OPEN ENDED PROBLEM

SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

NAME ROLL #
ABDUL SAMI EE-1545
DILDAR ALI EE-1529
FAHAD RASOOL QAZI EE-1519
MUHAMMAD USMAN EE-1547

SUBMITTED TO : SIR HASHIM RAZA SEMESTER : 5 SECTION : B-2

PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Design an active low-pass Sallen-Key 4th order filter, where precision and functionality converge.
Design the filter to achieve a cutoff frequency of precisely 1 kHz, ensuring it strikes the right balance
between allowing desired signals and suppressing unwanted noise. Set the voltage gain at 10 dB to
amplify signals with finesse. Utilize the proven Sallen-Key topology to construct a 4th order filter, a
widely recognized method in analog circuit design. Navigate the standard E12 resistor values and
capacitor values for consistency and practicality. Employ an ideal operational amplifier with a unity
gain bandwidth exceeding 10 times the cutoff frequency. Power the operational amplifier with a
single +15V supply for simplicity. Ensure that the input and output impedances of the filter
harmonize within practical limits. Optimize the filter for a Butterworth response, emphasizing a
maximally flat passband. Your challenge is to synthesize these elements, producing not just a filter
but a thoughtfully engineered solution

DELIVERABLES:

A fourth-order Sallen-Key low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of precisely 1 kHz, a voltage gain of
10 dB, and a Butterworth response.
Specifications:
 Cutoff Frequency (fc): 1 kHz

 Voltage Gain: 10 dB

 Filter Order: 4th order(by cascading two 2nd order LPFs)

Response Type: Butterworth

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. METHODOLOGY

3. COMPONENTS

4. CALCULATIONS

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

6. GRAPH

7. BENEFITS OF SALLEN-KEY 4th order LPFS

8. APPLICATIONS

9. CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
The primary objective of
this project is the
meticulous engineering of
an active low-pass Sallen-
Key 4th order filter. The
design seeks to strike a
delicate balance between
precision and functionality,
ensuring optimal
performance in signal
processing applications.
With a keen focus on
achieving stringent
specifications, the filter is
meticulously crafted to
attain a precisely tuned
cutoff frequency of 1 kHz,
provide a voltage gain of
10 dB, and exhibit a
Butterworth response.
Emphasizing practicality,
the design adheres to
standard E12 resistor and
capacitor values. The
entire filter is powered by
a single +15V supply,
offering simplicity and
efficiency in
implementation. This
comprehensive report
provides an in-depth
exploration of the design
process.
METHODOLOGY
The Sallen-Key LPF
typically uses a single
operational amplifier (op-
amp), two resistors, and
two capacitors. The op-
amp acts as a voltage-
controlled voltage source
(VCVS) within the circuit,
shaping the frequency
response
Design Steps:
1. Choose the Desired Cut-off Frequency
(Fc): This defines the frequency where the
filter starts attenuating signals which is for
our circuit is 1K Hz.
2. Select the Filter Order: A higher order filter
provides steeper roll-off but increases circuit
complexity. Second-order (2nd order) is
common for LPFs.
3. Calculate Component Values: Use
equations based on Fc and desired filter
characteristics like gain and Q factor. Online
calculators and SPICE simulators can
simplify this step.
4. Repeating the same steps for stage 2 of the
deigning the circuit.
5. Because we’ll be cascading two second
order sallen key filters to make 4th order
Active low pass filter.
Key Equations:
1
 Cut-off Frequency: 𝐹𝐶 = for a basic
(2πRC)
2nd-order LPF.
𝑹𝟐
 Gain: G = 1+
𝑹𝟏
√𝐺
 Q Factor: Q =
(2πRC∗FC)
 Capacitor C =
1
(2Πrc∗FC)
 Components selection:
the following components will be used in
the circuit :
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Op amp(lm358)
COMPONENTS

RESISTORS: LM 358 IC:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal The LM358 IC is a dual operational

electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element.
amplifier integrated circuit consisting of
two Op-Amps powered by a common
power supply. It consists of two
independent compensated operational
amplifiers with low power and high gain
frequency. The LM358 is specifically
designed to operate from a single supply
over a wide range of voltages

CAPACITOR:
A capacitor is a device that stores
electrical energy in an electric field due to
the accumulation of electrical charges on
two adjacent surfaces insulated from each
other. It is a passive electronic component
with two terminals. The effect of a
capacitor is called capacitance.
CALCULATIONS

For stage 1:

𝑹𝟐 = 1 kilo ohms
𝑹𝟏 = 1 kilo ohms
𝑮𝟏 = 1.77
R= 10 kilo ohms
𝑪𝟏 = 10 micro farad

For stage 2

𝑹𝟐 = 1 kilo ohms
𝑹𝟏 = 1 kilo ohms
𝑮𝟐 = 1.77
R= 10 kilo ohms
𝑪𝟐 = 10 micro farad

Overall gain:

Total gain

G=𝑮𝟏 ∗ 𝑮𝟐 = 1.77 * 1.77= 3.13

Gain (dB)=20*log(G)=20*log(3.16)=
10dB
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OUTPUT GRAPHS:
 BENEFITS OF SALLEN-KEY 4th  Medical equipment (filtering
order LPFS: physiological signals)

 Simple Circuit: Requires few  Communication systems

components and readily (signal filtering and
available op-amps. conditioning)

 Versatile: Can be configured

for different filter types and CONCLUSION
orders.
The Sallen-Key 4th order low-pass
 Good Performance: Offers filter with a cutoff frequency of 1
predictable frequency kHz, a 10 dB gain, and Butterworth
response characteristics is
response and stable
designed using the Sallen-Key
operation. topology. Component values from
 High Input the E12 series are calculated to
meet the specified requirements
Impedance: Minimizes
while ensuring stability, practicality,
loading on signal sources. and functionality. The selected op-
amp should have adequate
 Low Output
performance characteristics to
Impedance: Drives handle the desired filtering
subsequent circuits operation.
effectively.

APPLICATIONS

Sallen-Key LPFs find applications

in various fields, including:

 Audio signal processing

(removing unwanted high
frequencies)

 Sensor conditioning (filtering

noise from sensor outputs)

 Power supply filtering

(reducing ripple and noise)