Q3-W4
Hazard
-refers to anything which may be a source of
probable damage to man,animals,and properties.
Effects of Hazard to People
-hazard may cause injury or death to people.
Effects of Hazard to Human Activity
-classes are suspended, work may be stopped
and transportation may be hampered
Effects of Hazard to Property
-natural disasters may cause devastating
damage to houses, equipment and livelihood.
Effects of Hazard to Environment
-it might be damaged due to hazard.
Hazard Event
-it refers to the totality of circumstances that
cause harm to people, animal and property.
Hazard Assessment
-it is the process of identifying potential threats,
determining the possibility of their occurrence
and appraising its possible effect.
-sometimes called hazard evolution.
-performed by the National Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Council.
Hazard Assessment
-management reports coming from the local
government units are consolidated by the
National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council for final hazard assessment.
Hazard Mapping
-it is the process of identifying localities which
are in danger of natural disaster.
DENR
-Department of Environmental and National
Resources
PHILVOCS
-Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology
PAGASA
-Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration
DOST
-Department of Science and Technology
NDRRMC
-National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council.
Classification of Hazards:
Natural Hazards
-are those which are caused by forces in our
environment that disrupt human activity, or that
may cause damage or injury to life and property.
Quasi-natural Hazards
-are the second classification of hazards
-these are hazards resulting from natura
processes and intervention of human activities.
Technological (or man-made) Hazards
-are those arising from industrial conditions
like accidents and equipment malfunction.
Elements in identifying hazards:
Atmospheric
-may cause asphyxiation, irritation and injuries.
Hydrology
-this refers to anything which has a connection
with water in any form of properties and its
distribution.
Geology
-this pertain to anything in connection with
earth surface resembling to soil, lands and
minerals.
Biologic
-also known as biohazards.
-refers to any organic substances like bacteria
and virus.
Technologic
-these may refers to equipment malfunction in
industries that poses threat to lives an
properties.
Other Classification of Hazards: Distance
Multiple Hazards -the length of shaking decreases as the distance
-when the volcano erupts and at the same time goes farther from the center of earthquake.
or at a certain lapse of time an earthquake
occurs, hitting the same area, these arises a The Intensity Scale and its Description:
multiple hazard situation. Intensity I (Scarcely Perceptible)
-noticeable to some people
Secondary Hazards -water moves slowly
-are those which result from other hazard
events. Intensity II (Slightly Felt)
-hanging objects swing slightly
Chronic Hazards -felt by few people
-are those which accumulate over time and are -water moves noticeable
caused by long or repeated exposures.
Intesity III (Weak)
The Impact of Various Hazards: -experience dizziness
Primary Effect -felt by people indoors, specially in upper floors
-these occur because of the hazard itself. -hanging objects swing

Secondary Effect Intensity IV (Moderately Strong)

-these are the result or outcome of primary -light sleepers are awakened
effects of hazards. -hanging objects swing
-Plates, utensils, windows, and doors rattle
Tertiary Effect -water moves slowly
-are long-term effects because of a primary
event. Intesity V (Strong)
-many sleeping people are awakened
-shaking felt in building
Q3-W5 -hanging objects swing violently
Earthquake -light or unstable object may fall
-these hazard are classified as either primary or
secondary. Intesity VI (Very Strong)
-people lose balance
Ground Shaking -motorists feel like driving with flat tires
-is the first stage of earthquake hazard -heavy furniture moves
-cracks appear on wall
Subsidence -trees shaking
-is the settling of the ground due to the
movement which resulted in earthquake. Intesity VII (Destructive)
-people have difficulty standing in upper floors
The Strenght of Ground Shaking is Influenced by: -furniture toppled
Condition of the Local Geology -church bells ring
-this means that loose sedimentary may be -old or poorly built structures damaged
subjected more to intense shaking than solid
bedrock. Intesity VIII (Very Distructive)
-people have difficulty standing
Length of Time of Shaking and Intensity of the -damaged buildings and bridges
Earthquake -railway tracks broken
-these are subjects generally to the dimension -tombstone overturned
covered by the earthquake. -landslide are visible
Intesity IV (Devastating) Fire
-people are thrown to ground -may be caused by burning candle which fell on
-totally damaged buildings and bridges combustible materials during the ground shaking
-towers are tilted
-landslide are visible

Intesity X (Completely Devastating)

-destruction of man-made structures
-massive landslide
-river courses change
-trees uprooted

Ground Rupture
-also called surface rupture
-refers to the ground surface due to the
earthquake.
-occurs when the split of fault spreads to the
earth’s surface.

Two Kinds of Surface Rupture:

Normal and Reverse Rupture- collectively
called dip-slip. This kind of rupture produces
properties like car.

Strike-slip Faulting- results to lateral offsets.

Subsidence
- also known as the sinking of the surface of the
ground.

Tsunami
-in its non-technical term is called tidal wave.

Landslide
-are considered as the major geologic hazard.

Other Secondary Earthquake Hazards:

Seiche
-also known as a small wave
-described by the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHILVOCS) as a
small waves

Flooding
-is also considered as the secondary impact of
earthquake activity
-destruction of dams may result in the sudden
and unexpected release of water that may flood
an entire community