: Pinnes and Deodar , Cycas
Characteristics of Angiosperms
R Plants
A
Types L v
-
Monocots Woody Non-woody
Angio: Covered
-
Dicots I v
Sperma: Seed Herbs Shrubs
RM
↓
They are flowering plants and produce seeds enclosed within fruit Stem
They are highly evolved
Ovary gets modified into fruit
Seeds have embryo inside it and these seeds develop inside ovary
Embryos have structure: Cotyledons seed leaves
-
PA
V
that was earlier
During seed germination ovary
C
SS
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Eukaryotic
R
Classified into phyla on the basis
ii
-
A
Multicellular of extent and type of body
design differentiation found
Heterotrophic
Cell wall absent
RM
Characteristics of Porifera
They have holes called pores i.e. body is perforated that is why called sponges
Have water canal system (pores se paani)
PA
Asymmetrical body
Cellular level organization
Two layer germ layers: Diploblastic
Exclusively aquatic
Aquatic animals
It·
Tissue level organisation
C
Hard skeleton developed outside called Exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate
Body made of two layers: Diploblastic Ectoderm: makes up cells outside of body
Anus is absent Endoderm: makes inner lining of the body
SS
Radial symmetry (divided in equal parts
from anywhere)
Central gastrovascular cavity is present
eg: Coral and hydra
-
Mouth is present surrounded by tentacles
I
Hydra)
R
Mostly marine somewhere, freshwater animals (eg:
A
Characteristics of Platyhelminthes
Bilateral symmetry
Organ level organisation
Triploblastic animals: three germ layers
True internal cavity/coelom absent: Acoelomate
PA
Body cavity
.
They can be parasitic or free living
Coelom have organs accommodated
Either free, living or parasitic and terrestrial
Free living Parasite
Suckers and hooks are usually present
Hermaphrodite (Male+Female part present) animals
Anus is absent
Characteristics of Nematodes/Aschelmithes
-
Bilateral symmetry
C
Triploblastic organisation
Organ
* level organisation
Organ system organization
No real organs present
SS
false cavity
Pseudocoelom present
L
Alimentary is complete: mouth and anus (Different
(entry and exitandpoint
entry same)
exit point)
eg: Elephantiasis (filarial worms)
Worms in intestines (roundworms/pinworms)
Sexes are separate
R
A
Hermaphrodite: having both male and
female part
Unisexual: either male or female part
RM
↑
Locomotory organs paired, lateral appendages
parapodia (Nereis)
-
Alimentary canal is tube like extend from mouth
to anus
They are usually found in freshwater, marine
↑
-
Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic
:
Cylindrical/dorsoventrally flattened
Brown colour skin is present
True coelomate animal
True organ packaged in coelom
-
Organ ⑭level
systemorganisation
organization
-
Body segmetation is present
/
Reproduction: Sexually
Characteristics of Arthropoda
:
They have jointed legs
C
Bilateral symmetry
Segmented body into head, thorax/cahals thorax, abdomen
Open circulatory system (blood openly flows; not through a blood vessel)
SS
Coelom is present and is blood filled
Triploblastic
Respiration through gills, trachea
Excreation through Malpighian Tubules
Exoskeleton is made of chitin
Unisexual
R
A
RM
PA
Characteristics of Mollusca
↳ 2nd largest phylum
Body is soft
Exoskeleton is hard (snails)
Little segmentation
Open circulatory system
Blue colour blood: Haemocyanin
Alimentary canal is complete
Kidney like organs for excretion is present
Respiration through gills
C
Unisexual
SS
Characteristics of Echinodermata
-
Spiny skinned organism
I
Star shaped, spherical, elongated
-
Radial symmetry
:
I
↑
-
Triploblastic
Coelomic cavity is present
No segmentation
R
A
I Organ Me
level
systemsystem
organization
RM
Characteristics of Chordata
Types:
I
They have notochord: rod like structure Notochord not -
a) Protochordata
-
Paired gills slits in pharynx developed b) Vertebrata
- Bilateral properly I
- Triploblastic Notochord
PA
-
Organ system level organisation properly
-
Closed blood vascular system developed
- Heart is ventral
Rod like structure -
-
Hemichordata Invertebrates
-
>
C
SS
Characteristics of Protochordata
-
R
Do not have proper notochord present during all stages of life
A
I
Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic Post anal tail present
-
I
Coelomate animals
RM
I
Nerve cord is present
-
Pharyngeal gill slits present
PA
Ill
C
SS
R
A
RM
Characteristics of Vertebrates
Characteristics of Cyclostomata
PA
!
eg: Petromyzon/Myxine , hog fishes, lamprey
Arthropoda
· Crayfish
-
Silverfish
Characteristics of Pieces
Mammals
-
Whale
They are fishes /
Dolphins
eg: Dog fish, Shark, tuna
Chambered heart: 2
Characteristics of Amphibians
:
They have 3 chambered heart ↳ or through gills
eg: Frogs, toads, R
amphibians
salamander
C
Characteristics of Reptiles
SS
They have 3 chambered heart
Exception: Crocodile 4 chambered heart
Cold blooded animals
eg: snake, turtle, lizard, crocodile
Characteristics of Aves
R
A
They are warm blooded animals
They have 4 chambered heart
They lay eggs
RM
Characteristics of Mammalian
REPRODUCTION
It is a method by which offsprings are produced by the living beings
. Reproduction is not a necessary instinct for survival of a living being
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
I
It involves a single parent
-
Occurs in simple organisms like microorganisms, plants
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
↑
It involves two parents
/
Mother
↑
Father
eg: in humans, dogs, elephants, birds, fishes, plants
TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
a) BINARY FISSION
↑
It is a process of reproduction in which a unicellular organism divides
into two organisms
I
Only for unicellular organisms
Protozoa that causes Kala
I Azar disease
1
I reproduction on basis of particular
orientation
any orientation
I
Nucleus inside spreading to
Bi: meaning two
divide
Malaria causing protozoa
b) MULTIPLE FISSION
It will develop many offsprings I
.
↑
It happens in unicellular organisms: Malarial Parasite, Plasmodium
Plasmodium
green algae
c) FRAGMENTATION
↑ it is used by simple multicellular organisms like spirogyra and sea
anemone
&
Green algae
I
Red algae mode of reproduction: Fragmentation
I
Breaks into half, which is not
fully develop that later develops
into complete spirogyra
d) BUDDING
I
It is a process used by simple multicellular organisms like hydra and yeast
.
e) REGENERATION
It occurs in simple multicellular organisms like planaria and hydra, rhizopus
"
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Eg: Tapeworms, flatworms
They are free living
f) VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
TYPES
:
Tissue from different parts of plant are cultured in chemicals in laboratory to
develop into a new plant
h) SPORE FORMATION
It occurs in simple multicellular organisms like rhizopus
bread mould
PLANT
Pollen grains
I D
-
Ovule becomes seeds
i
l
bitter guard
ourd
:
Stigma: sticky bulb that catches pollen
Style: passageway for &grains
pollen
-
Ovary: the part of pistil that holds the eggs awaiting fertilisation. Becomes the fruit
Pollination: pollen grains reach stigma through
-- -
I I
I 11
Anemophily Hydrophily ↑
Antemophily
Entomophily
REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS
It
↓
Male gamete Ovum
Sperm
I
Zygote
Embryo
↓
Child
Seminal fluid
(semen)
Produce -
> Sperm
Ovules
Zygote
Embryo
↑ At the age 11-12 The ovaries start to mature, the oviducts, uterus, vagina, breast, become pigmented, this is
the first sign of menarche
Menopause: natural decline in reproductive hormones in women when she reaches her 40s or 50s
·
Gametogenesis Insemination Fertilisation Zygote Implantation Gestation
>
> D >
:
Fetus Placenta
Placenta >Fetus
Methods of Sterilisation
I
Tubectomy: It is a permanent method of contraception for woman. It involves surgically blocking the fallopian tube so
that the egg released by ovary cannot reach the uterus
&
Vasectomy: It is a permanent method of contraception in male. It involves cutting the supply of sperm to the semen
-
Parthenogenesis: it is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of an embryo occurred
directly from an egg without the need of fertilisation
Meaning
.Parthe: Virgin
↑
Genesis: Birth
site of fertilisation
:
primary sex organ
Seedless fruit
Transfer of pollen grains from one anther to stigma of another flower of the same
plant is called: Geitonogamy
>
- energy
Gross required
primary to make
productivity - Energy
total biomass food to- gross primary
=>
required make food
consumed productivity
S
Arteries in umbilical cod:
ord: Two
:
Ability of a single cell to produce a fertile, adult individual: Totipotency
Cloning: process of creating exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism
/
Reproduction in humans is: Internal Fertilisation
↑
In Vitro fertilisation: joining of women’s egg and man’s sperm in a laboratory dish
(artificial way of fertilisation)
-
Metamorphosis: Change in form
I
I
#
#
-
Oviparous: lay eggs
eg: Frog
I
Viviparous: directly produce offsprings
eg: humans
tt: short
*
↑
father of genetics
Sex Determination
-
Male/Female
↑ Chromosome: 23 pairs (total: 46)
↓ ↓
1 pair (sex chromosome) 22 pairs (autosomal chromosomes)
↓I I
Turner syndrome: Female is missing one X
Male Female chromosome (not a Mendelian disorder)
↓ ↓
XY XX Down syndrome: due to extra chromosome
!?
I
Y X
↓
Male chromosome determines the sex of a foetus
-
Homologous organs: look similar but functions are different
&
Analogous organs: look different but functions are similar
LIFE PROCESS
C
DIGESTION+RESPIRATION
SS
R
A
RM
PA
4 components of Life Process:
Digestion
" Respiration
Circulation
Excreation
C
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
SS
Mouth (Buccal Cavity)
Releases Salivary Amylase
=
(enzyme)
releases bile juice, it
Food pipe
is stored in gall
bladder food directly goes to
- stomach
Sphincter
R in stomach HCL is
released
A
muscles -
Gastric juice,
↓
-
medium is Acidic
-1 I
Allows food to
RM
pH value: 1.6
pass to small ↓
intestine highly acidic
.
Vestigial
Food excreation
Large intestine
small intestine jejunum and ileum is inside
and duodenum is outside
Longest part of large
PA
->
Salivary Amylase: breaks complex carbohydrates to simple carbohydrates
-
-> Stomachbreaks
Pepsin: 1. proteins
HCl: kills->
harmful
Aminobacteria;
Acids medium Acidic
- Needs acidic medium from gastric juice Amino acids
2. Pepsin: breaks protein
HCl is present in gastric juice pH: 1.6
↑
Mucus membrane: protects inner delicate lining of stomach from gastric juice
Sphincter muscle: it allows food to pass from stomach to small intestine
:
Small intestine: 7-8 m length, longest part of alimentary canal
↓ 3 parts: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Major part of digestion occur here
C
Liver: largest gland located on right side of abdomen
↓
SS
Dark red brown
colour colour Small intestine: basic/alkanine
I
-
T-
↑
-
lipase: fats -> fatty acid
RM
-
Large Intestine: 1.5 m length -
Maltose:
Maltase: in salivary gland and
↓ small intestine
Maltose -> Glucose
Absorption of water from
food
↑
Alimentary Canal: the whole passage along which food passes through
↓ Mouth
Liver and pancreas are
↓
C
not its part
Oesophagus
↓
Stomach
SS
↓
Small intestine
↓
Large intestine
↓
R Rectum
↓
A
Anus
Liver
RM
Liver converts glucose into glycogen and amino acids into proteins
·
-
Hepatocytes: They are the major parenchymal cells of the liver responsible for
various cellular functions
Villi
The finger-like projections in small intestine
They help in increase of surface area for food absorption
Breathe in: upper Exhale: down
↑ Y
Lungs surrounded by rib cage
(boney structure)
I
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
C
purifies the air in-Breathe from larynx: sound box -
Adam’s apple
nose nostrils
SS
Pharynx: where -
=
Trachea bronchus ->
↓
-
S R
in it lowers to give
-
I
When we breathe out Bubble-like structures from collapsing
space to lungs
Lungs shrink and
diaphragm(upper) comes
A
I
to original position L Connected to capillaries
Breathe in connected to
↓
RM
L .
CO-0.036% every cell
N27 78%
O rich blood:
Cells oxygenated blood
Breathe out
↑ (respiration)
PA
CO 4.4%
i
O 16%
- reaches lungs
Waste material a -)
(CO
N27 78% ↳ - -
↓
C6 H12O6 -
!)
Lungs - Heart
Heart carries it
to lungs again
C
C
takes oxygen ated blood
SS
to all the cells
#
This CO2 travels Respiration
to heart CO (deoxygenated blood)
2
R
A
lungs is covered by outer
..
Different forms of respiration: membrane called pleura
RM
-
Anaerobic respiration: in absence of oxygen
in yeast -> Ethanol + CO + Energy
2
↑
Aerobic respiration: in presence of oxygen
in mitochondria -> CO + Water + Energy
2
PA
-
Present between lungs: Thymus gland
·
Upper part of the respiratory tract with small hair-like structure: Cilia
C
↑
Fibre cannot be broken down by the GI tract, does not provide energy but
helps the body get rid of wastes and keeps the intestinal tract healthy
SS
- Metabolic reactions are carried out by: Protein
I
Anabolism: synthesis
R
Fluid secreted by new mothers during initial days of lactation, that boosts baby’s
immune system: Colostrum
A
, Indigestible portion of our diet: Roughage
RM
Pouch connected to the junction of small intestine and large intestine: Caecum
C
& Canine: 2x2 = 4
/
Uses: tearing of food
SS
Larger in canine animals
i li
Premolars: 4x2 = 8
Uses: chewing of food
R
Hardest part of hunman body: Enamel
Molars: 6x2 = 12
Uses: grinding of food
A
(Outer covered of teeth) made of Calcium phosphate
I C P M
Strongest part of human body: Jaw =2123
= Adults
2123
Wisdom teeth: 3rd molar
In children: Premolar absent
Elephant’s outer teeth is known as tusk (incisors) 3rd molar absent
PA
2102
/
Bird’s beak: extended, modified form of teeth 2102
Nervous System
L X
Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System
V V V
Brain Spinal Cord Nerves
C
Information
↓
Body Brain
SS
-
T
Notochord
-
Vestigial organs: organs, tissues or cells in
the body, which are no more functional,
the way they were in their ancestral
form of trait
-
Examples:
Tailbone
Coccyx
R
A
I
Wisdom tooth
:
-
Pinna
Tonsils
RM
>
- Sense Organs
Photoreceptors
-
Olfactory
PA
↑ Thermoreceptors
-
>
Tactile
Photoreceptors <
↳ Gustatory
Layer of brain called
“Meninges” that covers
and protects the brain
Control and Coordination
... C
inflammation of
meninges causes a
SS
disease called
“Meningitis”
Parts of Brain
R
A
Fore Brain
Mid Brain
RM
major part
of brain Brain
- Male: 1400 g > Adult
-
Female: 1300 g
- The adult brain accounts for a
mere of 2% of body weight
Meningitis: an inflammation or
PA
>
-
" C
Associated with hunger, memory, pain loss of memory day to day function
Parts
SS
Cerebrum (Memory) Associated diseases: Amnesia and Dementia
Thalamus (Pain and Sensation) Touch (skin), Nose, Tongue
Alzheimer’s
·
p) Disease
Hypothalamus (Regulates body temperature and Hunger thrust and Sleet)
Hind Brain
Function
a) Cerebellum
PA
b) Pons
Connects Brain and Spinal Cord
7 Memory storage
c) Medulla Oblongata
Controls ANS - Respiration/heartbeat/Digestion
"
..
C
SS
Cell body
Synapse R
A
Gap between nerve ending of one neuron’s and dendrite of other neuron. Here
electrical signal is converted into information which is in the chemical signal
RM
Hormones
Plant Hormones
PA
2) Gibbrelin
Growth hormone
W
Responsible for germination/flowering
3) Cytokinins
W
Promote cell division
Cyto: cell
i
Kinin: division
.... C
4) Abscisic Acid
-
It inhibits growth
SS
-
It is a stress hormone
Hormones in Animals
R
A
Types
RM
1) Endocrine Glands
They are ductless glands
They secrete hormones into the blood
eg: adrenal glands, pituitary glands, etc
Ductless Glands
PA
a) Thyroxine
Released by thyroid gland largest endocrine gland
Located in neck region Butterfly shape
Due to the deficiency of Iodine, thyroid gland is effected
a and causes a disease
birth disease
known as Goitre Hypothyroidism: thyroid gland doesn’t produce
Thyroxine Hormone enough thyroid hormone
Hyperthyroidism: overproduction of thyroid
hormone
I used in treatment of goitre
- Anti diuretic hormone
/ Helps kidney to control the
When secreted in less amount of water
amount leads to dwarfism When secreted in surplus amount
leads to Acromegaly
b) Growth Hormone
It is secreted by pituitary gland (Master Gland)
:
Growth hormone is also known as Somatotropin
C
c) Adrenal Gland
It regulates blood pressure, heart beat
It located above kidneys
SS
-
Also known as “Fight or Flight hormone”
-
Deficiency causes Addison’s disease
-
-Sugar levels ↑
Insulin & Glucagon X cells
·
R
cells: B cells of Islet of Langerhans
It regulates sugar levels (glucose level in the blood)
A
Sex Hormones
RM
W
In male: Testosterone involved in secondary sex characteristics
In female: Estrogen/Progesterone
Melatonin
Regulate sleep
Released by Pineal Gland pea-sized gland
It is located in brain
Plant Movement
Types
!
“touch me not” plant
C
1) Nastic Movement
Not growth related
eg: movement in response to touch: Thigmonastic Movement
SS
2) Tropic Movement
Growth related
a) Phototropic movement
I
R
Movement in response to light
Positive movement: Towards the light source
Negative movement: Away from the light source
A
RM
1 + Ve
Ve
+
7
PA
W
b) Hydrotropism Movement
↑
Movement in response to water
C
=@π@π@°
-
VE
SS
-
R
A
RM
)
PA
r
d) Geotropism Movement
Movement in response to Gravity
...
C
SS
R
A
RM
PA
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
C
-
Pumping organ: pumps
blood to cells
SS
R
A
Pacemaker: Artificial Heart
O rich blood: bright red :To measure arterial blood pressure : Sphygmomanometer is used
. CO rich blood: dark red
RM
Lungs
M
#
Largest vein -
Largest artery
Pulmonary artery
-
(right) longer
-
I
-
-
PA
Collects blood
Sinoatrial node 5
↓
initiates heartbeat
↓
W &
Because of aorta ↑
I ↓
Largest artery Septum (dividing wall
J
J E
Pumps blood
The human heart pumps blood
between left and right
Largest vein
Carries blood from heart to
part of heart)
different parts of the body
superior vena cava
(Il Lungs
=E
pulmonary vein
deoxygenated Right Left
blood
C
Atrium Atrium
SS
Ventricle Ventricle
inferior vena cava
pulmonary artery
-
When heart contracts: systole 120 mm of Hg (if more than this, then
>
high BP)
~
Discovery: Karl Landsteiner Aortic
Universal donor: O- Tricuspid
C
Universal acceptor: AB+
by YM Bhendel#
SS
Bombay blood 1952, Bombay): Lacks H antigen on RBCs, have anti-H in the
serum i.e. cannot take blood from anyone
Systole: Contractions
I
Diastole: Relaxation
*
Given B+ blood
R ↑
Rh is derived from the use of blood of
rhesus monkeys in the basic test for
determining the presence of Rh antigen
Pacemaker:
in humanArtificial
blood heart
A
A+-
B+ Rh factor is a protein on the surface of
↓=
RBCs
RM
+E.
C
Basic unit of kidney: Nephron
(specialised cells)
Gaseous eg: Liquid eg: by skin (sweating)
Millions of nephron present in one
SS
by lungs
kidney
Deoxygenated blood
!"
2 ureters, sends - Cortex Medulla Pelvis
RM
wastes to urinary
blood
C
nutrients/urea C
↓
SS
Nephron: removes
R
A
- Colour: Yellow
RM
Urine component:
-
This colour comes from -
liver cells are made of kupffer
Water: 95% urochrome/urobilin, a
cells
I
I
Kidney stone made of: Calcium oxalate
PA
-
When both kidney malfunctions: Dialysis is done
-
↓
Artificial process to remove the
waste from blood
↑ Large bean-shaped lymphoid organ in human body: Spleen (lymphoid
organ)
Swollen bluish veins resulting from valves that do not close properly:
: C
Varicose veins
SS
of blood
Dr. M I S H R A
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
dengue measles influenza swine flu hepatitis rabies AIDS
↓
H1N1
B E S T M P
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ - Poliomyelitis virus
bird flu encinitis small pox *mums
Mumps polio ↓
↓ ↓ Entovirus
H5N1 eradicated in 1979, last case in Somalia (Africa)
Genetic material
encoded in a protein
envelope known as
Capsid
Length: 2 um
.....
Diameter: 0.5 um
:
1st to discover antibiotics Penicillin: Alexander Fleming
Virus Bacteria
-
Non-living entity Unicellular and living entity
: Parasitic/Saprophytic
I
&
Parasitic in nature
1. Virus
2. Bacteria
3. Protozoa
4. Fungus
:
It affects liver (hepatitis is inflammation of the liver) Hepatitis B: Sexually transmitted through bodily
India’s first indigenous Hepatitis-A vaccine: Havisure fluids
-
MUMPS
It a viral disease that affects the parotid salivary glands (cheek and jaw area)
CERVICAL CANCER
It affects the cervix region in women
Virus: Human Papillomavirus Causes cancer in the cervix
Detected through: Smear Test
M
Diseases caused by virus
DENGUE
carrier: female Aedes aegypti mosquito
:
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
sexually-transmitted diseases
virus: HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus (retrovirus)
death: due to weak immune system
method of transmission: sexual contact, blood transfusions, from mother to baby
test: ELISA Test (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)
AIDS DAY: 1st Dec
T Wo Go L P A T T
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
tetanus whooping cough gonorrhoea leprosy pneumonia typhoid anthrax ↑
typhoid
Tuberculosis (TB)
↓
V
V
Clostridium tetani
Salmonella typhi
CH P S Streptococcus * Mycobacterium
Salmonella
tuberculosis
typhi,↑
pneumoniae Clostridium tetani
=>>
cholera plague syphilis Mainly attack
lungs
:
LEPROSY
~
Affects skin
↑
Also known as Hansen’s Disease
&
CHOLERA
Caused by: Vibrio cholera
It is a water borne disease
Death due to cholera known as: Blue Death
TUBERCULOSIS
Caused by: Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Vaccine: BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)
Diseases caused by fungi
-
B -> Baldness
S -> Scabies
A -> Asthma
Sleeping Sickness
I
Protozoa: Trypanosoma
I Carrier: Tse Tse flies
>
-
Kala Azar
I Protozoa: Leishmania
↑ Carrier: Sandfly
Disease caused by Fungus
B: Baldness
A: Asthma
R: Ring worm
S: Scabies Skin disease
>
-
A: Athlete’s Foot
PANDEMIC/EPIDEMIC/ENDEMIC
Pandemic: Sudden an intention cases across several countries, continents, or the world
: Epidemic: Sudden increase in cases spreading through a large population
&
Endemic: These disease are constantly present in a population or region with relatively low spread
GENETIC DISORDERS
-
Down Syndrome MENDELIAN DISORDERS
Thalassemia C- Change in gene (gene defects)
-
I
-
Colour blindness L
I
Turner’s Syndrome: *X-chromosome
One X-chromosome isismissing
missing, seen only in female
in female
/
Albinism
v
Angelman Syndrome
I
Klienfelter Syndrome: Presence of an extra copy of X-chromosome in males
v
↓
sexually transmitted diseases
Spread of diseases
↑
Air: TB, Pneumonia, common cold
↑
- Visible sign of severe Iodine deficiency: Swelling in neck (goitre), if thyroid gland
doesn’t promote Thyroxine hormone
- Antibiotics do not work against viral diseases but only against bacterial diseases
(disrupts cell wall formation)
-
Beri beri cannot be prevented by vaccination
~
Plant diseases
W
Citrus cranker: bacteria
-, I
Rust ofm disease: fungus
wheat: fungus
-
Yellow vein mosaic: virus
W
Aster Yellow: bacteria
Crown Gall: bacteria
.
Ergot: fungus
Snow mild: fungus
"
Black know: fungus
Blight: fungus/bacteria
↑
Jaundice: skin and eyes turn yellow due to deposit of bile pigments
=
↑
Night blindness: due to Vitamin A
:
- Mode of tranmission of disease “Yellow vein mosaic of bhindi”: insect
-
Flavivirus: genetic material is RNA
NUTRITION IN
C
PLANTS AND
SS
ANIMALS
R
A
RM
PA
NUTRIENTS IN ANIMALS
W ↑ ↓
-
C
L
t
L
Minerals
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins -Amino acids
SS
↳ Body building nutrients
V
↑
Glucose
-CHO
↓ Storage: Adipose tissueneeded for↓growth of body
Sugar Energy
Benedict Test: a chemical test that detects
·
R
1912: Casimir Funk, coined the term “VITAMIN”
reducing sugars in a solution
A
On the basis of solubility:
RM
-> KEDA
PA
Amino Acids
↓ t
Essential amino acid Non-essential amino acid
↓ ↓
our body cannot synthesises on our body synthesises on its own
its own
Carbohydrates/Sugar
V V
Simple Carbohydrates Complex Carbohydrates
Two molecules of sugar I
↓ 1 molecule of sugar
↓ ↓
Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
↓ ↓ ↓
C
-
Glucose Sucrose Glycogen
-
Fructose -
> Fruits, honey Grains sugar (in cereals) < Maltose Starch
↑
Galactose Lactose Cellulose
SS
Milk sugar
Fats >
-
provide energy
Saturated fats D
R
They are not easily digested as the molecules are tightly
packed together, and they have higher melting point
Single bond
A
Unsaturated fats D Double/Triple bond
Healthier
Found in vegetable oil, nuts and seeds
Trans fat it is a type of unsaturated fat that occurs naturally or artificially in foods
:...
/
PA
I
In fish oil
-
I
Sunlight
Synthesised by our
C
I
body
SS
In sprouts
L
In citrus fruits
R /Nightblindness
A
-
I
RM
Vitamin B
complexes
Total: 8
PA
/bleeding gums
/anti-sterility
I (can happen A
in anyone)
to
No blood clotting
TRICK Diseases
B1: Thymine Tho Beri Beri
B2: Riboflavin R
C
B3: Niacin Ne Pellagra >
-
3 Ds
↑
Dementia: loss of memory
Diarrhoea
B5: Pantothenic acid Pant
-
SS
↑
MCa
R Foster
~
Anaemia
A
B12: Cobalamin/
Cynocobalmine Pernicious anaemia
Cyanocobalamin
RM
Vitamin D sources
I
Sunlight
↑
Fish oil
Vitamin C sources
-
Lemon
PA
-
Amla
Vitamin E sources
Sprouts
!
Vitamins in milk: A, B, and
D
.
C
Yeast breaks down the food material outside the body and then absorbs it
SS
Saprophytic mode of nutrition (feed on dead or decaying matter)
R
Brain gets energy from glucose
<
Soya milk: protein rich more than meat
↑
Amla is richest in Vitamin C
-
Autotrophic mode of nutrition: Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and
PA
sunlight
~
Autotrophic mode of nutrition: bacteria
v
Fungi: Heterotrophic mode of nutrition
-
Amoeba: Holozoic mode of nutrition
↳!.
⑤>⑦π⑤
C
SS
↳
R
Not more than 10% transfer of energy from one tropic level to another 0.1% N
A
RM
-
PA
-
Nutrients requirement of adolescents are higher than adult
↑
Nuts, vegetable oil, and fish are rich in sources of Omega 3 (fatty acids)
-
Threonine is essential for healthy skin and teeth
C
SS
Phytoplanktons
R
A
Feed on dead and decaying
matters Nematodes
RM
PA
-
Zinc plays an important role in cell division, cell growth, E
would healing and the
would
breakdown of carbohydrates
C
SS
NUTRIENTS IN PLANTS
R
A
Plants make food through
RM
guard cells
photosynthesis
Requires: ↑
Stomata
CO2
Water ↑
Sunlight Mg
↓ - ↓
PA
Chloroplast
1
thylakoids contain a pigment called chlorophyll,
Plastids -
C
-Dark Light Study of algae: Phycology
reaction reaction ·
Algae as well performs photosynthesis
↓ ↓
SS
Site: stroma Site: grana
·
Green algae: Chlorophyta
-
Red algae: Rhodophyta
-
I-
-
Golden brown algae: Chrysophyta
W
Calvin cycle (light-
-
R Amyloplast: starch
Aleuroplast: proteins
>
Brown algae: Phaeophyta
A
independent I
Mycology: Study of fungi
reaction)/C3 cycle
Elaioplast: fats and oil
RM
Colour
Traps light energy
Tomato: Lycopene -
-
Carotenoids
Carrot: Beta carotene/Xanthophyll
↑
Cherries, apple, blueberries, grapes, pomegranate: Anthocyanin
M
In brown algae food is stored in the form of complex carbohydrates that
may be in the form laminarin and mannitol
:
NPK used in
Urea
C
1828, Friedrich Wohler
SS
synthesised Urea Carbon, Hydrogen
↑
Protein synthesis in plants: by use of nitrogen (legumes)
:
Anatomy: study of body structure/body parts
C
Mango tree is example of autotroph
SS
Glycation: result of covalent bonding of a sugar molecule
R pores
A
RM
Red color
Green colour Highly used
least used
C
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS
SS
R
A
RM
PA
DISCOVERIES
Antibiotics
C
8
SS
R
A
RM
PA
·
Food web: consists of all food chain in asingle
single ecosystem, described by English
ecologist Charles Elton (“Pyramid of numbers”)
/ Raymond O Lindman:
Lindeman: mentioned about the energy transfer from one tropic
level to another
C
Helicobacter pylori discovered by: Robin Warren (Nobel Prize in Physiology
:
or Medicine in 2005
SS
Louis Pasteur: experimentally demonstrated how yeast is responsible for
making alcohol from sugar
Camillo Golgi received the Nobel Prize in 1906 along with Santiago Ramona
R
Cajal on the structure of nervous system
M
JBS Haldane
Heldon:: suggested life must have developed from simple inorganic
molecules
=
AO Hume: father of Indian Ornithology
C
Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary: Goa
SS
DNA as a molecule discovery: 1869, Fredrick Miescher
R
To measure the growth in plants
A
Father of Surgery: Sushruta
Article on the structure and origin of plant cells: 1838, by Matthias Sheldon
C
There is no vaccine for Hepatitis C (affects Liver)
SS
SCIENTIFIC NAMES
:
R
Parthenium hyterophorus: Carrot grass
Oleo gum resin (Asafoetida) obtained from: dried latex from the tap root of
A
ferula
↑ Megaptera novaeabgliae: humpback
RM
~
Peacock: Pavo cristatus -
Rose: Rosa
PA
:
-
Horse: Equus caballus
C
I Gazella benneti: Chinkara
SS
Housefly: Musca domestica
R
A
RM
PA