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    3 views20 pages

    Teori Analisa

    Uploaded by

    Panji Okta Prawira

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 20
    Bearing Capacity on Drained Subsoil One of the following approaches is avail drained conditions are assumed: ble to assess the bearing capacity of a foundation i All approaches incorporate coefficients due to Brinch - Hansen (see standard analysis) to account for inclined ground surface and inclined footing bottom. Assuming drained conditions during construction the soil below spread footing deforms including both shear and volumetric deformations. In such a case the strength of soil is assumed in terms of effective values of the angle of internal friction ger and the effective cohesion c¢y. It is also assumed that there is an effective stress in the soil equal to the total stress (consolidated state). Effective parameters yef, cef represent the peak strength parameters. ‘Owing to the fact that the choice of drained conditions depends on a number of factors (rate of load, soil permeability, degree of saturations and degree of overconsolidation) it is the designer's responsibility to decide, depending on the actual problem being solved, if the effective parameters should be used. Standard Analysis By default the solution based on J. Brinch - Hansen theory is used, where the bearing capacity of foundation soil follows from: Ry = ¢N pS, ig be Be Go-Ng 5g ig By. 8 3 7NySedyds by. 8s where: =%-4 Ng -l}cot 8 for: > 0 +n coefficients of bearing capacity: 0 for: ) tg (45+2e “8° era N,=15(Nz-Ditgo s.-1+022 7 b sgn 1+7.sing yetcan? coefficients of influence of depth of foundation: coefficients of slope of footing bottom: coefficients of influence of slope of terrain: m+2 81 = 8 =(1- 05tg8) Le a J Notation of angles and coefficients b,¢ where: ce - 90 - cohesion of soil equivalent uniform load accounting for the influence of foundation depth depth of footing bottom unit weight of soil above the footing bottom width of foundation unit weight of soil coefficient of bearing capacity coefficients of shape of foundation coefficients of influence of foundation depth coefficients of influence of slope of load coefficients of influence of slope of terrain angle of internal friction of soil length of foundation angle of deviation of the resultant force from the vertical direction slope of terrain slope of footing bottom Bearing Capacity on Undrained Subsoi In case of undrained conditions it is assumed that during construction the spread footing undergoes an instantaneous settlement accompanied by shear deformations of soil in absence of volumetric changes. When the structure is completed the soll experiences both primary and secondary consolidation accompanied by volumetric changes. The influence of neutral stress appears in the reduction of soil strength. The strength of soil is then presented in terms of total values of the angle of internal friction ,, and the total cohesion c,, (these parameters can be considered as the minimal ones). Depending on the degree of consolidation the value of the total angle of internal friction yx ranges from 0 to ge’, the total cohesion cy is greater than cef. ‘Owing to the fact that the choice of undrained conditions depends on a number of factors (rate of load, soil permeability, degree of saturations and degree of overconsolidation) it is the designer's responsibility to decide, depending on the actual problem being solved, if the effective parameters should be used. Nevertheless, the total parameters are generally used for fine-grained soil Standard Analy: ‘The following formula is used by default: Ry= (e+ Qe, 5,d,.i-b, +4 with dimensionless coefficients: ~ total cohesion of soll + width of foundation = length of foundation depth of foundation = angle of deviation of the resultant force from the vertical direction = slope of footing bottom from horizontal direction - overburden pressure at the level of foundation base: se earee Horizontal Bearing Capacity of Foundation The foundation horizontal bearing capacity is verified according to the theory of limit states using the following inequallty: H< kn Tat or based on the factor of safety as: R —2 column axis offset from the footing center If in some points the stress becomes negative, the program continues with adjusted dimensions 6+! while excluding tension from the analysis. Before computing the stress distribution due to surcharge the stress in the footing bottom is reduced by the geostatic stress in the following way: Oo) = MAC 5, — For, sp;0) There are three options in the program to specify the geostatic stress in the footing bottom: ‘+ From the original ground It is therefore considered, whether the footing bottom in the ‘open pit measured from the original ground Is free of stress for the time less than needed for soil bulking and subsequent loss of stress in the subsoi + From the finished grade The same assumptions as above apply. + Not considered at Overall Settlement and Rotation of Foundation ‘The foundation settlement is substantially influenced by the overall stiffness of the system represented by foundation structure and foundation soil given by: p= Pease o Exe at where: Ehaic _- Modulus of elasticity of footing t foundation thickness Ede, ay ‘weighted average of the deformation modulus up to depth of influence U footing dimension in the direction of searched stiffness For k> 1 the foundation is assumed to be rigid and as a representative point for the determination of its settlement is assumed the characteristic point (distant by 0.37 times the foundation dimension from its axis). For k< 1 the foundation structure Is assumed to be compliant and as a representative point for the determination of foundation settlement is assumed the foundation center point. ‘The foundation rotation is determined from the difference of settlements of center and of Individual edges. rotation = (tan*1000) cr= arctan [de] b st Rotation of spread footing - principle calculation Influence of Foundation Depth and Incompressible Subsoi When computing settlement it is possible to account for the influence of foundation depth by introducing the reduction coefficient xy: for strip footing: d K-14 0,6Lareig— for spread footing: Kn 14 038.arcig{ where 4 ~ depth of footing bottom =~ depth under footing bottom Influence of incompressible layer is introduced into the analysis by the reduction coefficient x2: where: zie - depth of rigid base under footing bottom =~ depth under footing bottom Incorporating the above coefficients allows transformation of the vertical component of stress az such that the actual depth is replaced by a substitute value -- given by’ Zp = Ky Ky.Z wher 1 ~ Coefficient of footing bottom depth 2 - Coefficient of rigid base =~ depth under footing bottom. Influence of Sand-Gravel Cushion If the sand-gravel cushion is specified below the spread footing, the material parameters x in individual layers are computed in the following way: For layer hai: X, area of sand-gravel cushion Xe > material parameters of sand-gravel cushion Xp,i- material parameters of b,j layer 4 ~ cushion widths in the i layer 4 = cushion length in the slayer Analysis X; in the sand-gravel cushion Analysis Using the Compression Index Equation for settlement when employing the compression index Ce of the 7” layer arises from the formula: A, Sons + O21 5,=C., log Fart * O21 “Tee oy, where: cori ~ vertical component of geostatic stress in the middle of i” layer =i ~ vertical component of incremental stress (e.g. stress due to structure surcharge) inducing layer compression 9 ~ Initial vold ratio It thickness of the i layer Coa - i wh ‘Gi ~ compression index in the i layer Concrete Structures Concrete structures can by analyzed according to folowing standards: ACI 318-11 ‘This help contains the following computationals methods: «Materials, coefficients, notation + Ve of rectangular cross-section made from plain concrete of rectangular RC cross-section under M, V of rectangular RC cross-section under N, M, V of circular RC cross-section of spread footing for punching shear «Design of longitudinal reinforcement for slabs «Design of shear reinforcement for slabs * Ver * Ver * Ver «© Verificatic Materials, Coefficients, Notation The following notation for material parameters is used: fe ~ design strength of concrete in compression Ez ~ modulus of elasticity ‘The modulus of elasticity is provided by (Art. 8.5.1): E, =57000.{f The most common notation for geometrical parameters: b= cross-section width hh ~ cross-section depth d_ - effective depth of cross-section Verification of Rectangular Cross-Section Made of Plain Concrete ‘The cross-section is rectangular, loaded by the bending moment M, normal force P (applied in the cross-section centroid) and by the shear force Vn. “The shear strength is provided by (Art. 22.5.4, Art. 9.3.5): 0,20, 4 7 V, =F NIcbn $=0,6 ‘Strength of concrete cross-section subject to the combination of ben force is derived from the following expressions (Art. 22.5.3, Art. 9.3. for compression side: 1g moment and normal oP, OM, where: P,=06.f.bh M,, =085.f1.S bie se $=0,6 for tension side: where: 4g - loaded area Verification of Rectangular RC Cross-Section Under M, Vv The cross-section is rectangular, reinforced on one side and loaded by the bending moment M. ‘The permissible moment for a given area of reinforcements 4s reads: M,<¢Myp bO88.f, y= [085 - 0,007: -28)] 0,65 5 750,85 ‘The program further checks whether the location of neutral axis parameter ky is less than the limit value: where: x - depth of neutral axis ‘The computed degree of reinforcement is checked using the following expressions: Prin SP where Prin -[> (2) ls» The program further checks ultimate shear strength: V<6 Ny, g=0,7 where: A= a (16 - a} u] n of Rectangular RC Cross-Section Under N, Verifica' M,V ‘The cross-section is rectangular, unilaterally reinforced and loaded by the bending moment and normal compression force. The program verifies a reinforced concrete section using the method of limit deformation. The maximum allowable strain of concrete in compression is 0,002 - 0,0035. Compression reinforcement is not taken into account. The computed degree of reinforcement is checked using the following expressions: Pmin =P where: The program further checks ultimate shear strength: V<6h. g=0,7 where: V, Verification of Circular RC Cross-Section The program verifies a reinforced concrete pile using the method of limit deformation. The maximum allowable strain of concrete in compression is 0,002 - 0,0035. The degree of reinforcement is checked using the formula: Prin =P = Pmax + Column - check for dominant compression 4A, za p= = Beam - check for dominant bending px0s i ad of 4 Pre = 0,04 where: D - pile diameter As - reinforcement area Verification of Spread Footing for Punching Shear ‘The program allows to verify spread footing for punching shear. The critical section loaded in shear Ucr is distant from the column edge by one half of the footing thickness. It is loaded by the prescribed moments Mz, My and by the shear force V” provided by: Vv where: A ~ area of footing Vv - assigned vertical force developed in column At ~ hatched area in fig. A critical critical section Dimensioning of shear reinforcement area At ‘The program checks, whether the cross-section bursting strength is sufficient according to the relation: where: 7 2 Soy = Mir] 0,34.f fz 5 017] 1+ B, where: ff -_the ratio of the longest overall dimension of the effective loaded area, ¥, te the overall dimension, X, measured perpendicular to Y a - the dimension of the critical shear perimeter measured parallel to the Girection of My *,- the bending moment transferred from the slab to a support in the directior being considered ‘The analysis is carried out independently in directions x and y, as the decisive one the lower value of Viv is accepted. Design of Longitudinal Reinforcement for Slabs ‘The design of reinforcement is performed for load caused by the bending moment MM. The program provides the required area of tensile and compressive (if needed) reinforcement. It takes into account conditions for the minimum and maximum degree of reinforcement in a given cross-section. First, the program determines the location of neutral axis as: xed— |a?-_2Ma 08S. b.f. Providing the location of neutral axis is less than the allowable one (x < ky*d), the program determines the area of tensile reinforcement 4, from the expression: Ay = BSH: beh Providing the location of neutral axis is greater than the allowable one (x > k,*d), the program determines the areas of both compressive (4sc) and tensile (4sz) reinforcement from the expressions: fe max(d —0,45.k,.d) SyaZ M-A, MA Sy ho Fe max = O85.G.D.fo Sy Age = where: = 08 ky, =0,4 ‘The computed degree of reinforcement is checked using the following expressions: Prin

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