Math 237 Week 4B

MATH 237 - WEEK 4
Integrating Factors and Linear Differential Equations
Carlo Galicia
DEMPC
Cebu Institute of Technology - University
November 18, 2021
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CBGalicia (CIT-University) MATH 237 - WEEK 4 November 18, 2021
Integrating Factors by Inspection
The following are four exact differential equations that occur frequently:
d(x, y) = xdy + ydx

( )
x ydx − xdy
d =
y y2
( y ) xdy − ydx
d =
x x2
( y ) xdy − ydx
d arctan =
x x2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Examples of integrating factors
Let us study the following examples:
ydx + (x + x3 y 2 )dy = 0
y(x3 − y)dx − x(x3 + y)dy = 0

3x2 ydx − (y 4 − x3 )dy = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determination of Integrating Factors
For the equation below:

M dx + N dy = 0
For a function u of both x and y, the integrating factor becomes:
uM dx + uN dy = 0
The partial fractions must be:

∂ ∂
(uM ) = (uN )
∂y ∂x
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The equation must satisfy the partial differential equation

∂M ∂u ∂N ∂u
u +M =u +N
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x
( )
∂M ∂N du
u − =N
∂y ∂x dx
( )
1 ∂M ∂N
− = f (x)
N ∂y ∂x
( )
1 ∂M ∂N
− = g(y)
M ∂y ∂x
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( ∫ )
If the integrating factor u = exp − g(y)dy
∂M ∂u ∂N ∂u
u +M =u +N
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂x
( )
∂M ∂N du
u − =N
∂y ∂x dx
( )
1 ∂M ∂N
− = f (x)
N ∂y ∂x
( )
1 ∂M ∂N
− = g(y)
M ∂y ∂x
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Integrating Factors - Two Methods
1. If N1 ( ∂M − ∂N ) = f (x) where f (x) is a function of x alone, then

(∂y ∫ ∂x )
u = exp − f (x)dx is an integrating factor for the equation:
M dx + N dy = 0
2. If M ( ∂y − ∂N
1 ∂M
) = g(y) where g(y) is a function of x alone, then
( ∫ ∂x )
u = exp − g(y)dy is an integrating factor for the equation:
M dx + N dy = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determination of integrating factors
Let us study the following examples:
(4xy + 3y 2 − x)dx + x(x + 2y)dy = 0
y(x + y + 1)dx + x(x + 3y + 2)dy = 0

y(x + y)dx + (x + 2y − 1)dy = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Substitution Suggested by the Equation
Let us study the following examples
(x + 2y − 1)dx + 3(x + 2y)dy = 0
(1 + 3x sin y)dx − x2 cos ydy = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bernoulli’s Equation
The Bernoulli equation is of the form below:
y ′ + P (x)y = Q(x)y n
If n = 1, the variables are separable. If n ̸= 1, the equation may be in the

form of:
y −n dy + P y −n+1 dx = Qdx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
If the differential equation is of the form:
y ′ + P (x)y = Q(x)y n
If n = 1, the variables are separable. If n ̸= 1, the equation may be in the

form of:
y −n dy + P y −n+1 dx = Qdx
But the differential equation of y −n+1 is (1 − n)y −n+1 dy, the differential
equation may be simplified as:
y −n+1 = z
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
From the equation below:
(1 − n)y −n dy = dz
The equation in z and x:
dz + (1 − n)P zdx = (1 − n)Qdx
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bernoulli’s Equation Examples
Let us try the following examples:
y(6y 2 − x − 1)dx + 2xdy = 0
6y 2 dx − x(2x3 + y)dy = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coeﬀicients Linear in the Two Variables
Consider the equation:
(a1 x + b1 y + c1 )dx + (a2 x + b2 y + c2 )dy = 0
Consider the following:

a 1 x + b1 y + c 1 = 0
a 2 x + b2 y + c 2 = 0
With the point of intersection (h,k):
x=u+h
y =v+k
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coeﬀicients Linear in the Two Variables
With a uv coordinate system:
a 1 u + b1 v = 0
a 2 u + b2 v = 0
Since dx = du and dy = dv:
x=u+h
x=v+k
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transformation of the differential equation
The differential equation changes to:
(a1 u + b1 v)du + (a2 u + b2 v)dv = 0
If the lines do not intersect, then a constant k exists
a2 x + b2 y = k(a1 x + b1 y)
The equation can now appear in the form:
(a1 x + b1 y + c1 )dx + [k(a1 x + b1 y) + c2 ]dy = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transformation of the differential equation
The new variable becomes:
w = a 1 x + b1 y
Let us try the following examples:
(x + 2y − 4)dx − (2x + y − 5)dy = 0
(2x + 3y − 1)dx − (2x + 3y + 2)dy = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seatwork
Obtain the general solution to the following equations:
1. y(2xy + 1)dx − xdy = 0
2. (x2 + y 2 + 1)dx − x(x − 2y)dy = 0
3. (3x − 2y + 1)dx − (3x − 2y + 3)dy = 0
4. (y − 2)dx − (x − y − 1)dy = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Problem Set
Obtain the general solution to the following equations:
1. y(y 3 − x)dx + x(y 3 + x)dy = 0
2. 2y(x2 − y + x)dx − (x2 − 2y)dy = 0
3. sin y(x + sin y)dx + 2x2 cos ydy = 0
4. (x − 4y − 9)dx − (4x + y − 2)dy = 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The End
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MATH 237 - WEEK 4

Integrating Factors and Linear Differential Equations

November 18, 2021

d(x, y) = xdy + ydx

Let us study the following examples:

y(x3 − y)dx − x(x3 + y)dy = 0

For the equation below:

The partial fractions must be:

The equation must satisfy the partial differential equation

1. If N1 ( ∂M − ∂N ) = f (x) where f (x) is a function of x alone, then

Let us study the following examples:

(4xy + 3y 2 − x)dx + x(x + 2y)dy = 0

y(x + y + 1)dx + x(x + 3y + 2)dy = 0

Let us study the following examples

(x + 2y − 1)dx + 3(x + 2y)dy = 0

(1 + 3x sin y)dx − x2 cos ydy = 0

The Bernoulli equation is of the form below:

If n = 1, the variables are separable. If n ̸= 1, the equation may be in the

If the differential equation is of the form:

If n = 1, the variables are separable. If n ̸= 1, the equation may be in the

From the equation below:

The equation in z and x:

dz + (1 − n)P zdx = (1 − n)Qdx

Let us try the following examples:

y(6y 2 − x − 1)dx + 2xdy = 0

Consider the equation:

(a1 x + b1 y + c1 )dx + (a2 x + b2 y + c2 )dy = 0

Consider the following:

With a uv coordinate system:

The differential equation changes to:

(a1 u + b1 v)du + (a2 u + b2 v)dv = 0

If the lines do not intersect, then a constant k exists

The equation can now appear in the form:

(a1 x + b1 y + c1 )dx + [k(a1 x + b1 y) + c2 ]dy = 0

The new variable becomes:

Let us try the following examples:

(x + 2y − 4)dx − (2x + y − 5)dy = 0

(2x + 3y − 1)dx − (2x + 3y + 2)dy = 0

Obtain the general solution to the following equations:

1. y(2xy + 1)dx − xdy = 0

2. (x2 + y 2 + 1)dx − x(x − 2y)dy = 0

3. (3x − 2y + 1)dx − (3x − 2y + 3)dy = 0

Obtain the general solution to the following equations:

1. y(y 3 − x)dx + x(y 3 + x)dy = 0

2. 2y(x2 − y + x)dx − (x2 − 2y)dy = 0

3. sin y(x + sin y)dx + 2x2 cos ydy = 0

4. (x − 4y − 9)dx − (4x + y − 2)dy = 0

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