4.6 Introduction To Titration

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4.6 Introduction to Titration

Contents
Introduction to Titration
Page 1 of 6
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Introduction to Titration
Your notes
Determine the Concentration of an Analyte
One of the most important analytical techniques is titration
Titrations include
Acid-base titrations
Redox titrations
The most important glass equipment used in a titration is a burette
Titrations are used to determine the concentration of a chemical compound in an unknown sample
The unknown sample is called the analyte
The concentration of analyte is determined using a solution of known concentration that is able to
react with the analyte
The solution of known concentration is called titrant
The burette is filled with the titrant, while the analyte is placed in a conical flask under the burette
The endpoint or equivalence point occurs when the moles of titrant have reacted completely with the
moles of analyte
In most titrations indicator is placed in the analyte solution
The indicator is a substance that will change color near the endpoint of the titration
Common titration setup
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Your notes
Titration setup showing the titrant and the analyte. It is a good practice to fill the burette to 0.0 cm3 as
shown in the diagram
How to perform a titration?
1. Measure a known volume of analyte and place it into a conical flask
2. Fill the burette with titrant. Remember that the titrant must be a solution of known concentration
3. If necessary, add few drops of indicator in the conical flask
4. Open the tap on the burette carefully and add the analyte portion by portion to the conical flask
1. After each portion the conical flask must be swirled
5. As you start getting near the endpoint, the portions should be added dropwise
6. Close the burette tap when one drop has caused a permanent color change
7. Record the volume of titrant used for the equivalence point. This volume will be used to determine the
concentration of analyte
Determining the concentration of analyte
One of the most assessed calculations in AP Chemistry regarding titrations is determining the amount
of analyte
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The steps for this calculation are summarized in the following diagram
Steps for determining the concentration of analyte
Your notes
General steps that must be followed to determine the concentration of analyte using the volume
recorded from the equivalence point of the titration
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Worked example
Your notes
A 30.0 mL HCl sample of unknown concentration was titrated using NaOH 0.150 M. A permanent color
change was reached when adding 25.0 mL of titrant. Determine the concentration of the analyte. The
balanced chemical equation is given below
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
Answer:
Step 1: Analyze the statement and set up the steps that you are going to use to solve the problem. The
initial quantity is always given by the statement. Remember to start with the reactant or product that
you have the most information about
Since, volume and molarity are given for sodium hydroxide (titrant), it must be the starting point
Step 2: Calculate the moles of NaOH by transforming the volume of the equivalence point into L and
using the molarity equation
1L
25 . 0 mL of solution × = 0. 0250 L
1000 mL
n of solute
M =
V of solution in liters
Rearranging the equation,

n of solute = M × V of solution in liters
n of solute = 0.150 M × 0.0250 L
n of solute = 0.00375 mol of NaOH
Step 3: Calculate the moles of HCl that reacted using the ratio from the chemical equation
1 mol of HCl
0. 00375 mol of NaOH × = 0. 00375 mol of HCl
1 mol of NaOH
Since the ratio is 1:1 the moles of HCl must be the same
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Step 4: Calculate the molarity of the HCl solution using the volume of the sample in L
30 . 0 mL of solution ×
1L
= 0. 0300 L
Your notes
1000 mL
n of solute
M =
V of solution in liters
0. 00375 mol
M =
0. 0300 L
M = 0.125 M
Step 5: Write the answer with the appropriate number of significant figures
Since all the quantities from the statement are given with 3 significant figures. The answer must be
written with 3 significant figures
The concentration of the unknown HCl sample is 0.125 M
Page 6 of 6

4.6 Introduction To Titration

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4.6 Introduction to Titration

Rearranging the equation,

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