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 TUBERCULOSIS OF THE PROSTATE.

This is a common seat of tubercle in generalized tuberculosis in

cattle, and may give rise to the same urinary troubles as chronic
prostatitis or hypertrophy of the organ. In a remarkable case
recorded by Frauenholz the tuberculous prostate of an ox weighed
10½ lbs. and had contracted adhesions to surrounding pelvic organs.
Section of the mass showed numerous centres of extensive caseous
degeneration. In such cases the generalized tuberculosis is the
important fact and the prostatic disease is only an unusually
intractable complication. If less generalized, the implication of the
testicle or epididymus is strongly suggestive, and examination of the
urine may detect the tubercle bacillus, or the tuberculin test may
develop the characteristic febrile reaction.
 CANCER OF THE PROSTATE.

Lafosse records as colloid cancer a case of diseased prostate in an

ox, in which the mass approximated to the size of the human head,
and was made up of numerous cavities the largest not over 1½ inch
in diameter, and all intercommunicating, and containing a gluey, or
gelatinoid liquid with numerous small round cells and a few
multinucleated giant cells. No evidence is given of the implication of
even the adjoining lymph glands, so that the case was probably only
an enlarged cystic prostate.
Fournier records a case in a three year old horse, which on
necropsy showed a ruptured bladder, general peritonitis, and an
enlarged prostate, involving Cowper’s glands. Nocard identified its
cancerous nature by microscopic examination. Yet there is not a
word of the implication of adjacent lymph glands.
Goubaux says prostatic cancer is common in dogs.
 PROSTATIC CYSTS.

These are not at all uncommon as a complication of hypertrophy of

the prostate, the ducts having become obstructed and the follicles
indefinitely distended. The case described by Lafosse as cancer of the
prostate of a bull is strongly suggestive of such retention cysts.
 CALCULUS OF THE PROSTATE.

Two forms of calculi have been found in the prostate in domestic

animals: 1st, small, round, angular or branched bodies made up in
concentric layers and formed of organic nitrogenous bodies: and
2nd, genuine calculi of calcium phosphate or ammonia magnesian
phosphate. These may cause pressure on the parenchymatous tissue
and atrophy, but in the lower animals they are seldom the direct
cause of prominent morbid symptoms. They must, however, be
recognized as one of the causes of chronic irritation that contribute
to prostatic inflammation and hypertrophy.
 DISEASES OF THE FEMALE GENERATIVE
ORGANS.
Malposition of ovary and womb. Hernia of the
ovaries.

Inguinal or crural hernia of ovary or womb. Bitch. Long uterine horns, loose
broad ligaments; Sow; Ewe; Cow. Other openings. Symptoms: not marked:
strangulation: inflammation: abscess. Gravid hernial uterus. Treatment: reduction:
surgical means: Cæsarian section.

The most common displacement of the ovary in the lower animals

is through the inguinal or crural arch. It is most frequent in the bitch
doubtless for the reason that the horns of the womb are long, and
widely separated from each other, and in any case of inguinal or
crural hernia, or of undue dilatation of the openings they are liable to
pass through. A relaxation of the broad ligaments is another
condition of such displacement. The laxity of these ligaments in the
normal condition in the sow favors ovarian hernia, and Dupont
found the ovaries in the perineal region in five sows examined. Laux
found the condition in ewes, and Müller in cows, one ovary lying on
each side of the mammæ. With relaxation of the uterine ligaments
the hernia might occur in any female mammal, and not only through
the orifices named, but through any normal or adventitious opening
in the abdominal walls.
Symptoms. In the bitch the hernia is often overlooked although an
examination of the inguinal region will reveal the presence of a small
nodule and vermiform body which may usually be returned into the
abdominal cavity. In some cases it becomes strangulated by the
gradual contraction of the neck of the hernial sac, followed by
swelling, heat and tenderness of the hernial mass, which may go on
to abscess formation. In exceptional cases impregnation occurs with
the womb in this position and the steady nodular increase of the
mass, and finally the automatic movements of the contained fœtuses
become very characteristic.
Treatment consists in passing the womb and ovary back into the
abdomen, and if adherent or incarcerated, in exposing and releasing,
and if necessary extirpating them. In case of advanced pregnancy
with the gravid womb on the inner side of the thigh, a modified
Cæsarian operation is required without the attendant danger of
laying the peritoneal cavity directly open. Inflammation and abscess
must be treated on general principles.
 UNDEVELOPED OVARIES. ABSENCE OF
OVARIES.

The absence of ovaries has been often noticed in twin heifers, and
most commonly associated with deficiency or absence of the womb,
and even of the anterior part of the vagina. The condition is
especially common, though not constant as some have supposed,
when the other twin was a male. Such females are known as free
martins and fail to breed. Even when the ovaries are present in such
twins they remain undeveloped, and are no larger than a bean or
hazel nut. These usually have a firm, fibrous structure, and though
there may be interspaces filled with a transparent fluid, no true
Graafian follicles are formed. In birds, the left ovary only is
developed and physiologically active. The absence of ovary has been
noted also in the ewe, and less frequently in the mare and other
species, and appears to be more common in twins than in single
pregnancy. In cattle only has the influence of the male on the female
twin of the same pregnancy been specially noted.
It has been noted that females with ovaries undeveloped, tend to
show many male characters, in head, horns, and neck in cattle, in
plumage in birds, and in voice in both.
 ATROPHY OF OVARIES.

This is observed as a physiological result of having passed the

breeding age, and may also take place from disease and degeneration
of the organ. The fibrous stroma is usually increased and the cell
elements reduced, yet in some cases, a cystic development occurs,
giving the appearance of hypertrophy, while the ovarian parenchyma
has actually been diminished.
 SUPERNUMERARY OVARIES.

Extra ovaries have been found in different cases in the human

female, the additional organ being furnished with a fallopian tube,
and in some instances an extra uterine horn. No facts are at hand
concerning the lower animals, but the occurrence of gestation and
the birth of a single puppy a year after careful castration, would seem
to suggest that the condition occurs in the bitch. There is no
embryological reason why the lower animals should not at times
show this deviation from the normal.
IRRITABLE OVARY. NEURALGIA OF THE OVARY.

This has been noticed most commonly in the mare, which from a
quiet docile animal, has become very ticklish, especially in the region
of the flank, kicking on the slightest touch, or even when approached
and showing an amount of nervous apprehension, that may render
her useless, for work. The ovaries are usually found to be enlarged,
diseased and very sensitive. Œstrum may be in some cases constant
and excessive and in others entirely suspended. Such cases are
difficult or dangerous to shoe. In one case recorded by Thierry,
handling of the flank promptly induced an epileptic attack. Cows
with nymphomania (bullers) are often victims of this condition. The
only remedy is castration, which is best performed by the vagina. The
shorter the period of the irritability the more perfect is the cure. In
some old standing cases the vicious habit may have become so fixed,
that it is continued in spite of the operation.
 HÆMORRHAGE ON THE OVARY.

Mare and Cow: genital excitement, mechanical injury, diseased ovary in

unimpregnated, ovulation with bleeding, falls, slings. Lesions: old degenerations,
productive inflammation, varicosities, aneurisms, torpid vessels, blood staining,
clots, follicular or not, ruptures into peritoneum, amount, microbes usually absent.
Symptoms: obscure, arched, stiff loins, colics, recumbency, large tender ovary.
Shivering, fever, anorexia, anæmia, surface coldness, unsteadiness, blood from
vulva, liquid in abdomen fluctuates. Treatment: cold, ice, snow, on loins, cold acid
drinks, tannin, iron chloride, matico, gelatine, subcutem atropin, ergotin,
viburnum, derivatives, castration.

This has been seen in the mare and cow especially in connection
with genetic excitement and mechanical injuries, and more especially
pre-existing disease of the ovary. Trasbot notes that it has always
been in the absence of pregnancy, a fact which we can easily explain
on the ground that most active diseases of the ovary render the
animal barren. Gestation like castration, calms the genetic instincts,
and prevents the recurrence of œstrum with its vascular excitement,
general and ovarian, which characterizes the unimpregnated
condition. The normal rupture of the Graafian follicle and escape of
the ovum is attended by some effusion of blood which passes
through a series of changes preparatory to absorption. A more
extensive bleeding, at the time of œstrum or otherwise, into a follicle
or intrafollicular, and with or without rupture of the albugenic tunic
constitutes the morbid hæmorrhage. Among mechanical causes may
be named violent exertion, falls, and suspension in slings.
Lesions. Some cases in mares and cows show old standing lesions,
to which the extravasation is secondary: a productive inflammation
of the ovarian stroma; varicosity of the ovarian veins; aneurism of
the utero-ovarian artery: the presence of emboli or thrombi. In the
area of the effusion there is a general turgescence of the vessels, and
blood staining of the stroma. Or there are distinct blood clots in the
follicles or between them, a few lines or an inch in diameter, buried
in the depth of the organ, or standing out in rounded swellings on its
surface, and sometimes with a rupture two or three inches in length,
and the escape of blood into the peritoneal cavity. This may be
sufficient merely to stain the peritoneal fluid, or it may amount to
one or two bucketfuls as in cases recorded by Barrow and Palat. In
the absence of rupture the effused blood may completely surround
the ovary, or may accumulate in one or several of its distended
follicles. The effused blood is rarely septic, being usually free from
microbes, and it may remain fluid in the peritoneum, or coagulate in
the ovary. The enlarged follicle may contain a dark red fluid, in
which floats a solid clot, varying in color from dark red to light
yellow, according to age.
Symptoms. These vary greatly with the extent of the lesion, and
are always somewhat obscure. With slight interstitial or
intrafollicular effusion, there may be only some general disorder,
with, it may be, arching and stiffness of the loins, colicy pains, a
desire for recumbency, and enlargement and tenderness of the ovary
on rectal examination. In more severe cases as noticed by
Cordonnier, Saucour and Palat in mares, by Laponsée in the ass, and
Renault in the cow, there were shivering, hyperthermia, respiratory
and cardiac acceleration, congested mucosæ, dull colicy pains, and
anorexia, followed by indications of anæmia, small, weak, rapid
pulse, pale mucosæ, coldness of ears and legs (in cows, of muzzle and
horns), violent heart action, indisposition or inability to rise,
unsteadiness on the limbs when up, and in some cases the escape of
blood from the vulva. By rectal examination the enlarged, tender,
doughy ovary may be characteristic and the fluctuation of liquid in
the peritoneal cavity, which may also be recognized by manipulation
of the flank.
Treatment. This should be directed toward checking the
hæmorrhage: Cold water or ice, on loins or flank: injections of cold
water: cold water or acids or astringents by the mouth: tannic acid:
iron chloride: matico: gelatine: atropine, ergotin. By way of quieting
ovarian excitement, viburnum prunifolium or opium may be tried.
Sterilized solutions of gelatine may be given subcutem. Mustard or
ammonia may be applied to limbs or flank. In case of survival,
castration will be indicated.
 INFLAMMATION OF THE OVARIES.
OÖPHORITIS. PERIOÖPHORITIS.

Mares, cows, sows, etc. Causes: traumas, œstrum, parturition, leucorrhœa, pus
infection, strangles, dourine, glanders, abortion, tuberculosis, chill, poisons.
Lesions: Ovary enlarged unequally, red, congested, exudate, extravasation, fibroid,
caseated, purulent, abscess single or multiple, indurations, cretefactions, cysts,
blocking of Fallopian tube, adhesions. Symptoms: mare: genital erethism, soiling
of vulva and tail, colics, tender loins and mammæ: fever, dullness, emaciation,
decubitus, paraplegia, swollen tender ovary: cow: bellows, paws. Sterility, anæmia,
pyæmia. Treatment: Cold to croup, mustard, anodynes to vagina, calmatives,
antiseptics. Castration.

This has been frequently seen in mares, cows and sows, but it may
occur in any of the female mammals or even in birds.
Causes. The condition has been ascribed to blows on the flanks,
pressure on the abdomen and the congestion of the ovary which
attends on frequent œstrum in the absence of the physiological quiet
which comes from conception. In a large proportion of the cases,
however, the attack has followed on parturition, abortion, a
preëxisting leucorrhœa or metritis, or a suppurating process in some
other part of the body. These cases therefore, must be looked upon as
secondary and infective, the microbes having been transferred from
the womb, along the Fallopian tubes, or through lymph vessels, or
peritoneal cavity, or finally through the circulating blood. In mares
strangles, abortion, leucorrhœa, dourine and glanders, and in cows
and sows abortion, metritis, leucorrhœa, and tuberculosis, may
prove the starting point of the infection.
Sudden chills when heated, perspiring or exhausted and especially
exposure in inclement weather just before or after parturition, have
been regarded as effective causes, and doubtless these lower vitality
and power of resistance, but back of these we must look for infection
coming from the parturient womb.
Bivort records an extensive epizootic of oöphoritis in sows kept on
waste ground which had been used for herding swine years before.
He attributes the trouble to poisonous plants, without, however,
attempting to identify them, and the probability is even more
strongly in favor of infection left over from the former herds.
Lesions. The inflamed ovary is swollen slightly, or to a great size,
in mare or cow like the fist or even an infants’ head. The swelling,
however, is unequal throughout, and the surface may bulge in
rounded masses at different points. In the early stages the organ is
firm, elastic, red and on the cut surface bleeding, with here and there
a distended follicle with bloody or gelatinoid liquid contents. The
exudate into the fibrous stroma may become coagulated, and later
may be organized into fibrous substance giving a hard resistant
sensation to the finger (sclerosis). In some cases this may become
partly cartilaginous. In other cases the distended follicles may have
their contents coagulated and transformed into a caseous mass,
while much of the stroma has become liquefied and absorbed. When
suppuration has set in, the gland is softened at this point, the
parenchyma giving way before the pus. The pus may be in multiple
sacs, as if formed in the Graafian vesicles, or it may be in one
undivided abscess. In the ovary of a cow, Eléouet counted no less
than sixty-three separate abscesses. In cases complicated by ovarian
glanders, tuberculosis or actinomycosis, the gross, microscopic, and
mycotic characters of the lesions will afford the means of diagnosis.
In chronic forms indurations, cretefactions, cystic degenerations,
caseations, and sclerosis may be met with.
Lesions in adjacent structures are common, such as thickening and
stenosis of the Fallopian tube; congestion, thickening and puckering
of the mucosa in the adjacent part of the womb; peritonitis;
adhesions of the ovary to the abdominal walls or to an adjacent
organ.
Symptoms. Mare. In many cases the early phenomena are those of
excessive genital erethism: the animal is restless, feverish, whinnies
to attract other horses, snuffs the males on their approach, contracts
the vulvar muscles constantly, exposing the congested mucosa and
clitoris, and ejecting a glairy liquid which soils the tail, hips, thighs
and hocks. She strains frequently, passing small jets of high colored
turbid urine, and rubs the tail and hips against available objects,
twisting and breaking the hair and abrading and excoriating the
surface. The croup may be alternately drooped and raised and the
tail switched. These phenomena are not abated by copulation, nor by
time, like ordinary heats, but will last for one or more weeks when a
new set of symptoms set in. Meanwhile dull colicy pains cause
restless movements, arched back, frequent moving from place to
place, crouching by partial bending of the limbs, twisting of the hind
parts from side to side. The loins are tender to pressure, and the
middle of the flank to pressure or percussion. The mammary glands
are usually hot, swollen and tender. The genital erethism may last
from four to seven days. Then it subsides, with coincident
improvement of the general symptoms and a recovery ensues.
Relapses are to be expected sooner or later.
In fatal cases the erethism subsides, but fever, dullness and
emaciation continue, the case becomes aggravated at intervals,
weakness and exhaustion increase, decubitus may become constant
or paralysis ensue. The patient dies in marasmus in one to three
months.
In some the genital erethism is absent from the first. There is
dullness, prostration, anorexia, fever, hurried breathing, small rapid
pulse, colicy pains, tender abdomen, difficult defecation, coated
dung, a glairy (perhaps reddish or fœtid) discharge from the vulva,
hot, tumid tender mammæ, arched and sensitive loins, and stiffness
of the hind limbs.
In all cases alike a rectal examination detects the ovary swollen
and exceedingly tender.
Cow. The same general symptoms appear with characteristic
modifications. Restlessness, bellowing, pawing, inappetence, arched,
tender loins, swollen vulva with discharge, shiny and perhaps fœtid
but without contractions, abdomen pendent and flanks hollow and
tender, udder turgid, hot and painful, movements of the hind limbs
stiff, halting, straddling. There is greater tendency to salacious
movements of the croup. The diagnostic feature is palpation of the
ovary through the rectum.
In chronic cases more or less of the above symptoms are shown in
a greatly mitigated form, but oftentimes there are long intervals of
apparent health. Palpation through the rectum is the final test in this
as in the more acute cases.
Prognosis. This is very uncertain. Unless complete recovery takes
place in a few weeks, the inevitable consequence is sterility, or death
from hæmorrhage, peritonitis, pyæmia, or marasmus.
Treatment. In acute cases Trasbot strongly urges bleeding in the
larger races and leeching of the flanks in the smaller. Mustard
plasters to the loins and abdomen, and cold or damp applications to
the croup are in order. Vaginal and rectal injections of mucilaginous
liquids, containing anodynes and antiseptics are indicated. Opium,
belladonna, hyoscyamus, chloral, borax, acetate of aluminium may
serve as examples. If needful to quiet the excitement, morphia,
atropia or hyoscyamine may be given subcutem. Or the anodynes
may be administered by the mouth. As a last resort, and by far the
most radical treatment, castration may be performed. With small
ovaries this is best done through the vagina in the larger animals,
while with large and adherent ones the flank operation is imperative.
If the peritoneum is involved, careful antisepsis of the cavity is
desirable. In case of adhesions the operation may be risky, but if
successful it will obviate secondary infections and establish a
permanent cure. Complications must be treated according to their
nature.
 OVARIAN CYSTS.

Mare, cow, ewe, sow, bitch, hen. Forms. Histogenesis. Dilated vesicles, egg
tubes, blood obstruction. Lesions: Ovary large, smooth, lobulated, vascular, size,
connective tissue, epithelium, liquid contents. Abscess. Symptoms: impaired portal
circulation, muco-enteritis, piles, intestinal torpor, impaction, constriction,
obstruction, congestions, inflammation. Urinary disorder. Strangulation. Sterility.
Abortion. Dystokia. Indigestion. Anorexia. Colic. Genital erethism. Straining.
Altered Urine. Peritonitis. Septic infection. Collapse. Rectal palpation, enlarged,
sensitive ovary. Treatment: Castration. Tapping cyst. Rupturing cyst by
compression.

These have been met with in all races of domestic animals, mare,
cow, ewe, sow, bitch and hen. They vary greatly in their characters,
being unilocular, multilocular, rounded or lobulated, serous,
albuminous, colloid or hæmorrhagic, strictly ovarian or parovarian
(in broad ligaments), in one ovary or in both.
Histogenesis. The source of these cysts has been much debated.
Many have held with Spencer Wells that they have their origin in
dilated Graafian vesicles, and the discovery of an ovum in the
contents, by Rokitansky and Ritchie showed at least that this follicle
had formed part of the cyst. On the other hand Foster, Rivolta, Klebs,
Malassez and others, constantly failed to find ova or other distinct
elements of the Graafian follicles, but did find epithelial elements,
and note that the cysts are at an early stage connected with the
surface of the ovary like the egg tubes. These embryonic tubules of
Pflueger are therefore held to be the starting point for the cysts,
which because of their mixed epithelial as well as liquid contents,
seem allied to adenoma. From observations on the ovarian cysts of
the lower animals Galtier, attaches great importance to vascular
obstructions. Obstruction by pressure or otherwise led to
hæmorrhages and transudation of blood, and the cavities formed in
this way became the seats of epithelial growth, and liquid effusion.
The blood remained for a time as distinct clots, and was later
indicated by the pigmentation of the walls of the cyst.
Lesions. The enlarged ovary may be uniformly rounded and
smooth, or it may be marked by irregular bosses, giving it a lobulated
appearance. It is very vascular, and is often covered by a thickening
of peritoneum. When multiple they are usually closely adherent and
may even be included one within another. The individual cysts may
be of the most varied sizes. The cystic ovary has at times reached
enormous dimensions: in the mare 46 lbs. (Bouley, Rivolta,
Thiernesse): in the cow 250 lbs. (Reynolds, Meyer): in the ewe 7 lbs.
(Willis): in the sow 7 lbs. (Reyer): in the bitch 15 lbs. (Bovett). The
walls of the cyst are formed of connective tissue more or less
perfectly organized, arranged it may be in several superposed layers
(Galtier) and lined or not by epithelial cells (cylindroid, nucleated, or
of various forms). They may be reddened by hæmorrhages or
pigmented from former blood extravasations. The liquid contents
may be clear and watery, white, straw yellow, or of a deeper yellow,
brown or red. Among other constituents there are alkaline chlorides
and sulphates, albumen in solution or flakes, mucin, fibrine, fatty
granules and cholesterine crystals. In some instances they contain
pus cells (chronic abscess).
Symptoms. Small, tardily growing cysts may cause no appreciable
symptoms. The larger ones or those that increase rapidly are liable to
cause disorders of circulation, innervation and digestion. The mere
pressure of a considerable cystic ovary may interfere with portal
circulation so as to entail muco-enteritis, rectal congestion, piles, or
intestinal torpor or impaction. Adhesions of the diseased ovary to
adjacent intestinal viscera, tend to produce constrictions,
obstructions and local congestions or inflammation. In adhesions to
the womb or bladder, ureter or kidney, the symptoms will indicate
disorder of these respective parts. The weight of the enlarged ovary
causing extension of its ligamentous connections will allow of its
winding around a loop of intestine and producing strangulation. In
those unusual cases in which pregnancy occurs it may interfere with
its completion, causing abortion or, failing in this, with parturition,
by becoming imbedded in the pelvis. In the line of innervation,
disorder is especially common in the digestive organs, anorexia,
nausea, impaired rumination, and colicy pains resulting. Again, in
many subjects the genesic instinct is stimulated, the patient is more
or less constantly in heat, cows become bullers, and mares switchers,
they cannot be impregnated, and under the continuous excitement
undergo rapid emaciation. There is often urinary disturbance,
frequent straining with the passage of a small quantity only of turbid
or glairy liquid, colored, it may be, by blood, or fœtid. The colics are
liable to be dull and slight, the patient moving uneasily, switching the
tail, moving the weight from one hind foot to the other, pawing,
looking at the flank, but seldom lying down or rolling. In other cases,
with adhesions, impactions, obstructions, and congestions, all the
violent motions of the most intense spasmodic colic may be shown.
Where there has been rupture of the obstructed bowel, these
symptoms may merge into those of peritonitis, septic infection, or
collapse. When with these symptoms of intestinal disorder, there are
tender loins and flank, abdominal plenitude and tension, genital
excitement, frequent straining to pass urine, the discharge of a glairy
or fœtid liquid, and when all these symptoms have increased slowly
for weeks or months in a female, the ovaries may be suspected and a
rectal examination should be made. Usually the outline of the womb
can be made out with the enlarged and irregularly shaped ovary
anteriorly and adherent to it through one of the broad ligaments; it
may be sensitive to touch, tense, or even fluctuating. Difficulty may
be encountered when the enlarged ovary is so great as to fill the
whole region, or when adherent to or wound round the rectum, thus
hindering the advance of the hand or the movement of the gut, or
when it has become pediculated and displaced to a distant part of the
abdomen. Even the obstructed and distended intestine, may prevent
a satisfactory diagnosis. Yet in the great majority of cases rectal
examination gives conclusive results.
Treatment. Medicinal measures are useless: surgical alone are of
any avail. Castration is the natural resort, and in all recent cases,
uncomplicated by adhesions, is to be preferred. In the large females
it may often be performed through the vagina, but if the ovary is very
large the flank operation becomes imperative. Sometimes the
evacuation through a cannula of the contents of one or more large
cysts will so reduce the mass as to allow of the safer vaginal
operation.