CONSTRUCTION SKILL

ENHANCEMENT TRAINING

2017
TRAINING SESSION

TR 03
Scaffolding work
Objective of this session

 Theoretical knowledge and discussion

 Practical Experience

 Assessment
1. Safety –
Toolbox talk – Quality & Safety
Access,
Housekeeping ,
PPEs
Definitions
Scaffold
It is the temporary support system provided for
the construction & maintenance purposes.
It consists of supports and a working platform for
workers and materials.
Scaffolding
Method of construction of scaffolds is called
scaffolding.
Types of Scaffolding

1. Suspended Scaffolds
2. Steel or Tubular Scaffolds
3. Rolling Scaffolds
Types of Scaffolding

1. Suspended Scaffolds
2. Steel or Tubular Scaffolds
3. Rolling Scaffolds
 Types of Scaffolding

Following are the types of scaffolds

1. Suspended Scaffolds
2. Steel or Tubular Scaffolds
3. Rolling Scaffolds
 Suspended Scaffolds

• It consists of
– Ropes
– Working platforms
Ropes can be raised
Manually or
mechanically
Used for light
construction and
finishing works of
multistory buildings.
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 Steel or Tubular Scaffolds
• It consists of
 Base Plate – A Metal plate with a spigot for distributing the load from
a standard or other load bearing tube.
 Standard – Vertical scaffold tube that bears the weight of the scaffold.
 Ledger – A lengthwise horizontal tube that extends from standard to
standard, that supports the transoms and that forms a tie between
the standards.
 Transom – A horizontal transverse scaffold member, that may support
platform units and which is supported by at least two ledgers or
connected directly to at least two standards.

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 Steel or Tubular Scaffolds Contd.
 Coupler or Clamps – A component or device used to fix scaffold tubes
together
 Brace – A tube placed diagonally with respect to the vertical or
horizontal members of a scaffold.
 Bay – The space between the centre lines of two adjacent standards
 Lift – The assembly of ledgers and Transoms forming each horizontal
level of the scaffold.
 Plank – An individual timber board or fabricated component that
serves as a flooring member of a platform.
 Working Platform – The deck from which building operations are
carried out.
 Handrail – A Barrier consisting of pipes erected to prevent workers
from falling off an elevated work area.
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 Steel or Tubular Scaffolds Contd.
 Toe Board – A Barrier min. 150 mm height tom prevent slip / fall of
material from platform.
 Sole Plate – A timber, concrete or metal spreader used to distribute
the load from a standard or base plate to the ground.
 Bolts, Nuts & washers

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 Material Standard, Inspection & Recording:
Steel Tubes & Fittings :

 All steel tubing, Couplers and fittings used for scaffolding shall
conform to BS 1139 or Acceptable equivalent.
 Tubes shall be free from cracks, splits, surface flaws and other defects.
The end of the tube shall be cut clean and square.
 All couplers and fittings shall be properly oiled and maintained.
 Nuts shall have a free running fit on their bolts. Bolts with worn or
damaged threads shall be replaced.

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 Material Standard, Inspection & Recording:
Scaffold Board:

 All scaffold board shall comply with BS 2482 or Acceptable

equivalent.
 Boards shall not be painted or treated in any way which shall
conceal defects in them.
 Timber boards are supplied in three thickness -38 ,50 and 63
mm and are normally 225 mm wide x 3.96 m long.
 Transom spacing for BS boards should not exceed 1.5 m.

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Scaffold

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 Scaffold Erection procedure :
Sole Plate :

 All scaffolding erection work shall be carried out by trained

scaffolders.
 All scaffolds shall be erected on a firm level and consolidated
base.
 Base plates must be placed under all legs. They must be securely
fixed if there is potential for lateral movement.
 When soil conditions are poor or frozen, it may be necessary to
excavate the poor soil and replace it with good compacted
material. Soil or ground beneath sole boards should be well
compacted free from any irregularities .
 Sole board to hard ground ,minimum sixe 219 mm wide x 500
mm long x 38 mm thk . Sole board to soft ground ,minimum size
219 mm x 800 mm long x 38 mm thk . Double sole boards
supporting two standards ,minimum size 219 mm wide x 1600 17

mm long x 38 mm thk.
Scaffold Erection procedure :
Sole Plate :

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 Scaffold Erection procedure :

Lift heights :
 For base lifts where access under is required , a
maximum lift height of 2.7 m is allowable.
For general walkthrough access on upper lifts ,
maximum height of 2 m should be maintained.

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 Scaffold Erection procedure :
Bracing :

 Bracing shall be in the form of ledger or cross bracing and longitudinal or

façade bracing.
 Longitudinal bracing shall be in the form of a zig-zag arrangement of
tubes running from the bottom to the top of the scaffold between a pair
of adjacent standards. or
 A continuous tube running from bottom to the top of the scaffold at an
angle of between 35 degree and 55 degree to the HZL. or
 Individual tubes running from the bottom to the top of the scaffold
between a pair of adjacent standards, all sloping the same way.

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Scaffold Erection procedure :
Bracing :

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 Scaffold Erection procedure :
Ladders for use as access :

• Ladders should be pitched on a firm and level

base and where practical be set an angle of 4
vertical to 1 horizontal.
• Ladders should project at least 1.07 m above
the top landing Platform.
• Ladders of any height should be tied or footed
before use.

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Scaffold Erection procedure :
Ladders for use as access :

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 Scaffold Erection procedure :
Toeboards & Guardrails :

• All boarded lifts must be fully guardrailed , this

includes all open sides from which persons
can fall.
• Guardrails should be connected on the inside
of standards.
• The gap between the top of the toe boards
and the guard rails should not exceed 762 mm
and the guardrails should be fixed at a height
of 915 mm to 1150 mm above the deck level.
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Scaffold Erection procedure :
Toeboards & Guardrails :

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 Scaffold Erection procedure :
Ties :
Ties should be provided to resist inward &
outward movement of the scaffold . All ties
should be fixed with load bearing couplers.

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 Scaffold Erection procedure :
Planking :

 The maximum span for wood planks should not

exceed 8’. A span of 8’ is rated for 25 pounds per
square foot maximum. A span of 6’ is rated for 50
pounds per square foot maximum.
 Planking should extend a minimum of 6 inches
(15 cm) over the center of each support (unless
cleated to prevent the plank from sliding) and a
maximum of 12 inches (30 cm).
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Scaffold Erection procedure :
Planking :

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Scaffold pipes

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Coupler or Clamps

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 Scaffold fittings
• Double Coupler
– It joins ledgers and standards.
• Swivel Coupler
– Composed of two single couplers and used to join two scaffolds at any
angle.
• Putlog Coupler
– Used to join putlogs with transom.
• Base Plate
– Used at the base of the standards.
• Split joint Pin
– It’s a connection fitting used to join scaffold tubes.
• Reveal Pin
– It fit in to the end of a tube to form an adjustable strut.
• Putlog end 31

– A flat plate used at the end of a scaffold to convert it in to a putlog.

Scaffold fittings

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Scaffold fittings

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Prop nuts, clamp and fasteners

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Wedge & Clip

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 Scaffold Tag System
The Scafftag system is a simple means of indicating
whether or not to a scaffold is safe for use.

Red Status :
– DO NOT USE SCAFFOLD

Green status:
– OK to use

Yellow status :
– Inspection in Process.
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 Rolling Scaffold
 Rolling towers are popular with most trades – painters,
electricians, heating and ventilating men and maintenance
people. Because these trades and specialists must move
around in an area.
 When the height to minimum base ratio of the scaffold
exceeds 4 to 1 stabilizers are required.
 Stabilizers may be used with castors or adjustable screws with
base plates.
 Cross bracing must be used with the stabilizer legs.
 Stabilizer legs rotate 90 degrees to facilitate use for moving
through narrow areas.

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Rolling Scaffold

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 Safety Concerns
During Erection &Dismantle :
• Men should be prevented while erection &
dismantling is in progress.
• There may be chance for falling of tubes , fittings
& boards on ground. The entire area should be
covered with barrication tapes.
• Tubes , fittings , boards & ladders should be
inspected before & after use.In case of defective
materials found after use , it should be removed.
• Fittings should be serviced after use.
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 Safety Concerns
During Use :
• Scaffolding should be inspected once in a week.
• Scaffolding should be inspected after bad weather like
heavy wind, heavy storm etc..
• Scaffolding should not be overloading. The maximum
safe working load for Light duty -150 Kg/m2 ,General
Purpose – 200 kg/m2 & Heavy duty – 250 Kg/m2
• Alterations in Scaffolding should be done by Scaffolders
only.
• Men should not be prevented in case of alterations
made in scaffolds.
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 Standards

• BS 1139:Part 2:Section 2.1 (working scaffolds

and false work made of steel tubes )
• BS 2482 Scaffold Planks

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Site Photographs

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End of Presentation

Questions?