NGON NGU HOC DOI VGI GIAO VIEN TIENG VIET G MY: NGON NGU HQC SO SANH TIENG VIET VA TIENG ANH Trén Ly Lam* Phan M6t: NGON NGU VA VAN HOA I. TIENG VIET LA MOT NGON NGU VAN HOA LON Bloomfield (1984, tr. 71) c6 lan viét ring tiéng Viet “mot ngon ngit vin héa Ién", IA mot tong nhiing ngén ngit thugc hé ngén ng Héng Nam A (the Vietic of Mon-Khmer). Mét quan diém khdc thi dinh nghia: “... tiéng Viet rat dac sic; nd c6 thé duge m6 ti nhu 1a mot sy két hgp cia céc thinh td trong tiéng Mon- Khmer, Thai va Han... sy that bai cia tiéng Han nhim déng héa tiéng Viet nhan manh thyc té 1a cdc thinh t6 oO két trong vin héa cha ngudi Viet hin da lam hién tv liu nhiing thanh t6 van hda (cia ngudi Viet) trudc khi Trung Hoa thiét lap ché do cai tri len Viet Nam" (Tw dién bach khoa Britanica, 2000). Khong ké mdi quan hé gin gui vé ngudn goc, ti€ng Viét cling cé nhiing dac diém tugng hinh nhu ngOn ngit khac trong khu vue dia ly, bao gém cA téng Thai ig Cham (Malayo-Polynesian). Va, tiéng Viet vé co ban van dang trong qué tinh phat wign hinh wong. Qué tinh nay duge goi IA sy quy ww nguén géc G Dong Nam A; bén canh d6, mét nghin nam dé hé vé chinh tri, van héa va ng6én ngi ciia Trung Hoa cho dén thé k} X sau Cong nguyén da din dén nhimg vay mugn tit Han trong tiéng Viet. Thye té, tiéng Viet bao gém nhiing tt tring lap vé dic diém ngén ngit vdi cae ng6n ngi king giéng 6 Dong Nam A. Khong ké sy Anh hudng vé van héa, cae ti vay mugn tiéng Hin kh6éng nhiéu hon so véi tiéng Théi va tiéng Mon- Khmer. Tuy nhién, tiéng Cham bao gém cdc ti vung tiéng Viét, tuong ty nhu cic ty vung tiéng Han trong tiéng Viet IL. NGUGI NOI TIENG VIET Co 75 triéu ngudi ndi tiéng Viet. Vi thé, tiéng Viet 1A mot trong nhing tht tiéng dude ndi réng rai nhat, chiém 1% din sé thé gidi; trong khi cé 1000 trigu ngudi néi tiéng Anh, twong duong 15%. Tiéng Viet, mot trong nhuing “thit + Gigo su, Tring Dai hoe Cng déng Santiago Rancho. MFVIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HO! THAD QUOC TE LAN THU HAL tigng duge ndi rong rai nhdt’, duge ndi cha yéu & trong nude va nhiéu ngi khac trén thé gidi nhu da cho thay (Ti dién bach khoa Britannica Almanac, 2004, tr, 659-660) Tiéng Ngudi néi | % dan sé Hé ngon ngit (trigu_ ngudi) Anh 1.000 16 An-Au (Giéc Mmanh) Quan héa 1,000 16 Trung-Tay Tang Hindi /Urdu 900 15 An-Au (An Iran) Tay Ban Nha 450 7 An-Au (La Mma) Arap 250 5 A-phi (Semitic) Bé Dao Nha 200 3 n-Au (La Ma) Phaép 125 2 An-Au (La Ma) Duc 125 2 An-Au (Giée Manh) Viet 75 1 Mon-Khmer (Vietic) Quang Dong 70 1 Trung-Tay Tang (tiéng Han) ¥ 70 1 An-Au (La Ma) Swahili 60 1 A-Phi (Nigié-Congo) ML. HE CHU viet Bang chit cai dya trén chit La-tinh, goi 18 Quéc ngit, duge Alexandre de Rhode, mot nha truyén giéo Bé Dao Nha, lap ra va truyén ba vao Viét Nam vao thé ky thir 17. Ong cing chinh 1a nha ti vung hoc cia cudn tir dién tiéng Vier du tien bing chit Quéc ngit “Tit dién tiéng Viet - B6 Dao Nba - La-tinb" (Dictionarivm Annamitiv, Lusitanum, et Latinvmope) (Rhode, 1651). Mac dui cé nhting diém quy tic vé chinh td, nhung thé ngt mién Bac dugc sit dung lam tiéng Viet chudn, béi vi Rhode da viet cudn tir dién tiéng Viet dau tién dya trén céch ndi cha ngudi mién Bac; dé ching minh, trong 1éi gidi thiéu cho cu6n sach nay, Rhode da viet “Tiéng Bac BO cila nguéi An Nam” (nghia a tiéng Viét cia ngudi Bac) (Lingvae Annamiticae sev Tynchinesnsis). So sanh cc chi a, 4, 6, 6, o, u va d, thi trong sé nay gém 6 nguyén 4m va 1 phu am, va bé 4 chi f, j, w va z. Vi vay, da xudt hién nhdng khoang trdng trong hé chi giifa tiéng Viet va tiéng Anh theo chit viét La Ma. Theo hé chit nay, ti tc 11 nguyén am va tiéng Anh cé 5 nguyén am, va 16 phu am ( 1990) én thudng in (Ap tung bi khuyét in biét nhing diém yéu cia ngudi hoc Anh-Viét. Hg 1a nhiing hoc viée hoc tiéng Anh Ki ngon ngif thit 2. Cac gido vien tiéng Viet luyén hoc sinh cia minh nhiing chit cai bi khuyét. Sau day li cdc hé chit ¢ trong tiéng Viet va tiéng Anh nhu di dé cap. 12,NGON NGU HOC 861 VOI GIAO VEN TENG VIET G MY. Khoang tréng vé hé chit cdi trong tiéng Viét va tiéng Anh Cac nguyén am tiéng Viét va t Tigng Viet (11) | Aa [Ee | Ti |Oo | Uu | Aa Uw Tigng Anh (5) [Aa |Ee |li |Oo] @| 2@{a|a9 | o]|a|ao Cae phy Am tiéng Viét va tiéng Anh Tiéng Viet (17) | Bb |Cc|Dd |Bd| @|Gg|Hh| @ |Kk |LI |Mm Nn|Pp|Qq_|Rr |Sd|Tt |Vv | @ |Xx || @ Tiéng Anh (21) |Bb |Cc|Dd |@ | FF|Gg)Hh| jj | Kk | LI |Mm LNn|Pp|Dd {Rr [Ss | Te [Vv [Ww|Xx [LI [Zz IV. NHUNG TRANH LUAN VE NGUON GOC Vigc phan loai nguén géc tiéng Viét van dang duge tranh lun; mot s6 ngudi coi ting Viet nhu tiéng Mon-Khmer, nhiing ngudi khc thi lai coi lA tiéng Thai hay tiéng Trung-Tay Tang, va cling c6 nhiing ngudi coi né 1A mét thé ngon ngit khéng lien quan gi dén bat ky mot thi tiéng duce biét dén nao. Do anh hudng ciia hai nén van héa khéng 16 1a An BO va Trung Quéc, tiéng Viet duge goi 1a mét th tiéng An-Trung. Trong nhiéu thé hé, lp ludn a vain héa ngudi Viet cé nguén géc ty Trung Quéc. Mdt s6 nhat tri cho ring ngudi thudng sng & khu vue song Duong Tit (chay khi 3.450 dam ti Tay Tang ra bién Dong Trung Hoa) cla Trung Quée v: ngudi Viet hin da séng rai rac w phia Bac cha Trung Quée xudng dén phia Bac cia Viet Nam. nay cé thé mang tinh thuyét phuc, vi ring ngay tir hic so khai tiéng Viet Tuy nhién, dya wén gid thuyét Khu vyc-Nién dai, ngdn ngd nhan chiing hoc da dua ra bing ching két luan ring tiéng Viét va van héa ngudi Viet da tén tai tir lau trudée khi Trung Hoa d6 h6 dat nude nay. v. GIA THUYET KHU VYC-NIEN DAI 1, Cach tig Khi ngudi ta mudn biét ngén ngt bat nguén tir dau dé xdc dinh dia diém ngudn géc ctia ng6n ngir d6, ngudi ta cé thé tién hanh diéu tra wen co sé lich sit, van hé: sy trg gitip 1 tich hao cd hoc. Téi biét ring lich st c6é thé bi thién vi trén tinh than ai quéc, ring van hda khong phai 1A ngOn ngi va ring mdt vai bing chting khao cé hoc duge phat hién khéng thé ching minh ching thude vé nudc nado. LA mot nha ng6n ngit hoe, bing phuong phdp ky thuat, ti dua ra lip trudng cla mét nha ngudi di tim hiéu vé ngén ngé, khéng chi treng dén bat cit gi khac ngoai ngon ngttVIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAO QUOC TE LAN THU HAI 2. Phuong phap Gif thuyét Khu vuc-Nién dai cing duge J.H. Greenberg, mt nha ng6n ng hoc va nguyén 1 mot nha nhan ching hoc My sti dung trong cuén séch “Ngudn géc cla Ngon ngit”. Gid thuyét nay cé thé duge 4p dung dé dinh vi khu vyc xudt xt cha mot ngdn ngif ln du tién duge sit dung va tim ra méi quan hé nguén géc mét ng6n ng hay mét hé ngén ngi (Ruhlen, 1994). Theo Greenberg, néu m6t ngén ngiv duge phat tan rong ri, trong khi mot ng6n nga ho hang ma né gin gai nhat lai chi phé bien trén m6t khu vyc nhé v: duge thita nhan mot cach bat thudng 1a xudt xif cla ngén ngit duge phd bién rong rai kia; dé ap dung nguyén tic nay - wie 1a gid thuyét khu vuc-nién dai - cho tiéng Viét, mét thi tiéng dude ndi suét doc mién duyén hai cia Dong Nam A tu Trung Quéc dén dinh cyc Nam ctia Viét Nam, chting ta sé phai tim hiéu n6é cé quan hé nguén géc vdi ngén ngi nao va khu vuc lan dau tién n6 duge sit dung. 3. Phan tich Xét vé mat dia ly, khu vuc Bac va Trung-Bac ciia Viet Nam, gém cac tinh Thanb Héa, Vinh Phi, Son La, Yén Bdi va Hoa Binh, noi iéng Muéng va 1a cai néi cia tiéng Viet va nén van minh ngudi Viet. Gid si, néu chung ta muén tim ra ngon ngi géc, chting ta phai diéu tra xem mé6t ng6n ngi it phé bién nao khac cé quan hé mat thiét vdi ngon ngt nay; 4p dung gid thuyét d6 vdi tiéng Viet, ching ta thay 18 cd mét thi tiéng ft phd biét duge biét dén la tiéng Mudng gin véi tiéng Viet, va cd hai thi tiéng nay trude c6 quan hé nguén géc véi Vietic. Quan hé nay thudc nhanh quan hé tiéng Vier-Mudng. Két qua cho thay mot bing chting két luan ring tiéng Viet 14 mt Wong nhiing ngén ng Mon- Khmer (vi tiéng Ming thugc nhém ngén ngit Mon-Khmer), va tiéng Viet khong phai bat nguén ti Trung Hoa, ma ti khu vue Bac va Trung Bac cita Vit Nam, noi tiéng Mudng hién vin duge sit dung. 4. Khu vyc nguén gc cia tiéng Vist Sé chua that chinh x4c néu nguén gc cia tiéng Viét chi dya tren lich sit va vain héa. Lich sit thuding dugc tao dying bing cdc quan diém thién v la van héa chit khong phai 1d ngén ngi. Mot nha ngén ngit hoc déi khi cdn bd qua lich sti va vain héa khi diéu tra vé nguén géc cha mdt ngén ngit. Nén chang Ap dung cdc gid thuyét khac vdi ting Viet. Cac két qua tim thiy sé 1a bing chitng két luan. Theo d6, tiéng Muéng duge néi 6 céc tinh Thanh Hoa, Vinh Phu, Son La, Yon Bai va Hoa Binh, khu vue Bac cha Viet Nam, noi tiéng Viet lin dau tién duge sit dung. van héa J34,NGON NGU HOC 801 VOI GIAO VIEN TENG VIET G MY. Phan Hai: AM VI HOC 1. SY DAY DU VE AM VI HQC Chomsky gidi thiéu dé dugc tinh bay, tiéu chi thinh cong trong miéu Theo ludn thuyét vé ca nhau khi miéu ti vé ng6n ngit, Nhu di vé quan sat, miéu ta va dién gidi wong dé sy c6 lién quan dén ngit php Am vi hoc (Chomsky, 1975) nguyén tic va tham s ip dé Hinh thitc Am vi hoc (PF) 1A mot diéu kién bat budc phai dip ting 3 diéu kién thod man co ban: () phé quat vdi cach biéu dat ngon ngit con ngudi tiém nang; (2) giao dién vdi cach din gidi vé hé khitu giéc; va 3) déng nhdt vdi cach dién gidi cho tat cA cdc ngOn ngit (Lasnik, 1997). Néi t6m lai, cp d6 day da vé am vj hoc phai théa man vé ngit phap phé quat cho ca hai ng6n ngtt, tiéng Viet va tiéng Anh va ngit phap cho mét ng6n ngit cu thé, vi du: tiéng Anh. Il. NHUNG DAc DIEM AM VI HOC Am vi hoc trong tiéng Viet duge ky hiéu bing nhiing dadu am va dau thang am cu thé. Dau 4m vi dién hinh mang nhiing dac trung cia mét ngén ngit don 4m tét, trong dé mot tt déng thoi 1a mét Am tiét ludn, nhu “dog — “house — ngéi nha" trong tiéng Anh. Dau thang 4m trong tiéng Viét cho thay tiéng Viet 12 mot ngon ngit c6 am diéu trong dé céc 4m diéu khéc nhau dya wen cc phy 4m va nguyen am cu thé cla mot tir sé tao ra cc nghia khdc nhau do nhiing bi m dieu. Cach biéu dat am vi céia ting Viet, mot ngon ngit vita don am vita cé am diéu sé 1a mot van dé kho khan vé tiép thu tir ng cho ngudi néi tiéng Anh hoc tiéng Viet UW. VAN DE KHO KHAN VE TIEP THU TU CHO NGUOI NOI TIENG ANH HQC TIENG VIET Van dé kho khan vé tiép thu ti cing cé thé xudt phat tir nhiing khic biét vé dac diém 4m vi hoc giifa téng Viet va tiéng Anh cho nhiing ngudi ndi tiéng Anh hoc ti€ng Viét. Do c6 khoang tréng trong hé chit cdi gitta hai dac diém am vi hoc khéc nhau, ngudi hoc ngén ngit khac gap khé khan vé tiép thu tir Genndy, Poletto, & Weldon, 1994). Bén canh d6, mt s6 am trong tiéng Viet 1a cae phy am tic, tite 1A céc phy Am khéng bat hoi va phy 4m ké rang. Nhiing 4m khéng bat hoi bao gém 4m hai mi /b/ va 4m ludi-ring /d/, va 4m ké rang 1a 4m ring- ludi /t'/. Ngoai ra, hai ng6n ngit con cé nhiing khoang ung vé hé chit. Iv. CAC AM VI 1, Dac diém am vj Hé Am vung trong tiéng Viet gdm 15 nguyén 4m, trong dé mét sé dude gidi han sti dung hodec 1a céc Am tiét mG, hoac Am tiét déng. Va, hé phy 4m bao gém 26 phu 4m @ vj tri dau, gitta va sau ciing cla mot tit hay mot 4m tiét. Dudi day 1a bang phan chia phy am trong tiéng Viet nhu da duge dé cap.VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAD audc TE LAN THU Hal Am vi nguyén 4m trong tiéng Viét (41) STT_|IPA va cha Am tiét ma Am tiét dong 1 if 1 - mi “eyeshade” Minh 2 Je/& =mé “crazy” met 3 Die = me “tamarin” men “yeast” 4 /,1a (nh/ch) anh “photo” 5 fala =ma “ghost” mang “carry” 6 (ala mat “eye” 7 Ju] = tit “four” mitt “jam” 8 (Tio - mg “dream” mon “caress” 9 v/a mat “lose” 10__| /u/u = xu “cent” tung “toss” u_| /o/ 6 = 16 “bowl” mong “buttock” 12 | /A/o - to “big” mong “long for” 2B | / 4 /00 xoong “pot” 14 | /uo/ ué muén “want” Ua = mua “buy/purchase” 15 | /_T/ vo mugt “smooth” Ua = mua “rain” 16 | fie/ ie thién “sky/God” Ia - kia “there” ye én “peaceful” Uya - khuya “late at night” Céc phu 4m tiéng Viét (25) STT_| IPA va cha cai Am dau Am cudi 1 7.6 /b (khong bat hoi) _| - bi “ball” 2 /p/_p (khong thoat hoi) - tap “practice” 3 /m/m = mé “blurred” = xem “watch” 4 /f/ ph - phé “noodle soup” 5 v/v - vui “joyful” 6 [t/t - tan “dissolved” - mat “eyes” 7 /t’/ th (bat hoi) ~ than “charcoal” 8 /d/d (khong bat hoi) _| - dinh “palace” 9 /s/'s = xinh “beautiful” 10__| /z/ gi - gia “house” u__|/n/n -ng “debt” - thiéu “lack”NGON NGU HOC 801 VOI GIAO VIEN TENG VIET G MY. [str [IPA va chat cai Am dau Am cuéi 2 [Ast lai “hybrid” 13 | /t/tr ~ tran “overflowed” 4 [/s/s ~ stt “history” 15__| /z/r = ruigu “liquor” 16 | /w/ oa - on “resent” v7 [fsa ~ da “skin” 18__| /c/ ch = chua “sour” __ 19 | /n/ nh = mhan “leasurely” 20 | /k/e ~ c4 “fish” 2 [/a/ng ~ ngu “stupid” = cong “curved” -ngh = nghi “suspect” 22 | /x/ kh ~ kh6e “cry” 23 |sy/g ~ gan “liver” “gh = ghen “jeanous” 24 | /2/a - ao “pool” a 25 | /h/ ~ hoa “flower” Nguyén am tiéng Anh (23) IPA Tw im ~ eat, beat, beach, seat, leak, beef AL - it, bit, bitch, sit, lick, fitness, kit Jel - eighth, steak, late, cake, sake, may Jef - head, setting, fetch, sketch / «/ bi mat trong BE = man, cat, ladder, can, language {Ah - hut, but, shut, nut, Dutch, such ai - above, university, allowance, allure /s/ ~ herd, urge, firm, early, world, journey 9 fs ~ herder, center, glamour, martyr, labor 10 | a = hoot, boot, shoot, rule, shoe, through ui hes = hood, put, could, woman, look, cook 12__| /o/ hoac /au/ trong BE | - hoe, goes, toe, sow, coat, load, soak 23 | sof = haul, Paul, saw, law, toward, mall u4__|sa/ ~ hot, bazaar, heart, honor, guard 15 fal - hot, pot, lot, cot, plot, boss, toss 16 | /ai/ - ride, pride, bride, dry, ice, stride 17__ | /au/ = how, shout, house, loud, cow, pound 137VIET NAM HOG - KY YEU HO! THAO QUOC TE LAN THU HAL sTT IPA Tw 18 | /oi/ - oil, boy, toy, soil, coil, spoil, point 19_| /au/ BE - go (BE), sow, low, Mexico, cold 20__| /eo/ BE ~ air, share, pair, care, tear, treasure 21 /ia/ BE ~ near, beer, shear, clear, tears, dear 22 | /ua/ BE = sure, tour, poor, your, journal Phy am tiéng Anh (24) STT | IPA Tu 1 /p/ - people, purple, peel, pop, pond 2 /b/ - ban, bait, bank, beak, bead, bit 3 ft/ - top, tin, tan, tenth, tangible, tune 4 Jas - date, dancing, dangerous, dime 5 /k/ - kite, king, income, college, account 6 /g/ - go, angle, legal, rag, gorgeous 7 /E/ - five, file, fight, fond, fan, enough 8 /v/ - van, vinegar, supervise, saving 9 /9/ - thin, think, faith, nothing, earth wo fA - thing, they, father, bathe, brother ul /s/ = see, sing, boss, bonsai, ghost 12 | /2/ - 200, zealous, zip, thesis, cases BA - she, cash, pushing, washer 14 1 - measure, garage, leisurely 15 22) - uh, oh 16 /h/ - hat, hundred, unhealthy, exhale 17 /th/ - church, achieve, watching, catch 18 1d3/ - judge, jug, Jazz, wages, badges 19 | /m/ - man, mingle, lemon, lamb, almost 20 | /n/ - night, assign, account, center 21 i - sing, thing, single, giggle, lung 22 | As - lip, fling, language, tale, skeleton 23 | is - you, university, union, yeast 24 /w/ - wind, away, quiet, once, westNGON NGU HOC 851 vin GIAO ViEN TENG vieT 6 MY. 2. Cac Am vj khac trong tiéng Anh Méi mot am vi trong tiéng Viet khong cé | m chi vdi mét 4m tiét bing mét 4 nhién, téng Anh lai cé nhiéu am vj khé ky Am vi nao khéc; né dugc m thanh phat ra cho mét 4m tiét. Tuy c nhau nhu da cho thay & trén. Vi du, [ai] c6 wong ride [raid], dry [drail, bride [braid] va pride [praid]; tuy nhién, am loi] ¢6 trong right [roit], try [trol], bright (broit) va sprite [sproit]. Mot vi du khdc, am tic bat hoi /t/; nghta e mot am khong bat hoi ludn duge 4m, va am khong bat hoi /’/ khong c6 am vi khéc gidng am téc bat hai \/ trong tiéng Anh My, chua ké bat ky dac t6 diéu kién nao khac diing trude dc am vi. Am /t/ trong tiéng Anh M¥ lu6n cé nhiing dang am vi khac vGi diéu kién no 1a am d4u nhu duge chi ra cho thay duéi day. Cac 4m vj khdc nhau cia Am /t/ (') (t') (t) [=] [1] (r] bat hoi| khéng bat hoi] ké ring | vom hong | glotalized | bi x04 bd thc tdéc qua ké ring| flap téc | approximant Top Stop Eighth Water Cotton Hunter v. AM TIT 1. Cac am tiét co ban Theo ude tinh, tiéng Viet c6 14.433 am tiét co ban, trong khi tiéng Anh cé kho’ng 10,000 am tiét (Crystal, 1987; Bek, 2002). So vdi tiéng Viet, tiéng Nhat co 120 am tiét cg ban, con tiéng Quan hoa c6 khong 7.000 am tiét (Crystal 1987; Do, 2003) Theo Bek (2002), c6 khong 70 nbém phu dm ddu va 100 phu am cui, va cing vdi céc nguyén am va nguyén 4m déi xudt hién gitia céc nhém phy am ddu va cuéi; nhting nhém phy 4m nay khéng phai duge sit dung hét, bai vi mot vai nhém nay khéng duge sit dung phé bién. Ngoai ra, Bek tinh ring tiéng Anh c6 khong 10,000 am tét va dé gidm sO am tiét nay, ching cé thé di kem voi cc nhom Am tiét. Cac am tiét co ban | Ngén ngit Am tiét co ban Tigng Anh 10.000 Tiéng Viet 14.430 les iSVIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAD GUGC TE LAN THU HAL 2. Cau trac am tiét Trong tiéng Viet, Peak, mot mang 4m vung, ludn di sau mot phy 4m, con trong tiéng Anh thi né cé thé di sau mot hay nhiéu phy 4m. Vi tri nhu vay duge goi 1 on Tiép theo sau Peak IA mét phy 4m trong tiéng Viet, va c6 thé 1a mot hay nhiéu 4m tiét wong tiéng Anh, Vj tf nh vay duge goi 1a coda. Peak and coda nhém Iai véi nhau thanh 4m diéu cia am tiét. Phan chia am tiét Am tet Am tiét ting Viet tiéng Anh Am diéu Am dié Onset Peak Coda Onset Peak Coda 3. Am vi tac Trong tiéng Viét, cc hinh thtic dién ta phan chia, tong 46 mu chudn phy 4m dau ty trong tiéng Viét can cit theo am vi (kh4e véi mot cum phy 4m trong tiéng Anh) duge tiép néi bing mot nguyén am, sau dé 1a phy am cudi tit (khac véi cdc cum phy am trong tiéng Anh). Bén canh dé 1a cic mau edu tic, vi dy: CV-, CCV-, CCCY, vv...) am vi dude trinh bay dudi dang ma Phy 4m tic trong tiéng Viet v VC cv CVC Ao "pool” In “print” Mong “long for”__| Ngon "delicious" Nhiing phy 4m tic trong ting Anh v cv ccv cccy Ob No. Flew vc cvc ccvc cccve At Not Flute Spleen vec | cvec | cevec cccvcc | Ase Ram Flutes Strength cyccc ccvec cccvcc Asked Ramps Cralts StrengthsNGON NGU HOC 80! VOI GIAO VIEN TENG vieT O MY. 4. Cac tiv hat nhan Tiéng Viet gdm 16 nhém xudng Am, bao gém 6 nhém am khéng tron am dau, 1 nhém am gitta, 4 nhém kh6ng tron am gitfa, va 5 nhém tron am cudi Cac nguyén 4m tiéng Viet Khong tron | Gitta Khong tron | Tron am cudi am dau am gitta Cao-dong | fivicy Jus vu Cao-ms__ | Ju y Jug Gida-déng | /e/ Ivlo Jol 6 Gida-mé__| fel e/ Wyla Jou/ ud, ua Giga thap Jo/ 0; [52/00 Thap fafa I /i/ la mét nguyén tam cao, ddu va kh6ng trdn, va giéng nhu tat cA cdc nguyén am, 4m nay duge phat 4m va dai dién cho cac chit cdi i va y. Ngoai ra, Am cling rt cao trong miéng. Am vi /e/ la nguyén 4m cao-trung, dau va khéng trdn, va n6é dai dién cho chit é. Am vi /e/ ngdn hon am /e/ va dai dién cho chit céi e. Am /1/ dai dién cho chit cai a. Am nay phai di truée am nh hoac ch, ging nhu trong anh - 4ch (m6t ti 4y), nghia IA “no”. Sy két hgp ctia hai am /i/ va /e/ tao thinh nguyén 4m kép /ie/, dai dién cho chit cdi ié, ia, yé, uya. Céc 4m vi: A u/ -wny/ua - /y/o - /y/4 - fal u- /o/d - /uo/u6, ua - /o/ 0 - /5/ 00. 5. Bién do i€ng Viet gém 23 phu 4m dau, 6 phy 4m cuéi va 15 nguyén 4m. Tiéng Anh gdm khoing 70 cu phy 4m d4u va 100 phy am cudi, va cling véi céc nguyén am va nguyén am kép. Céc nguyén 4m nay xudt hién gitia céc cum phy am dau va cudi. Diéu nay tao mot sé lugng 4m tiét tuong déi nhiéu; tuy nhién, khong phai tat cA sy két hop déu tao ra am tiét ting Anh, vi mot sé cum Am tiét hiém khi duge sit dung Cac phy 4m dau va phy 4m trong ti€ng Viet va tiéng Anh so Dau Cudi g Viet 23 6 Phy am Cum phy am tiéng Anh | 70 100 6. Phan dau Phin dau trong ting Viet gdm 23 am ddu va 6 am cudi, so véi 70 am diu vii 100 4m cudi trong tiéng Aah,VIET NAM HOG - KY YEU HOI THAD GUO TE LAN THU HAL Cac phy 4m dau trong am tiét tiéng Anh @ Am téc Tac Hai m6i | Rang | Quat lui | Ngacciing | Vom Thanh mém hau Khéng t t c k ? bat hoi Day hoi a Khéng |b d bat hoi Phy am |M6i-ring | Rang | Quatlvdi | vom mém | Thanh sat hau Khong hoi__| /f/ ph Is/ x isi s Ixf kb NaN C6 hoi Why, d__| /2/ a, gi, «| /2/t iv 1g, gh (I) Am don tiét Mai Hai méi__| Ring Ngac mém Vom mém C6 hoi /mn/ Jol. /o/ nh /ng/ ngth) Am gn giéng nhau Rang Ngac mém. Hoi MOT CHIEU ALi LUGT hoi /w/ oa iia 7. Am digu cudi Cac phy 4m cuéi bao gém 3 4m tac, 3 4m mii va 2 4m ban nguyén am. Cac phy 4m cuéi trong tiéng Viet luén bj mat 4m hoac khéng duge phat 4m ra ngoai. G day, gitta céc nhém 4m cé sy tuong tac v6i nhau vi khi 4m diéu ving lén 4m 49 cao cc phy 4m cudi bj mat; va khi céc phy 4m cudi khong duge phat 4m ra ngoai 1a khi am diéu tang lén & am dé thap (Clark, & Yallop, 1995). Céc phy 4m cuéi | amhaiméi__|amring-méi__| am vom mém TAc-khong C6 /p/ p At /k/ c, ch hoi/khéng bat hoi Mai /m/ ini n //ng, ngh Ban nguyén am__|/-w/o,u Lili,y VI. CAC AM VJ TAC TUONG PHAN 1. Cac phy am khéng bat hoi Hé 4m vj trong tiéng Viét gdm cdc phy 4m khéng bat hoi, trong dé cé hai am khong bat hoi va mot 4m khéng ddy hoi; khdc véi trong tiéng Anh, céc phy 142GON NGU HOC 86! VOI GIAO VIEN TENG VIET 0 MY. 4m khdng bat hoi bao gdm céc am bat gon, khong bat hoi va khong day hoi Trong tiéng Viet khong cé 4m bat gon. Tiéng Viet cé hai 4m khéng bat hoi 46 la 4m hai méi /b/ va 4m mdi ring /d/; ngoai ra, tiéng Viet con cé Am khéng ddy hoi, dé la 4m mdi rang khéng tao hoi /t’/ trong hé phy 4m tiéng Viet. 2. Am khong bat hai Am khéng bat hoi 1a am cé trong khdu ngi tiéng Viet. Am nay tao ra 4m thanh hoac am tac do co ché di khéng déu cia luéng hoi. Cac am khéng bat hoi gin gidng vdi 4m bat hoi cing nhu 4m tao ra xudt phat tit dong thanh hau. C6 thé ha thap thanh quan hod sit dung hudng chuyén dong thap cia thanh quan dé gitip luéng hoi di vao, va hoi trong miéng va hong bj loang ra; chinh vi vay, viéc tao ra tiéng 6n sé xAy ra khi miéng dude mé; trong khi d6, hoi trong phdi van dang duge ddy ra, va mét it hoi di qua gitta céc day thanh quan. Do hoi di theo cach nay, ngudi néi néi long d6 khép ctia thanh hau, va 4m thanh sé duge tao ra khi thanh hau gap luéng hoi trong khi quan. Am bat va khong bat hoi Tiéng Viet (khong bat) Tiéng Anh (bat) 1. /b/ Am hai mOi - khdng bat hoi 1. /b/ am hai mdi bat hoi 2. /d/ Am moi rang ~ khong bathoi__| 2. /d/ am mdi rang bat hoi 3. Am day hoi Am dy hoi 1a mot trong 3 loai 4m khéng tao thanh hoi, dé 1a am bat gon, am khong né va am day hoi. Bat ky loai am nao trong sé nay, thudng va dac biét 12 am tic, cing déu duge uu thong theo co ché ludng hoi di khong déu trong thanh hau. Vé sy van dong ctia thanh quan, phy am dau khéng day hoi /v/ dude thyc hién tuong ty nhu da lam d6éi voi 4am khéng nd, nhung thanh quan duge kéo lén dé tao thanh luéng di chuyén cia am khéng dy hoi, thay vi kéo xudng nhu da duge sit dung déi vdi 4m khong nd. Nghia 1a, hai duge ép bén trong khi quan va miéng, va am khéng day hoi /t’/ duge to ra voi mét 4m thanh khi miéng dude ma. Am day hoi va khong day hoi Tiéng Viet (khéng day hoi) Tiéng Anh (day hoi) /t/ Am moi ring khong day hoi /v/ Am mdi ring day hoi 4. Am vom mém déi véi céc tir 6 vi tri dau [7] Chomsky (1964) phan bi¢t sy khéc nhau gitta do chinh xac trong quan sat véi do chinh x4c trong mign th khi phin tich am vj hoc. Sy chinh xc trong quan sat chi chuyén ti dif ligu, cn su chinh xéc trong miéu ti khong chi chuyén thi ma con 143VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAD QUOC TE LAN THU HAL thich kién thife cia ngudi néi, thé hién nang luc vé ngén ngit. Vi dy, 4m vi hoc trong tiéng Anh cho ring 4m [n] chi xudt hién 6 vi tri gitia hoac cudi cling va khong thé xuat hien & vi uf ddu (Hyman, 1978). Caéc phu 4m mdi vom mém {m] va [n] trong téng Anh xudt hién & wr dau, nhung Am {n] duge viet 1a Ing] nhu trong long [lon] lai khong xuat hien & tir dau Ngudi ndi tiéng Anh khé phat 4m am [n] 6 vj ui ddu ctia mot tt vi am nay khong 6 trong vj ui ddu ctia mét ti trong tiéng Anh; ngugc tiéng Viet cing nhu c: ng6n ngit khdc cho phép am [n] xudt hién trong tir & vi tri ddu, duge viet dudi thé ng hay ngh nhu da dé cap. Am mai vom mém Am [1] xuat hién trong tv 6 vi tri ddu Nghi [ ni] "suspect”, ng6 [ 10] "maize, corn”, ngon [ Non) “delicious”, ngu [ 1u] “stupid”, ngang [1a 1] “horizontal”, nghe [ X¢] “listen”, nghé [ ne] “career”, va nganh [1 ank] “branch” Trén day 1a mét vi du vé phn tich 4m vi hge, trong dé dé cap dén mic d6 chinh xdc trong miéu tA d6i véi phu 4m mii vom mém [y) trong tiéng Viet va tiéng Anh, nhu 4m mdi vom mém dugc trong tiéng Anh trong tif thing [thing - Bin). 5. Khodng tréng trong hé am vi Néu nhu cdc nguén 4m vj dién hinh duge tao ra cho mét tap hgp céc mang am vi hon [a ting mang am vj ca biét, thi mot hé am thanh thiéu mot sd nving Am vi. Céc 4m tc trong tiéng Viet bao gém loat am vi khong bat hoi /@, t, k/. Khi so sénh vdi cac am tic trong tiéng Anh, cé mot khong trong xuat hién & am tic khong bat hoi /p/. Khoang tréng trong hé 4m vi Su sang tao vé Am tic ing Vier /0, 0°, k/ | nigng Anh_/p, t, k/ i} vu. AM DIEU 1. Cac dac diém cia am digu Am diéu khéng chi 1a mt hién tugng phé bién ma con 1a mot hién tugng dang. Mét sO ng6n ngit co hé am diéu phtic tap hon; vi du, tiéng Thai va tiéng Quan hoa déu cé 5 4m diéu, va téng Quang Dong cd 9 am diéu khde nhau; phuong ngit chudn trong tiéng Viet cd 6 am diéu nhu duge dé cap. 1NGON NGU HOC 661 VOI GIAO VEN TIENG VET & MY. Am diéu trong tiéng Viet DAC bli Mite do. | Butng chi din Ty NGtt DIEU _ __| La —_ |G Trung binh host” 2a O cao _ “mother 3A [0 thip but” _ 4A O Trung binh _ [ata "grave" 5 O Cao [Ma “horse” 6 __ [| thap 2. Tan suat am digu Dém sé lugng tig 4m diéu trong 6 dm diéu tiéng Viet dé diéu tra vé tan suat phan chia 4m diéu tiéng Viét. Phép tinh nay nhim thong ké va phan tich mtic d6 phan gidi cic 4m diéu véi viéc do sy bién déi chudn myc cia 6 am diéu, va néu sy phan dai am diéu qué rng, thi am diéu cé tan sudt tt nhat cé thé khéng co. Am diéu c&p d6 trung cé tan sudt nhiéu nhat, nhu 4m diéu ctia /a/. Va, tan sudt thap nha 1a am diéu & c4p d6 cao, nhu am diéu eta /3/ Tan sudt am digu ML /a/ HL /a/ LL /ay MR /a/ HR /a/ LW /a/ 27 23. 17. 1.0 5 18 Phan Ba: CU PHAP I. TRAT TY CO BAN CUA TU. ‘Trat ty co ban ciia tit theo cong thtic SVO (chi ngit + dong tir + tan ngit) SOV (chi ngi + tan nga + dong ti) 1a phd bién nhat, gitta hai cong thc nay chiém khoing 80% dén 90% cc ngon ngi trén thé gidi, ching han nhy SVO chiém 42%, con SOV chiém 45%; con VOS (dong tir + an ngit + chi ngi) chi chiém 3%; va OSV (tan ngit + chil ngi + déng tt”) hoan toan khéng chiém mot ty lé mao trong stt dung ciia cde ngon ngit trén thé gidi (Whaley, 1997) Trat ty trong cc c4u cia tiéng Viet hay hinh thc cd phdp thudng xuyén thay déi vi su thay déi nay phu thude vio tinh nang stt dung cia ba wat w tw co bin, li SVO, VOS va OSV; tuy nhién, tat ty wy tht nhdt SVO thudng xuyén duge sit dung nhat va 1a phuong thtic st dung chudn trong tiéng Viet. Dudi day 14 minh hoa vé ba trat wy wy co bin trong tiéng Viét = &VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAD GUGC TE LAN THU HAI svO Toi dang choi dan duong cim 1 PROG. play piano "Lam playing the pian Osv C4i nha nayné dang. & CL house thishe PROG. live "He is living in this house” vos An phd toi di. tigm phé Eat phé 1 go restaurant ph “eat phé at the restaurant” U1. CAU TRUC BI DONG 1. Cac dang tiéu biéu Cau tric bi dong 1a mot dng tir din t& sy hai lng/thod man hay khéng hai ldng/tho’ man, vi du: bi (suffer), hay difgc (enjoy); dang bi dong ciia cau tric nay duge sit dung phé bién trong ting Viet va céc ngén ngit khéc 6 Dong Nam A va Dong Duong, bao gdm ca tiéng Quan hoa; mac di cdu tic nay ctia cic ngon ngtt phan tfch cting duge phan tich nhu cae dang bi dng, nhung né khong dugec két cdu giéng vdi cic ngén ngit téng hgp (Keenan, 1985). ic dang bi déng "bi-suffer” va "dugc-enjoy” duge sit dung phé bién trong cau tric bi déng cia tiéng Viet, trong dé dang “bj” phan Anh tinh tiéu cyc, con chai thé cia cde dang bi déng cia “duge” phan anh tinh tich cyc. Ngoai ra, tiéng Viet c6 thé sit dung tg dong wy "do” Lim bi dong. Trg dong ti nay phan anh trung tinh vé mat ngi nghia hoc cia chit thé, va dong tir "do-from” duge sit dung ydi nghia trung tinh (Thompson, 1965). Bi dGng tich cyc Hoa dugie me yéu. Hoa enjoy mother love, “Hoa is loved by her mother”. Bi déng ti@u cyc John bi cho can, John suffer the dog bite “John is bitten by the dog” Bj dgng trung tinh May hoi nude do James Watt phat minh. am engine from James Watt invent. ‘Steam engine was invented by James Watt”,_NGON NGU HOC 861 VOI GiAO VEN TENG vieT & MY. Chi thé eta mot cau tric bi dong VP luén bi tic dong nhiéu bdi hanh dong hon 1a khi n6 duge sit dung Kim tan nga cia mot ngoai dong tt chi dong. C: dang bi dng cé thé thay adi hote khaéc nhau khi chting phu thuge vaio mic ai dong tir tac dong dén chi thé cho di no bj tac déng mot cach tich u cy hay bj dong & dang trung tinh. Tuy nhién, nhiing thay déi hay ic nhau nay nhu thuc té cho thay khéng bi phan tin rong nhiéu so véi ba khia canh gém tich cyc, tiéu cye va trung tinh 2. Bi dong véi dong tt khong phai la ngoai dong tir Cau tric bi déng nay duge str dung vdi mot dong wr khong phai 1a ngoai dong tit. Dong tt dé khéng phai 1a ni dong tir ma thé hién 1a mot ngoai déng 1. Tuy nhién, ngoai dong tir nay lai dugc sit dung nhu mot néi dong tit, vi nd khéng c6 holc khéng bao him mot tin ngit va sau nd lun ludn_ 1a mot bs ngit dong tt. Cau tric bj dong NP duge sit dung cho mot “CHU DE", mot tan nga, tan ng@ nay duge chuyén thanh mot “TAC NHAN" va né thé hién hanh dong bing dong ti. Cu tric NP nay nhdn manh dén phuong tién hay tan ngit A né duge dat & vj tri ddu tién trong mot cau. Ngoai ra, “TAC NHAN” 1a mot chi thé dn. Bj d6ng véi déng ty khong phai 1A ngoai déng tiy [Dean nha nay xay tren 3i | CLASS. House this build on hill |__This house was built on the hill” |2) xe nay 1am & Nhat | ca this make be Japan, | _“This car was made in Japan” 3. Bi dong khong ngéi Dang bi déng nay duge két cdu theo mau "Ddng wr NP - vi ngi chi noi chén", nhung trong trudng hop nay N = 0 (Keenan, 1985) Bj dgng khong ngoi Chai 6 day. Play be here. “It was played here” 4, Phan bj dong Nang va ha dang bi dong NP 1a mot phuong thttc nhim thay déi quan hé ngit phiip cd bin trong edu tric bi dong hay cho dong. Khi NP duge nang hay F u tric phan bi dong 1a cu tric phan anh tinh tng dyng va nguyén thay ddi quan hé ngit phap 147VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HO! THAO QUOC TE LAN THU HAI Cau tric ting dung Nuée-mam cO-ta pha dam. Fish sauce: ABS she: ERG mix vinegar-CONG CU “She mixed fish sauce with vinegar” Cau tric nguyén nhan Cota cho phép hoc sinh 183i lop. She give permission student leave class. “She let the students leave the class” Conta khién cho hoe sinh 108i lép. she cause give students leave class, “She made/had the students leave the class”, IM. CHIEN LUQC ZE-RO 1. Lién ty khong phan bigt Trong tiéng Anh, lién ti phéi hop thé hién tinh déi lp c6 thé tong phin voi lién tir khong phan biét trong mét bic tranh. Tuy nhién, tiéng Viet cé mot lién ti phéi hgp duge sir dung vdi tinh déi lap, mac di trong cac cau khéng thé hién tinh d6i lap thi chién luge nay lién quan dén su d6i chiéu cac thanh 16 két ni vdi lién tt khéng mang nghia can thiép. Toi cha n6, song né— khong én. 1 wait him, (ADVERSARY) he no come. “L waited for him but he didn’t come”, Chién luge zé-16, trong tiéng Viet, duge sit dung dé tao thanh cau cé lién tir khéng phan biét; déi chiéu mét cach don gidn IA cdc tit két néi ma khong cd bat ky ti nao thé hién lién tir hodc lién ty khong phan biét véi céc phan tit (= dong ti + phan tit hién tai), va cic dong tit lién hodn (Payne, 1999). N6. di vita doc sach, He PART. Go PART. read book, “He went reading a book’. 2. Déng ti lién hoan Trong tiéng Viet co cdu tnic dong ti lién hoan. Cau tric nay véi hon mot 148NGON NGU HOC 8G! VOI GIAO VEN TIENG VET G MY. dong tir ue len duoc sit dyng tong mot cau tong dé khong 6 tir Hien tit va dong tit xudt hién thé hién chite ning ngi ngh ménh dé). Trong phan nghién citu nay, (6i «a 7 nhu mét vj ngit (trong cding mot 5 giing dac tung héa céc loai hinh uric dong tir lién hoan khéc nhau trong tiéng Viet (rat nhiéu!) va xc lap nhiing nguyén tac chung chi dao ngi dung cd phap nhu nhiing kha nhau trong edu ude ip lu: ‘ic loai hinh quan hé , c6 thé tén tai gitta ching va c4c danh uf lap luan), it ty tir duge sip dat déi véi thanh t6 khac trong cau. Ban thio cla bai viet nay sé sin c6 khi ching duge hoan tat N6 ciing dude goi Hi dong ty lién hon trong dé hai hay nhiéu dong tir ké tiép nhau duge két néi ma khong c6 phan tit lién két, vv... vi du, trong trudng hgp dau tién, di (go) va mua (buy), va trong truding hgp thé hai, ed mot tap hop dong ti xuat hién nhu wi dy dudi day, | Ching tdi sé di mua can nha méi. We shall go buy CLASS house_-—new. “We shall buy a new house”. No roi Hué di vo Sai Gon. He leave Hué go into Saigon. “He left Hue for Saigon”. Iv. CAP CAU LUA CHON Tiéng Viet cing gidng mét vai ng6n ngit khac c6 lién tw bé trg cho mét ménh dé trang ngit nhung cing 6 thé c6 cade cAp cau Iva chon voi mét lién tir khic trong ménh dé chinh cia cu. N6i cich khdc, cae tit tao thanh trang ngit ciia cae ménh dé phu thudng duge ghép cap vdi cic lien tir khé er, 1985). Cap 1 lua tron trong tiéng Viet cé thé xudt hién trong tiéng Viet vdi mét, tham chi a hai, lién tt trang ngi. Néu ... (thi) Néu tdi cd tién thi toi sd mua xe. If 1 have money, then I FUTURE buy car. “If [have money, I will buy a car”. BGi vi ... (vi vay/vi thé) vi trois mua—svivay tdi 6 nha Because sky rain, therefore be home. “Because it is raining, I stay home’, = 3 k‘VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAD QuOc TE LAN THU HAL Khi ... (thi) Khi tri mua thi n6 den. When sky rain then he come. “When it rained, he came”. Mac da... (nhung ... ciing/van) ... Da trai mua = nhung) nds cling. «di ra ngoai. Although sky rain but ~—he_— also. go out. “Although it rained, he went out”. Di/cho di... (nung ... van cén) ... Do trois mva—s—smasnG-sn~—di_—sra nga. Although sky rain but = he_— still, = go. out. “Although it rained, he went out”. Da ... (nhung) ... Da trdi mua nhung né da di ra ngoai. Although sky — rain but he PAST go out. “Although it rained, he went out”. Phan Bon: NGU NGHIA HQC MOI QUAN HE NGU NGHIA HQC Ngit nghia hoc khéng thé diing dgc lap ma né phii IA cdu tric c6 sy két hop hinh thai hoc-cti phap hoc trong cau. Ddi tugng cla ci php IA mot ky hiéu ngon ng, ma theo téc phdm cia Saussure, nd 14 sy két hgp cla mot hinh thai ngon ngé. Hinh thdi ngon ngt nay duge goi la hinh thie dénh higu ngit nghia hay hinh thai cé nghia. Déi tugng ciia hinh th4i ng6n ngir voi nghia hay chic nang cita ddu hiéu ngén ngi (mang ¥ nghia); ngudi ndi tiéng Anh hoc tiéng Viet C6 thé xdc dinh nghia cia m6t dau higu ngén ngit vi ho khong thé x4c dinh ngit nghia hay nhiing dic diém ngi nghia. Nhing dic diém nay cu thanh mot hinh thie danh hiéu ngi nghia, Va, dé tim ngit nghia, chting ta phai thyc hién va khai thc méi quan hé tuong tac gitfa cdc dac diém ngif nghia bing dau hiéu vé nghia va ng6én ng (Manhmoudian, 1993). x 150Méi quan hé ng@ nghia hoe GON NGU HOC 851 VOI GIAO VIEN TENG VIET O MY. Linh vue | Déi tugng Cu phap Hinh thdi hoc Ngi nghia hoc Dau higu ng6n ng (hinh thai d&u hi¢u ngon nga) Y nghia cia dau hiéu ngén nga 11. CAU TRUC HINH THAI-NGU NGHIA HOC ‘Trong ti€ng Viet, khong c6 cac Ui tiét t6 déi v h thifc danh higu ngit nghia hoac c6 nghia cA cdc hinh thai tao sy thay déi vé nghia géc ctia tir (hay ndi dung) va sy bien to cia tir (hay chic nang) ma trong tiéng Anh thi cd hién tugng nay (hai dang hinh thai hoc nay trong tiéng Anh cé phan tring lp voi nhau). Mac di vay, mot sO cai goi 1a nha ngén ngit hoc da cé ging dua mot vai vi du ngoai 1é dé chting minh ring uéng Viet cé tiét 16. Tieng Viet str dung cdc ddu déi véi 8 h4u t6, ngoai tir khéng cé dau cho thi hién tai cha ngoi thi 3 so it Thi hién tai cia ngoi tht 3 s6 it Tw géc Dau kg higu_| Vi dy Dgi “wait” @ COta dgi day Iie trua. “s She wait here at noon. “She waits there at noon”. Thi qua kha Tif gc Dau ky hiéu | Vi du Dgi “wait” 4a Cota da dgi day hém qua. -ed She PAST wait here yesterday. “She waited here yesterday”. Thi tiép dién Ti géc Dau ky hiéu | Vi du Dgi “wait” dang Cota dang doi day lic nay. -ing She PROG. wait here moment this. “She is waiting here now” 151MET NAM HOG - KY YEU HOI THAO GUOC TE LAN THU HAI Qué kh phan ti Tit géc Dau ky hiéu | Vi dy an “eat” da Cota da an -en She PAST. eat night “She has eaten dinner”. Danh ti sé nhiéu Ti géc Dau ky hiéu | Vi du Ghé “chair” Nhang Nhung c4i ghé 6 trong phong. “es PL CL. chair be in the room. “The chairs are in the room”. Sé hitu céch TH gee Dau ky higu | Vi dy Ghé “chair” a Cai chan gh bi gay. “s CL leg chair PASIV. break. “The chair’s leg is broken”. So sanh Ti gde Dau ky hiéu | Vi du Nhanh “fast” Hon Viet chay — nhanh hon Nam. -er Viet run fast more Nam. “Viet runs faster than Nam”. Il. NGU NGHIA HQC CU PHAP Tw vung trong tiéng Viét thudng khéng thay déi vé ngit nghia hoc, mac di né duge dat trong nhiing cu tric cui phap khdc nhau, tong khi cd nhiéu thay théi ngi nghia hoc trong nhiéu cau tric ci phaép. Mot vi du cu thé 1a, dong tir “get” trong tiéng Anh thay déi v6i nghia khdc nhau khi n6 duge dat trong nhiing ngw canh ngén ngw khdc nhau (Terrell, & Cargill, 1979). Trudng hop dong tw “get” dudi day duge stt dung véi nghia ty vung, nhung duge thay déi bing nhing déng tir khdc trong nhiéu cu tric cu: phap. a 8 |NGON NGU HOC 881 VOI GIAO VIEN TIENG ViET 6 MY.. To get “dén” NO di gn trudng sam He PAST arrive school carly. “He got to school carly” To get “nhjn duge” NO da nhan duge thy, He PAST receive have CL. letter, LHe got the letter’ To get “lay” No da duge — quyén sich cho chi cla céta. He PAST — obtain. win. CL. book ~—for_—_ sister of she “He got the book for her sister” To get “bi/mic” NO di bi bénh séi. He PAST suffer measles. “He got the measle: To get “tré nén” N6 di té nen budn ba. He PAST become sad. “He got sad” IV. NGU NGHIA HQC THYC TIEN Bi canh, xét vé géc dé thyc tién, 1A mét trong nhiing phan cita thyc tién. N6 cdin thiét dé hiéu nghia cia mot cau hay mdt thanh ngit. Dé hiéu nghia cia mot 1 hiéu ng6n ngtt hay cau tic cti phdp, ngudi nghe phai & trong béi cAnh hay Unh hudng ngdn ngit, trong dé ngudi ndi dién t& ngOn ngt cta minh; Noi céch kh4c, béi cinh 1a yéu té chinh dé hiéu ng6n ngit, va ngudi nghe cé thé tri Idi ding vdi nhing gi ma ngudi ndi 4m chi trong tinh huéng nhu duge gidi thi¢u uong Hinh 5.16 (Bloomfield, 1984). Ngoai ra, mot s6 yeu t ma ddng vai tr quan trong trong béi cinh ng6n ng, xa hdi va kién thtfe: Béi cdnh ngén ngit nhan manh dén ngon ngi da duge dién t& trude dé: Béi cnh xa héi bao gsm méi quan he va khung ciinh gidta ngudi ndi va nguSi nghe; VA béi cnh kién thie 1a kién thtic chung gitia ngudi néi va ngudi nghe (Jannedy, Poletto, & Weldon, 1991). 1 a 3VIET NAM HOC - KY YEU HOI THAD QUOC TE LAN THU HAI Tinh huéng cia ngudi néi Tinh huéng cia ~=———* _Ngén ngii/ldi néi_:~ ————> Phin hdi ca ngudi_ndi = ____ngudi nghe Trong ti€ng Viet, cho di trong ngif cnh ngén ngif nao, cim on “thanks” ma ngudi nghe phan hdi vé mot diéu gi dé do ngudi ndi mdi chao thi c6 nghia lA mot sy tit chéi lich sy “No, thanks”, Mat khdc, sau khi nhan duge sy gitip dé hay mot mén qua do ai dé tang, ngudi nhan thé hién sy cdm on thyc sy cia ho ngudi trao tang. “Cam on/thanks” vdi nghia la m6t sy wr chdi thudng xy ra trong ngi c4nh van héa ca ngudi Viet VI. NGU NGHIA HQC TU VUNG Cac dac diém ngit nghia phai duge phan tich tt géc dd ci phdp va xdc dinh ngit nghia cia mét dau higu ngén ngi, va that khé cho ngudi ndi tiéng Anh hoc tiéng Viet muén xdc dinh nhiing dic diém ngit nghia nao co thé cau thanh ngit nghia; dé cé nghia dting cla dau hiéu ngén ngif, ching ta phai tim ra nhiing dic diém ngi nghia ding trong ngit cinh thich hgp (Manhmoudian, 1993). Sy thod man vé ngtt nghia dai hdi phai c6 sy phan tich theo c4p d6, dim bio sy thoa n vé nghia ctia mét ng6én ng cy thé. trudng hgp, tiéng Anh sit dung "she” cho tat cd phu nit, bat ké dia vi cia ho, da két hon hay chua két hon, nhung tiéng Viét c6 cach sit dung khdc nhau déi véi phy ni. Thi nhat, dai tt ba ta "she" dm chi mot ngudi phu ni da két hon. Thit hai, dai tw c6 ta”she” 4m chi mot ngudi phy nit chua két hén. Va, sau cling, dai ti c6 bé (she-little) ” chi mét cé gai chua dén tudi trudng thanh. KET LUAN, DINH HUONG TUONG LAI VA KHUYEN NGH] Cac két qui diéu tra nay da cho thdy nhiing khéc biét gita ngén ngi thit ng6n ngi tht hai trong linh vue am vi hoc, cé php va ngit nghia hoc - gitfa tiéng Viet vdi téng Anh. Cac két qua két luan cd vé nhiing sy khac nhau va gidng nhau, din dén sy can thiép gay can tro cho sy tiép thu va qua trinh hoc tap. Dé gidi quyét van dé vé tiép thu, Ly thuyét vé Sir tha man Ng6n ngit (IAT) va Gia thuyét Phan tich Tuong phan (CAH) da diéu tra cé so sanh trong ngon ngit tiéng Viet tiéng Anh (Chomsky, 1965, & Klein, 1986). Ngoai ra, khuyén nghi ring ngit nghia hoc 6a trong nghién (fu sau hon (Nilsen, 1972). Trén co s n tiéng V Mj, nhin tir géc d6 su pham, phai tim hiéu nhiing kt ngi, tiéng Viet va éng Anh, dé nhiing diém khac ni phi hgp trong qué tinh giing day uén Iép hoc ic biét co my 06 thé duge xit ly cnt THICH 1. Tin suit am digu dit ten 20 bai viet trong mot t bio hang ngiy bing tiéng Viet 154INGON NGU HOC 801 VOI GIAO VIEN TIENG VIET O MY. 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