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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Fossil plants,
Vol. 2: A text-book for students of botany and
geology
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Fossil plants, Vol. 2: A text-book for students of botany and

geology

Author: A. C. Seward

Release date: July 7, 2022 [eBook #68470]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press,

1910

Credits: Peter Becker, Robert Tonsing, Utrecht University and the

Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOSSIL

PLANTS, VOL. 2: A TEXT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS OF BOTANY
AND GEOLOGY ***
F O S S I L P L A N T S.
 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
London: FETTER LANE, E.C.
C. F. CLAY, Manager

Edinburgh: 100, PRINCES STREET

London: H. K. LEWIS, 136, GOWER STREET, W.C.
Berlin: A. ASHER AND CO.
Leipzig: F. A. BROCKHAUS
New York: G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
Bombay and Calcutta: MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd.

All Rights reserved

Part of a transverse section of a Permian Osmundaceous Fern stem,
Thamnopteris Schlechtendalii (Eichwald). a, outer xylem; b, inner
xylem. For description, see page 329. (After Kidston and
Gwynne-Vaughan. Very slightly reduced.)
 F OS S I L P L A N T S
A TEXT-BOOK FOR STUDENTS
OF BOTANY AND GEOLOGY

BY

A. C. SEWARD, M.A., F.RS.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY; FELLOW OF ST JOHN’S
COLLEGE AND HONORARY FELLOW OF EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

WITH 265 ILLUSTRATIONS

VOL. II

CAMBRIDGE:
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
1910
 Cambridge:
PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A.

AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

 PREFACE
I REGRET that pressure of other work has prevented the completion
of this Volume within a reasonable time since the publication of
Volume I. Had Volume II been written ten years ago, the discoveries
made in the course of the last decade would have given an out-of-
date character to much of the subject-matter. It is more especially in
regard to the Ferns and the extinct members of the Gymnosperms
that our outlook has been materially altered by recent contributions
to Palaeobotany. It is, however, some satisfaction to be able to add
that recent progress has been relatively slight in that part of the
subject dealt with in the first volume.
The original intention was to complete the whole work in two
volumes. Soon after the second volume was begun, it became
evident that the remaining divisions of the plant-kingdom could not
be included within the compass of a single volume. I decided,
therefore, to take the consequences of having embarked on too
ambitious a plan of treatment, and to preserve uniformity of
proportion by reserving the seed-bearing plants for a third volume.
The third volume will include the Pteridosperms, other than those
briefly described in the final chapter of the present volume, and other
classes of Gymnosperms. I propose also to devote such space as is
available within the limits of a text-book to the neglected subject of
the geographical distribution of plants at different stages in the
history of the earth. It is my intention to complete Volume III with as
little delay as possible. As I have written elsewhere, the past history
of the Flowering plants needs special treatment, and anything more
than a mere compilation can be adequately attempted only after
considerable research and with the assistance of botanists
possessing a special knowledge of different families of Angiosperms.
The need of a critical examination of available data in regard to the
geological history of this dominant group will not be lost sight of.
 I am well aware that while certain genera have received an undue
share of attention in the present volume, others have been ignored
or treated with scant consideration. For this inconsistency I have no
excuse to offer, beyond the statement that the subject is a large one,
and selection is necessary even though the work consists of three
volumes.
The publication in 1909 of a collection of excellent photographs of
Palaeozoic Plants, with brief descriptive notes, by Mr Newell Arber,
as one of a series of popular “Nature Books,” bears striking
testimony to the remarkable spread of interest in the study of the
vegetation of the past, which is one of the outstanding features in the
recent history of botanical science.
In the list of illustrations I have mentioned the source of all figures
which have been previously published. I would, however,
supplement the statement of fact with an expression of thanks to
corporate bodies and to individuals who have allowed me to make
use of blocks, drawings, or photographs.
I wish to thank my colleague, Mr A. G. Tansley, for placing at my
disposal several blocks originally published in the pages of the New
Phytologist. To Professor Bertrand of Lille and to his son Dr Paul
Bertrand I am indebted for several prints and descriptive notes of
specimens in their possession. My friends Dr Nathorst of Stockholm
and Dr Zeiller of Paris have generously responded to my requests
for information on various points. I wish especially to thank Dr
Kidston for several excellent prints of specimens in his collection and
for the loan of sections. I have profited by more than one
examination of his splendid collection at Stirling. Professor Weiss
has generously allowed me to borrow sections from the Manchester
University collections, more especially several which have been
reproduced in the chapter devoted to the genus Lepidodendron. To
Professor F. W. Oliver my thanks are due for the loan of sections
from the collection under his charge at University College. I have
pleasure also in thanking Dr Scott, not only for lending me sections
of a Lepidodendron and for allowing me to use some drawings of
Miadesmia originally made by Mrs Scott for reproduction in his
invaluable book, Studies in Fossil Botany, but for kindly undertaking
the laborious task of reading the proofs of this volume. It would be
unfair to express my gratitude to Dr Scott for many helpful
suggestions and criticisms, without explicitly stating that thanks to a
friend for reading proofs must not be interpreted as an attempt to
claim his support for all statements or views expressed. The General
Editor of the Series, Mr A. E. Shipley, has also kindly read the
proofs. I am under obligations also for assistance of various kinds to
Prof. Thomas of Auckland, New Zealand, to Mr Boodle of Kew, to Mr
D. M. S. Watson of Manchester, to Mr T. G. Hill of University College,
and to Mr Gordon of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. I am indebted
to the kind offices of Miss M. C. Knowles for the photograph of the
specimen of Archaeopteris hibernica in the Irish National Museum,
Dublin, reproduced on page 561.
Many of the illustrations are reproduced from drawings by my wife:
those made from the actual specimens are distinguished by the
addition of the initials M. S. I am grateful to her also for some
improvements in the letter-press. For the drawings made from
sections and for some of the outline sketches I am responsible. I
have availed myself freely of the facilities afforded by Professor
McKenny Hughes in the Sedgwick Museum of Geology for the
examination of specimens under the charge of Mr Newell Arber, the
University Demonstrator in Palaeobotany. It is a pleasure to add that,
as on former occasions, I am indebted to the vigilance of the
Readers of the University Press for the detection of several errors
which escaped my notice in the revision of the proofs.
A. C. SEWARD.
Botany School, Cambridge.
March 12, 1910.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
———————

CHAPTER XII
SPHENOPHYLLALES (continued from Volume i.). Pp. 1–16.

PAGE

Sphenophyllum 1–7
Cheirostrobus 7–12
Sphenophyllales and Psilotaceae 12–16

CHAPTER XIII
PSILOTALES. Pp. 17–29.

Psilotum and Tmesipteris 17–24

Fossils described by authors as being closely allied to Psilotum 24–26
Psilophyton 26–29

CHAPTER XIV
LYCOPODIALES. Pp. 30–91.

Recent Lycopodiales (General) 30–33

Lycopodiaceae (Recent) 33–49
Selaginellaceae (Recent) 49–58
Isoetaceae (Recent) 58–66
Fossil Lycopodiales 66–91
Isoetaceae (Fossil) 66–68
Pleuromeia 68–73
Herbaceous fossil species of Lycopodiales 73–91
Lycopodites 76–84
Selaginellites 85–88
Lycostrobus 88–91
Poecilitostachys 91

CHAPTER XV
ARBORESCENT LYCOPODIALES. Pp. 92–195.

Lepidodendron 93–181
i. General 93–97
ii. Leaves and Leaf-cushions 97–105
iii. Lepidophloios 105–109
iv. The anatomy of Lepidodendron vasculare 109–123
v. Lepidodendron stems as represented by casts and impressions of
partially decorticated specimens 123–128
a. Knorria 124–126; b. Bergeria 126, 127; c. Aspidiaria 127,
128.
vi. Lepidodendroid axes known as Ulodendron and Halonia 128–139
a. Ulodendron 128–135; b. Halonia 135–139.
vii. Anatomical characters of vegetative Lepidodendron shoots 139–181
1. Lepidodendron esnostense 139, 140; 2. L. rhodumnense
140; 3. L. saalfeldense 141; 4. L. fuliginosum 141–160; 5. L.
Harcourtii 160–163; 6. L. Wünschianum 163–171; 7. L.
macrophyllum 171; 8. L. Veltheimianum 171–177; 9. L.
Pedroanum 177, 178; 10. L. australe 178–181.
viii. Fertile shoots of Lepidodendreae 181–195
A. Lepidostrobus 181–191. i. Lepidostrobus variabilis 187, 188;
ii. L. oldhamius 188–190; iii. L. Brownii, etc. 190, 191.
B. Spencerites 192–195.

CHAPTER XVI
SIGILLARIA. Pp. 196–226.

i. General 196–210; ii. Leaves 210–215; iii. Fertile shoots 215–218;

iv. The structure of Sigillarian stems 218–224; v. Sigillaria
Brardi 224–226.

CHAPTER XVII
 STIGMARIA. Pp. 227–247.

CHAPTER XVIII
BOTHRODENDREAE. Pp. 248–270.

Bothrodendron 248–264. a. B. minutifolium 251–253; b. B. punctatum

254, 255; c. B. kiltorkense 255–259. Anatomy of vegetative shoots of
Bothrodendron 260–262; Cones of Bothrodendron 262–264.
Pinakodendron 264
Omphalophloios 264–266
General considerations 266–270

CHAPTER XIX
SEED-BEARING PLANTS CLOSELY ALLIED TO
MEMBERS OF THE LYCOPODIALES. Pp. 271–279.

i. Lepidocarpon 271–275; ii. Miadesmia 275–279.

CHAPTER XX
FILICALES. Pp. 280–323.

I. Leptosporangiate Filicales 283–316

Eufilicineae 284–316. Osmundaceae 285, 286; Schizaeaceae
286–291; Matonineae 291–293; Loxsomaceae 293;
Hymenophyllaceae 294; Cyatheaceae 294–296;
Dennstaedtiinae 296; Polypodiaceae 296; Parkeriaceae 297;
Dipteridinae 298.
The habit, leaf-form, and distribution of ferns 300–309;
The anatomy of ferns 309–316.
II. Marattiales 316–321
III. Ophioglossales 321–323

CHAPTER XXI
FOSSIL FERNS. Pp. 324–394.

Osmundaceae 324–346; Schizaeaceae 346–351; Gleicheniaceae 351–355;