Question no 1

Transactional Analysis (TA) helps us understand how people talk to

each other. It was created by Eric Berne in the 1950s. It looks at
conversations and how we interact. When we talk, one person starts
the conversation, and the other person responds. TA helps us see how
we feel, think, and act when we talk to others.
TA says our personality is made of three parts:
1. Parent: Acts like parents or other authority figures.
2. Adult: Thinks logically and deals with what's happening now.
3. Child: Acts like we did when we were young.
These parts work together in TA.
Types of Communication:
1. Complementary Transactions: When both people act the same
way. For example, one acts like a parent, and the other acts like
a child.
2. Ulterior Transactions: When someone says something that
seems normal but has a hidden meaning. For example, a teacher
might seem to encourage but secretly wants to challenge a
student.
3. Crossed Transactions: When two people don't understand each
other emotionally. They might need to change how they talk.
Life Positions:
Life positions are beliefs about ourselves and others. They affect how
we choose and act in different situations.

I'm OK, You're OK: This is a positive life position where someone feels
good about themselves and others. For example:
 • Example: Starting a new job, feeling confident in your skills ("I'm
OK") and trusting your colleagues to do their part ("You're OK").
This positive outlook helps in working well together.

I'm Not OK, You're OK: In this position, a person might feel insufficient
but sees others as capable and competent. For instance:

• Example: Feeling unsure about a task ("I'm Not OK") but relying
on a supportive team ("You're OK") to get through challenges.
This can lead to seeking help and learning from others.

I'm OK, You're Not OK: This belief involves feeling superior to others
and seeing them as flawed or inadequate:

• Example: Believing you're always right ("I'm OK") and looking

down on colleagues or classmates ("You're Not OK") who make
mistakes. This can lead to arrogance and difficulties in
teamwork.

I'm Not OK, You're Not OK: This is a negative life position where
someone feels inadequate and also views others negatively:

• Example: Feeling unworthy or incompetent ("I'm Not OK") and

thinking others are also unreliable or untrustworthy ("You're Not
OK"). This can lead to a pessimistic outlook and difficulties in fo
Question no 2

Psychoanalytic Theory Freud's theory helps us understand how our

personalities, feelings, and actions are influenced by hidden thoughts
in our minds.

Stage One: Oral Stage

• Oral Incorporative Behavior (Taking In)

o People in this stage focus a lot on eating, drinking, and

other activities that bring pleasure.

o They trust others easily and can be overly optimistic.

• Oral Aggressive or Oral Sadistic Behavior

o Individuals feel negative, angry, and may argue or make

mean comments.
o They might try to control others and feel powerful.

• Explanation: Babies enjoy activities like breastfeeding. If stuck in

this stage, they might develop habits like overeating or smoking.

Stage Two: Anal Stage

• Defecation and Toilet Training

o Kids find pleasure in going to the bathroom during this

stage.
o Some children resist toilet training to challenge authority.

o Others might hold in their poop due to strict rules.

• Anal Aggressive Personality

o These individuals can be mean, aggressive, and have a bad

temper.
• Anal Retentive Personality
o They are very stubborn, neat, and careful about details, like

someone with OCD.

 • Explanation: Toddlers learn to control going to the bathroom.
Strict training can make them very neat (anal-retentive) or messy
(anal-expulsive).

Stage Three: Phallic Stage

• Oedipus Complex
o Boys secretly desire their mother and may feel jealous of

their father.
• Electra Complex
o Girls secretly desire their father and may feel jealous of

their mother.
• Phallic Personality
o They may be overly confident, have trouble in
relationships, and need lots of attention.
• Explanation: This stage is about complex feelings and conflicts
about family and love.

Stage Four: Latency Stage

• Explanation: From about age 5 to puberty, kids don't have

strong sexual feelings. They focus on school, friends, and
hobbies.

Stage Five: Genital Stage

• Explanation: This stage is about completing physical growth.

People manage inner conflicts by following society's rules about
relationships and behavior.
 Question no 3

Persuasion Techniques
1. Foot in the Door

Idea: Ask for a small favor first before a bigger one. People are more
likely to agree to the bigger request after saying yes to the smaller
one.

Example: If someone helps you once by giving directions, they might

agree to walk with you later if you ask.

2. Door in the Face

Idea: Start with a big request that will probably be refused. Then ask
for a smaller one that seems reasonable.

Example: First, ask a friend to lend you $100 (expecting a no). Then
ask to borrow $20, which they might agree to after saying no to $100.

3. Anchoring

Idea: People rely heavily on the first piece of information they get
when making decisions.

Example: If a car is priced at $10,000 but you negotiate it down to

$7,000, you might feel it's a good deal because of the original higher
price.
 4. Commitment & Consistency

Idea: Once people agree to something small, they are likely to keep
agreeing or take more actions in that direction.

Example: If someone says they support a cause, they might donate

money later because they've already shown support.

5. Social Proof

Idea: People tend to follow what others are doing, especially in social
situations.

Example: You might like a Facebook post more if it already has many
likes, thinking it must be good.

6. Authority

Idea: People trust and listen to experts or those seen as figures of

authority.

Example: If a dentist recommends a toothpaste brand, many people

will trust it's the best choice.

7. Scarcity

Idea: People desire things more if they are limited in quantity or

availability.
Example: Booking websites often say there are only a few rooms left
in a hotel, making you book faster.

8. Reciprocation

Idea: People feel obligated to return favors or kindness shown to

them.

Example: If someone gives you a gift, you might feel like giving them
something in return, even if you didn't plan to.

Question no 4

Time Management Strategies

1. Know How You Spend Your Time

What it means: Keep track of what you do every 15 minutes for a

week. This helps you see:

▪ Did you finish everything you needed to do?

▪ What tasks took the most time?
▪ When are you most productive?
▪ How much time you spend on work, family, personal activities, and
fun.

Example: Use apps to help you track how you use your time.
2. Set Priorities

What it means: Figure out what’s important versus what’s urgent.

Focus on tasks that are important, even if they aren’t urgent. This
helps you manage time better.

Example: Instead of doing things that aren’t really important but need
immediate attention, focus on tasks that will help you in the long run.

3. Use a Planning Tool

What it means: Use tools like planners, calendars, or phone apps to

write down tasks and schedules. This keeps you organized and lets you
focus on what’s important.

Example: Write down tasks and check your planner daily to stay
organized. Use apps that help manage time and boost productivity.

4. Get Organized

What it means: Being disorganized can make it hard to manage time.

Create designated areas for things you want to keep, give away, or
toss. Use systems to manage emails and information better.

Example: Sort items into boxes labeled "Keep," "Give Away," and
"Toss." Organize emails with folders or a color-coded system.
5. Schedule Appropriately

What it means: Plan your day with tasks you enjoy and know your best
times for productivity. Protect this time from interruptions and use
downtime for quick tasks.

Example: Do hard tasks during your most productive hours. Keep time
open for planning and being creative.

6. Delegate: Get Help from Others

What it means: Assign tasks to others who can help, freeing up your
time for more important things. Give clear instructions and check
progress.

Example: Ask family members or colleagues to help with tasks they

can do well. This gives you more time for tasks that need your
attention.

7. Stop Procrastinating

What it means: Procrastination is delaying tasks. Start with the

hardest task first or break big tasks into smaller steps.

Example: Finish the toughest task early in the day. Reward yourself
after completing tasks to stay motivated.

8. Manage Time-Wasters
What it means: Reduce time spent on activities like checking your
phone often or attending unnecessary meetings.

example: Use virtual calendars to share schedules easily. Start and

end meetings on time to save time.

9. Avoid Multi-tasking

What it means: Focus on one task at a time. Multi-tasking can make

you less productive and more distracted.

Example: Clear distractions and focus on one task until it’s done.

10. Stay Healthy

What it means: Taking care of yourself helps you manage time better.
Schedule time to relax, limit screen time, and get enough sleep.

Example: Turn off devices before bed to unwind and sleep better.
Taking breaks helps you recharge and makes tasks easier.

Question no 5

Anger is a strong feeling caused by frustration, feeling threatened, or

treated unfairly. It often leads to irritation or rage.

Types of anger

1. Explicit Anger: This is when anger is openly shown, like yelling or

being physically aggressive.
2. Implicit Anger: Anger that is hidden or expressed indirectly, such as
through passive-aggressive behaviors or giving someone the silent
treatment.

Explicit Anger types

Assaulting: Physically attacking someone.

Aggressive: Criticizing, finding faults, or speaking loudly at others.

Hurtful: Lying, stealing, gossiping, or causing trouble for others.

Rebellious: Defying openly, refusing to communicate, or challenging

authority figures.

implicit Anger Examples:

Veiled: Showing distrust, jealousy, or envy subtly towards others.

Suppressed (Passive-Aggressive):Acting unresponsive, being overly

nice insincerely, arriving late consistently, or portraying oneself as a
victim in situations.