↑

***
* Y -

⑰ Benzene
.
: -

AlCIs as halogen
1) Benzene + Cla >
- Chlorobenzene + Hel
carrier
H Cl
C

+
,
- I
-
O
W
+ -

Electrophilic substitution
·

Electrophile formation :
-

All + Cl > CI++ AlCIn -

Halogen carrier reformation : -

AlCly + H> -

AlClz
heat not
can be
given but necessary
.
·

heat at
2) Benzene +
He3O4 + HNOz >
- Nitrobenzene
temp >50'
(temp & 55-60 C)
-

A Noz
↳
O
+
N
W NOs
↳
t -

>
·

Electrophilic substitution
·

Electrophile formation :

2H2SOy +
HNOz > 2HSOy + HBO t NOgt
-
+

·
bulfunic and reformation :-

HSOy + H+ >
-

HeSOy
·
Reachin conditione :

concentrated H2SO4 and HNOz and

heat at 50-60 Ov
Note - :

Only methanoic and & ethandioic arid can be oxidized .

T Nitrogen Compands
.
:

Formation of amines:

NHz in ethanol
& Halogenoalkane NHz + > amine

heat under pressure

Substitution

CHz CH2C) HC1 + CHzCH Nity

+
NHz 3
,

LiAlHy in dry ether or

,

② Nitrile + He (gi Amine

I and Nickle
,

reduction
CHzCHzCEN CH3CH2CHN
>
-

③ Amide Amine
O
4[H]
CHz-"-N-H reduction
> CHz CH2NH,
H
LiAllty/LiAlly in dryether
-

reduction
-

NHz
↑
④ Phenylamine 3 Br
/0)
+ >
-
Br -Be
- BHBV

W 24
, ,
6-tribrophand
Br
Hydrolysis/Elimination of Amide :

ammonium salt
① Reflux with Acid :-
excess Ht

dilute tel
Amine +
[H] >
-

Carboxylic acid +
Ruinary Amine /
heat under reflec Ammonia
te
0 H O (depending on

functional groups)
CH3C-N-H >
-
CHz-"-OH + NHz
or

CH
. -R -
> Chy--OH +
RNi