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Fault Analysis Using Z Bus
Fault Analysis Using Z Bus
1.0 Introduction
(6)
VN Z Nk I f
We observe from row k that:
V f Zkk I f (7)
Solving (7) for I’’f results in
Vf
I f
Z kk (8)
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Notice that eq. (8) is consistent with eq. (1)
when Zf=0.
(9)
VN Z Nk / Z kk V f
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Z jk
V j Vf
Z kk (11)
Substitution of (11) into (10) results in
Z jk
V jf V j Vf
Z kk (12)
Now eq. (12) is useful for computing fault
currents in the circuits. Consider Fig. 1.
Zb
bus i bus j
Fig. 1
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Z jk
V jf V j Vf
Z kk (14)
Now we can compute the subtransient
current flowing from bus i to bus j under the
fault condition as
Vif V jf
I ij
Zb (15)
Substituting eqs. (13) and (14) into (15)
results in
Z ik Z jk
Vi V f V j Vf
Z kk Z kk
I ij
Zb
Vi V j Z ik Z jk
V f (16)
Zb Z b Z kk
We can use eq. (16) to get the fault current
in the circuits. These values provide us with
the appropriate information for selecting the
circuit breakers in the lines.
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3.0 Some important comments
Zbus should be developed using
subtransient reactances in generator/motor
models.
Because fault currents are typically
much larger than load currents, it may be
assumed that there are no loads.
o All pre-faults currents are 0.
o All buses have voltage (pre-fault) equal
to Vf.
o Equation (16) becomes:
Z ik Z jk
I ij V f
Z b Z kk (17)
From (16) and (17), we see that only the
kth column of the Z-bus is required to
analyze a fault at bus k.
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Our approach will depend on two ideas:
1. Column of Z: We can just consider a
single column of Z, instead of the entire
matrix. Call it Zk; it is a column vector.
The right hand side of (19) will just be a
column of I. Call it Ik. It will also be just
a vector and will contain zeros in every
row except for row k. The resulting
relation is:
YZk Ik (21)
2. LU-Decomposition: If you have taken
EE 456 or a linear algebra course in
math, then you are familiar with LU
decomposition. LU decomposition
provides a way to solve for the vector x
in the matrix relation
Ax b (22)
where A is a n×n square matrix, x is an
unknown n×1 vector, and b is an known
n×1 vector. The advantage to LU
decomposition is it does not require
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inverting the matrix A. The basis of LU-
decomposition is that we may factor A
into a matrix product LU, i.e.,
A LU (23)
where L is a lower diagonal n×n matrix
of the form
l11 0 0
L l21 l22 0
l31 l32 l33 (24)
and U is an upper diagonal n×n matrix of
the form
1 u12 u13
U 0 1 u23
0 0 1 (25)
Substitution of eq. (23) in (22) yields
LU x b (26)
Defining
Uxw (27)
provides that eq. (25) becomes:
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Lw b (28)
If we have L and U, then (28) is easily
solved for w (without inverting L) using
forward substitution, and then (27) can
be easily solved for x (without inverting
U) using backwards substitution. More
details on LU decomposition may be
found in the notes called
“LUDecomposition.doc.”
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Homework #3: Due Tuesday, Feb 3.
j0.25 j0.40
Bus 4
Bus 3 Bus 1
j0.10 j0.10
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i. Use LU decomposition to obtain the 2nd
column of the Z-bus.
ii. Compute the subtransient fault current.
iii. Use eq. (12) to find the voltages during the
fault.
iv. Use eq. (17) to find the subtransient currents
in lines 3-2, 1-2, and 4-2.
3. See notes called “Examples.”
4. See notes called “Examples.”
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