FACULTY OF OCEAN ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATICS

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA TERENGGANU

MMT3053 THERMODYNAMICS SESSION 2023/2024

LABORATORY REPORT

(EXPERIMENT A)

MARCET BOILER

PROGRAMME : BACHELOR OF MARITIME TECHNOLOGY

LECTURER : DR. WAN NURDIYANA WAN MANSOR

GROUP :4

NAME MATRIC NO.

HARSHIINI A/P KALIMUTHU S62419

NUR AIMAN BIN SUHAIDI

SHAHRUL AMRRI BIN MUHAMAD SABRI

SITI AZRINA BINTI MUHAMMAD ROZLAN

INTRODUCTION
The Marcet Boiler is a benchtop device meant to demonstrate the boiling phenomena,
which is a fundamental principle in thermodynamics study. Students will be able to study
the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam in
equilibrium with water. An ideal gas obeys the equation of state that the pressure,
specific volume or density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas
constant, R. However, real gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few
changes on the ideal gas equation of state allow its application in the properties of real
gas. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and
steam. At lower pressure, the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while
less energy required in achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The
temperature where equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated
temperature. The Marcet Boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the
pressure and temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all
temperature levels experimental slope (dT/dP) SAT obtained is compared to the
theoretical value determined through calculation from the steam table.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of saturated steam in
equilibrium with water over range in 0 – 12 bar.
THEORY
In all the engineering equipment using heating system, a certain fluid flow through the
system. This fluid is called as the working fluid. It acts as a medium to allow the
conversion or transfer of energy to produce heat or work. These materials can be
employed in the liquid, vapor or gas phase, or a mixture of the two phases, where there
are changes in chemical bonding.
Water is the working fluid commonly used in engineering works. It is useful at ambient
and high temperature. At ambient temperature water in liquid form is used as heat
transfer media while at high temperature water in the vapor state is often used as a
medium of energy transport.
For example, in steam power plants, water is used as the working fluid, and it exists in
two phases, liquid and vapor, or often referred to as steam. The water is heated in a
boiler to produce steam which would then be expanded in a steam turbine to produce
turbine work. Then it passed through the condenser where it will be returned to the
initial state of the liquid.
Knowledge regarding the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid in certain
circumstances is important for the purpose of analyzing the processes that occur and to
determine the thermodynamic properties. The values of these properties can be
determined experimentally. Various properties can be related in the form of a graph or
chart, properties diagram, tables or specific relationships.
In this experiment, we will get the relationship of two important thermodynamic
properties such as temperature and pressure for saturated steam.
If energy is added to water, the resulting increase in activity of the molecules causes
more and more of them to leave the surface until equilibrium is achieved. Equilibrium
depends on the pressure of the pure substance (steam) at the interface with water, the
lower the pressure the easier for the molecules to leave and thus less energy is
required to reach the equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature for a pure substance
existing as a mixture of two phases, the Clapeyron relationship relatives the pressure,
heat and expansion, during a change of phase provided the two phases are in
equilibrium.
The Clapeyron relationship is,
EQUIPMENT

PROCEDURE:
1. The boiler is filled in with clean water through the filler plug situated on the top of
the boiler, until the water reaches and starts to drain through the tap on the side of
the boiler.
2. The level cock is left open, the electric heater is switch on and wait until steam
issues freely from the cock. This will ensure that all air is expelled from the boiler.

3. The cock is closed and continued heating up to a maximum gauge pressure 12

bar and the increasing values of temperature is recorded with 1 bar intervals in
Table A-1.

4. The heater is switched off and the decreasing values of temperature is recorded
until 0 bar with 1 bar intervals in Table A-1.

5. The graph of T (K) Vs P(ab) (bar) and (dt/dp)sat (Km2/kn) Vs P(ab) (bar) is plotted.

EXPERIMENTAL DATA:
Fill in the experimental data in Table A-1
TABLE A-1: Tables for Data and Results of Experiment
TEMPERATURE, T
PRESSURE, P (bar) *Temp.
From (EXPERIMENT)
Steam
INCREASE DECREASE Tables Decrease Av. Av.
Increase
(°C) (°C)
Gauge Abs Gauge Abs (°C) (°C) (°K)

0 1 0 1 99.6 88.5 361.7

75 102

1 2 1 2 120.2 103.5 376.7

97 110

2 3 2 3 133.5 116 389.2

110 122

3 4 3 4 143.6 125 398.2

118 132

4 5 4 5 151.8 134 407.2

128 140

2 6 5 6 158.8 140 413.2

134 146

6 7 6 7 165.0 146 419.2

140 152

7 8 7 8 170.4 150 423.2

144 156
 8 9 8 9 175.4 156 429.2
152 160

9 10 9 10 179.9 158.5 431.7

156 161

10 11 10 11 184.1 160 433.2

158 162

11 12 11 12 188.0 162 435.2

160 164

12 13 12 13 191.6 165 438.2

164 166

*Abs = Absolute
Approved by Technician in charge:
Temp = Temperature
Av = Average

…………………………………..

Signature & Official Stamp

CALCULATIONS:
1. Do the Specimen Calculation to find absolute pressure (bar) and average
temperature (K). Date:

Refer above graph.

For 1bar
(75+102) / 2=88.5 °C

273.15 + 88.5 =361.17 K

(STEP REPEATED FOR 2 bar-13 bar)

2. Tabulate the calculated values of absolute pressure (Pab) and average

temperature (T).

Refer above graph

3. Plot the graph of T Vs P(ab).

4. Calculate the practical value of (dt/dp)sat from the graph of T Vs P(ab) for
Experimental Analysis.

Absolute Temperature dT dP (dt/dp)sat

Pressure, T(K) (K) (kN/m^2) (Km^2/kN)
P(bar)
1 361.7 - - -
2 376.7 15 100 0.15
(376.7-361.7)
3 389.2 12.5 100 0.125
(389.2-376.7)
4 398.2 9 100 0.09
(398.2-389.2)
5 407.2 9 100 0.09
(407.2-398.2)
6 413.2 6 100 0.06
(413.2-407.2)
7 419.2 6 100 0.06
(419.2-413.2)
8 423.2 4 100 0.04
(423.2-419.2)
9 429.2 6 100 0.06
(429.2-423.2)
10 431.7 2.5 100 0.25
(431.7-429.2)
11 433.2 1.5 100 0.15
 (433.2-431.2)
12 435.2 2 100 0.02
(435.2-433.2)
13 438.2 3 100 0.03
(438.2-435.2)

5. Calculate the theoretical value of (dt/dp)sat using the steam table 01 for Theoretical
Analysis.

Absolute Temperature SpecificVolume Latent heat of

Pressure, P(bar) T(K) of Steam, Vg vapourization,
(m^3/kg) hfg (kJ/kg) (Km^2/kN)
1 361.7 1.694 2258 0.2714
2 376.7 0.8856 2202 0.1515
3 389.2 0.6057 2164 0.1089
4 398.2 0.4623 2134 0.0863
5 407.2 0.3748 2109 0.0724
6 413.2 0.3156 2087 0.0625
7 419.2 0.2728 2067 0.0553
8 423.2 0.2403 2048 0.0497
9 429.2 0.2149 2031 0.0454
10 431.7 0.1944 2015 0.0416
11 433.2 0.1774 2000 0.0384
12 435.2 0.1632 1986 0.0358
13 438.2 0.1512 1972 0.0336

6. Tabulate the practical values and theoretical values of (dt/dp)sat separately.

Practical Values (dt/dp)sat Theoretical Values (dt/dp)sat

(Km^2/kN) (Km^2/kN)
- 0.2714
0.15 0.1515
0.125 0.1089
0.09 0.0863
0.09 0.0724
0.06 0.0625
0.06 0.0553
0.04 0.0497
0.06 0.0454
 0.25 0.0416
0.15 0.0384
0.02 0.0358
0.03 0.0336

7. Plot the graph of (dt/dp)sat Vs P(ab).

DISCUSSION
1. Explain why it was necessary to expel the air from the apparatus.

It is necessary to remove all air from the boiler before beginning the experiment.
This is due to the possibility that air will influence the precision of the experimental
results. The accurate equilibrium measurements between the steam and the
boiling water will not be obtained if the air is not moved.

2. Compare the curves obtained from experimental results with the curves
obtained from the tabulated data.

he relation between pressure and temperature appears to be directly proportional

in the graphs, with a small difference between the observed and theoretical slopes.
3. Point out any possible sources of error.

Measurement or reading accuracy, room temperature and pressure, material

stability,and computations are all sources of errors.

4. Discuss the properties of a liquid and its vapour as illustrated by this

experiment and quote any examples of an industrial or practical nature in
which this relationship is effective.

The experiment investigates the phase transition between liquid and vapor states
of water. By heating water in a closed vessel (the Marcet Boiler) and observing the
changes in pressure and temperature, students can understand how phase
transitions occur at different conditions. When a liquid absorbs enough heat
energy, it transforms into a vapour. Because the steam cannot escape, the
pressure rises, causing the temperature to rise. The experiment helps in
understanding the concept of saturation. At the boiling point, the liquid and vapor
phases coexist in equilibrium. This is the point where the liquid is saturated with
thermal energy and any additional heat added will only result in phase change, not
temperature increase. Overall, the Marcet Boiler experiment provides valuable
insights into the properties of liquids and vapors, including their behavior under
different temperature and pressure conditions, phase transitions, and the
principles of thermodynamics governing these phenomena.

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
In this experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to be
directly proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slope
shows a small deviation between them because of certain errors. With the exception of
a few minor faults, this experiment may be considered a success. To improve the quality
and efficiency, the experiment should be conducted at room temperature with all air
conditioners turned off, as well as by repeating the experiment and obtaining the
average value. The experiment might be more accurate if some insulation was retained
on the Marcet boiler to prevent heat loss.
REFERENCES

1) Yunus A. Cengal& Michael A. Boles, “Thermodynamics – An Engineering

Approach”, 3rd Edition, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill, 2002.
2) James, T., Fatigue Failure for Dummies, Made Up Press, New York, 2nd Ed (1999),
pp.23
3) Davis, J., Metals Handbook, Vol 2, 10th Ed., ASM International, 1990, pp.145-165