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DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

PHYSICS PROJECT
ON
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

PROJECT PREPARED BY: TENZIN PELKYI BHUTIA

CLASS:XII”C”
SESSION:2024-2025
BOARD S ROLL NUMBER: INDE
’
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AIM
To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic
induction.
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PREFACE
Electromagnetic induction, a fundamental principle in physics, was
rst discovered by Michael Faraday in the early 19th century. It
laid the groundwork for much of modern electrical technology. In
essence, electromagnetic induction describes the phenomenon
where an electric current is induced to ow in a conductor when it
is exposed to a changing magnetic eld.

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction states that the

electromotive force (EMF) induced in a circuit is proportional to
the rate of change of the magnetic ux through the circuit. This law
forms the basis for understanding how generators produce
electricity, transformers operate, and inductors function.

One of the most profound implications of electromagnetic induction

is its role in the generation of electricity. Generators utilise the
principle of electromagnetic induction to convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy. This process has revolutionised
industries, powering everything from homes to factories and
driving technological advancements across the globe.

Furthermore, electromagnetic induction plays a crucial role in the

operation of transformers. These devices are fundamental in
transmitting electrical power ef ciently over long distances and
adjusting voltage levels for various applications.

Understanding electromagnetic induction has also led to the

development of numerous technologies, including electric motors,
induction cooktops, and wireless charging systems.

In essence, electromagnetic induction has transformed the world by

enabling the ef cient generation, transmission, and utilisation of
electrical energy. Its profound impact on modern society
underscores the importance of Faraday's discovery and its
continued relevance in contemporary science and technology.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to

express my sincere thanks to my Physics
teacher Mr. M.K Meitei in providing his
valuable guidance, support and supervision
all through this project titled
“Electromagnetic Induction”and bringing it
to its present form.

Tenzin Pelkyi Bhutia

XII
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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this “Physics

Investigatory Project” on the topic
“Electromagnetic Induction”
has been successfully completed by Tenzin
Pelkyi Bhutia of class: XII “C”under the
guidance of
Mr. M.K Meitei in particular ful lment of
the curriculum of Central Board Of
Secondary Education [CBSE] leading to the
award of annual examination of the year
2024-2025

Teacher’s Signature
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INDEX
1.Introduction
2.Principle
3.Theory
4.Induced Electromotive Force
5.Applications Of Electromagnetic
Induction
6.Faraday’s Experiment
7.Materials Required
8.Procedure
9.Observation
10.Result
11.Conclusion
12.Bibliography
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INTRODUCTION
Electro Magnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the
magnetic eld is produced by electric current. The
magnetic eld disappears when
the current is turned off.

Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing the
conductor in a changing magnetic eld is called induction.

Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential difference
(voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to a varying magnetic
eld. Electromagnetic induction is when an electromagnetic eld causes
molecule in another object to ow. Induction can produce electricity
(in coils), heat (in ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter)
Finally, it is refers to the phenomenon where an EMF is induced when
the magnetic ux linking a conductor change.

Magnetic Flux:
It is de ned as the product of the magnetic ux density and the area
normal to the eld through which the eld is passing. It is a scalar
quantity and its S.I. unit is the weber (Wb).
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PRINCIPLE
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic eld
(or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic eld)
causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This
process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current -- it is said to induce the
current.

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THEORY
Invention: -
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the work
of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832, Joseph
Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish his ndings
until later.

Induced EMF:-
If magnetic ux through a coil is altered then an E.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was rst observed and
explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either
by moving the coil or the source of ux relative to each other or
by changing the magnitude of the source of magnetic ux in
some way.
Note that the e.m.f. is only produced while the ux is changing.

Lenz's Law: -
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic ux according to
Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a
current whose magnetic eld opposes the change which produces it. The
induced magnetic eld inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the
magnetic ux in the loop constant. In the examples below, if the B eld is
increasing, the induced eld acts in opposition to it.Induced
Electromotive
Force.
,

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Induced Electromotive Force

If a current is induced in the coil, Faraday reasoned that there
must be what he called an electromotive force pushing the
charges through the coil. This interpretation turned out to be
incorrect; instead, the external source doing the work of
moving the magnet adds energy to the charges in the coil. The
energy added per unit charge has units of volts, so the
electromotive force is actually a potential. Unfortunately, the
name electromotive force stuck and with it the potential for
confusing it with a real force.
For this reason, we avoid the
term electromotive force and
just use the abbreviation
EMF, which has the
mathematical symbol ε.The
EMF may be de ned as the
rate at which energy is drawn
from a source per unit current
owing through a circuit.
Thus, EMF is the energy per
unit charge added by a source,
which contrasts with voltage, which is the energy per unit
charge released as the charges ow through a circuit.
Initially, seven magnetic eld lines are going through the
loop, because the magnet is moving away from the coil, only
ve magnetic eld lines are going through the loop after a
short time Δt.Thus, when a change occurs in the number of
magnetic eld lines going through the area de ned by the
wire loop, an EMF is induced in the wire loop. Experiments
such as this show that the induced EMF is proportional to
the rate of change of the magnetic eld. Mathematically, we
express this as
ε∝ΔB/Δt
where ΔB is the change in the magnitude in the magnetic
eld during time Δt and A is the area of the loop.
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Note that magnetic eld lines that lie in the plane of the
wire loop do not actually pass through the loop, as shown by
the left-most loop.In this gure, the arrow coming out of the
loop is a vector whose magnitude is the area of the loop and
whose direction is perpendicular to the plane of the loop.As
the loop is rotated from
θ=90° to θ=0°,the contribution of the magnetic eld lines to
the EMF increases. Thus, what is important in generating
an EMF in the wire loop is the component of the magnetic
eld that is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, which is
Bcosθ.

This is analogous to a sail in the wind. Think of the

conducting loop as the sail and the magnetic eld as the
wind. To maximise the force of the wind on the sail, the sail
is oriented so that its surface vector points in the same
direction as the winds, as in the right-most loop. When the
sail is aligned so that its surface vector is perpendicular to
the wind, as in the left-most loop,then the wind exerts no
force on the sail.
Thus, taking into account the angle of the magnetic eld
with respect to the area, the proportionality
E∝ΔB/Δt becomes E∝ΔBcosθ/Δt.
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Another way to reduce the number of magnetic

eld lines that go through the conducting loop is not to
move the magnet but to make the loop smaller.
Experiments show that changing the area of a conducting
loop in a stable magnetic eld induces an emf in the loop.
Thus, the emf produced in a conducting loop is proportional
to the rate of change of the product of the perpendicular
magnetic eld and the loop area
ε∝Δ[(Bcosθ)A]/Δt
where Bcosθ is the perpendicular magnetic eld and A is
the area of the loop. The product BA cosθ is very important.
It is proportional to the number of magnetic eld lines that
pass perpendicularly through a surface of area A. Going
back to our sail analogy, it would be proportional to the
force of the wind on the sail. It is called the magnetic ux
and is represented by Φ=BA cosθ
The unit of magnetic ux is the weber (Wb), which is
magnetic eld per unit area, or T/m2. The weber is also a
volt second (Vs).
The induced EMF is in fact proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic ux through a conducting loop.
ε∝ΔΦ/Δt
Finally, for a coil made from N loops, the EMF is N times
stronger than for a single loop. Thus, the EMF induced by a
changing magnetic eld in a coil of N loops is
ε∝NΔBcosθ/ΔtA.
“In what direction does the current ow?” The Russian
scientist Heinrich Lenz (1804–1865) explained that the
current ows in the direction that creates a magnetic eld
that tries to keep the ux constant in the loop.The motion
of the bar magnet causes the number of upward-pointing
magnetic eld lines that go through the loop to decrease.
Therefore, an EMF is generated in the loop that drives a
current in the direction that creates more upward-pointing
magnetic eld lines. By using the right-hand rule, we see
that this current must ow in the direction shown in the
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gure. To express the fact that the induced emf acts to

counter the change in the magnetic ux through a wire
loop, a minus sign is introduced into the proportionality

ε∝ΔΦ/Δt
which gives
Faraday’s law of
induction.
Lenz’s law says
that, to counter
this decrease, the
EMF will drive a
current that
creates an
additional right-
pointing magnetic
eld
→
B coil in the coil.
Again, point your
right thumb in the desired direction of the magnetic eld,
and the current will ow in the direction indicate by
curling your right ngers.
the magnet is reversed so that the south pole is nearest the
coil. Now the magnetic eld,
→
B mag points toward the magnet instead of toward the coil.
As the magnet approaches the coil, it causes the left-
pointing magnetic eld in the coil to increase. Lenz’s law
tells us that the EMF induced in the coil will drive a
current in the direction that creates a magnetic eld
pointing to the right. This will counter the increasing
magnetic ux pointing to the left due to the magnet. Using
the right-hand rule again, as indicated in the gure.
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Applications of electromagnetic Induction -

Electrical Generator:

The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due

to relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic eld is
the phenomenon underlying electrical generators.
When a permanent magnet is moved relative to a
conductor, or vice versa, an
electromotive force is created.
If the wire is connected through
an electrical load, current will
ow, and thus electrical energy
is generated,
converting the mechanical energy
of motion to electrical energy

Electrical transformer: -
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for
electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop
of wire changes, the changing
current creates a changing
magnetic eld. A second wire in
reach of this magnetic eld will
experience this change in
magnetic eld as a change in its
coupled magnetic ux, d Ф / d t.
Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second
loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the
two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical
load, current will ow.
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Faraday’s Experiment:-
• One of the scientists Faraday performed series of experiments
and based on the results he gave law on induction.

• He introduced the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.

• Induction means to induce or to generate something.

• Electromagnetic Induction means production of electric

current due to magnetic eld.

• Magnetic eld is capable of producing current in a conductor.

• Faraday took a coil and attached a galvanometer to it.

• As there is no battery attached therefore there is no source of

current.

• He brought the magnet near the coil.

• When the magnet is moved towards the coil galvanometer

showed de ection.

• Galvanometer even showed the de ection in the opposite

direction when the magnet is taken away from the coil.

• When magnet was not moved there was no de ection in the

galvanometer.

• This show current is related to magnet.

• Faster the magnet is moved the more is the de ection in the

galvanometer. This showed more and more current ows if
the magnet is moved very fast.

• Same effect was observed if the coil is moved and the magnet
was not moved
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Materials Required: -

1. Magnetic bar
2. a galvanometer
3. a coil
4. connecting wires.
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Procedure: -

1.Take a coil of wire having a large number of

turns.

2.Connect the end of the coil to a

galvanometer.

3.Take a strong bar magnet and move its

north pole into the coil and observe the
changes in the galvanometer needle.

4.Repeat earlier step with the south pole of

the bar magnet.

5.Now repeat the procedure with the coil

having a different number of turns and the
variation in the de ection of the
galvanometer needle.
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Observations: -

1.When we move the magnet in or out of the

coil, the needle of galvanometer gets de ected
in different directions.

2.When we insert the north pole (N) of bar

magnet into the coil, the de ection is towards
right.

3.When we insert the south pole (S) of bar

magnet into the coil, the de ection is towards left.

4 When we move
the bar magnet in
or out of the coil
with varying
speed, the speed of
de ection changes
accordingly.

5.As we increase the

number of turns in the coil, the de ection increases.

6.Relative motion between magnet and coil induced

electric current in the coil.
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Result: -

1 The de ection of galvanometer needle indicates

the presence of current in the coil.

2.The direction of de ection gives the direction of

ow of current.

3.The speed of de ection gives the rate at which the

current is induced.

4.The de ection in galvanometer changes with the

change in number of turns in the coil - more the
number of turns in the coil greater is the de ection.
From this experiment, Faraday concluded that
whenever there is relative motion between a conductor
and a magnetic eld, the ux linkage with a coil
changes and this change in ux induces a voltage across
a coil.
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CONCLUSION
Electromagnetic induction is a fundamental principle in physics,
discovered by Michael Faraday in the early 19th century. It describes the
phenomenon where a changing magnetic eld induces an electric current
in a conductor. This principle has profound implications in various elds,
including electrical engineering, electronics, and even in everyday
technologies.
Key conclusions on electromagnetic induction include:
1. Faraday's Law: This law states that the induced electromotive
force (EMF) in any closed circuit is equal to the rate of change of the
magnetic ux through the circuit. Mathematically, it is expressed as ε= -
dtdΦ , where ε is the induced EMF,Φ is the magnetic ux, and t is time.

2. Lenz's Law: This law is a consequence of Faraday's Law and states

that the direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the
change causing it. In simpler terms, it implies that the induced current
always acts to oppose the change in magnetic ux that produced it.

3. Applications: Electromagnetic induction nds widespread

application in various devices and technologies, including generators,
transformers, inductors, electric motors, and wireless charging systems.
It forms the basis of many modern technologies that rely on the
conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa.

4. Transformative Impact: The discovery of electromagnetic

induction revolutionised the eld of electrical engineering and paved the
way for the development of numerous technologies that have
transformed society. It enabled the generation, transmission, and
utilisation of electrical power on a large scale, leading to advancements
in communication, transportation, manufacturing, and more.

5. Continued Research: Despite its long history, electromagnetic

induction continues to be an area of active research. Scientists and
engineers are constantly exploring new applications, re ning
existing technologies, and deepening our understanding of the
underlying principles.

In conclusion, electromagnetic induction is a cornerstone of modern

physics and technology, with far-reaching implications across various
disciplines. Its discovery and subsequent development have profoundly
shaped the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

>>NCERT PHYSICS TEXTBOOK

>>New simpli ed Physics by SL Arora
>>https://www.google.co.in/search
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