Vishwaniketan Institute of Management Entrepreneurship and Engineering Technology Computer Science & Engineering

(AI & ML) Department

A Mini Project Report on

FOURIER TRANSFORM
Guided by:- Prof. Sachin Mulik Team Members-
• Sabir Shaikh (B-51)
• Nilima Patil (B-49)
• Divya Bhandkhor (B-46)
• Sanchita Todkar(B-54)
Definition-

Definition-
The term “Fourier transform” can be used in the mathematical function, and it is also
used in the representation of the frequency domain. The Fourier transform helps to
extend the Fourier series to the non-periodic functions, which helps us to view any
functions in terms of the sum of simple sinusoids.

Fourier Transform Formula -

As discussed above, the Fourier transform is considered to be a generalisation of the
complex Fourier series in the limit L→∞. Also, convert discrete An to the continuous
F(k)dk and let n/L→k. Finally, convert the sum to an integral.

Thus, the Fourier transform of a function f(x) is given by:

Linearity

• Recall our expressions for the Fourier Transform and its inverse:

1
 X ( j ) e
j t
x(t )  d (synthesis)
2 

1
X ( j )  X ( )   x(t ) e  jt dt (analysis)
T 
• The property of linearity:

Proof:

1
Fax (t )  by (t )   ax (t )  by (t ) e  jt dt
T 
 
1 1
  ax (t ) e  jt dt   by (t ) e  jt dt
T  T 
1   1  
 a   x(t ) e dt   b   y (t ) e  jt dt 
 jt

 T   T  
 aX ( j )  bY ( j )
Time Shift

• Time Shift:
x(t  t 0 )  X ( j )e  jc0
Proof: 
1
Fx(t  t 0 )   x(t  t 0 ) e  jt dt
T 
make a change of variables : λ  t-t 0 , which implies t  λ  t 0

1
Fx(t  t 0 )   x( ) e  j (   t0 ) d
T 
1 

   x( ) e  j d e  jt0
T   
 X ( j  ) e  j t 0
• Note that this means time delay is equivalent to a linear phase shift in the frequency
domain (the phase shift is proportional to frequency).
• We refer to a system as an all-pass filter if:
X ( j )  1 X ( j )  0

• Phase shift is an important concept in the development of surround sound.

 Time Scaling
• Time Scaling:
1 j
x ( at )  X( )
a a
Proof: 1

F x ( at )   x ( at ) e
 j t
dt
T 

assume a  0, make a change of variables : λ  at , which implies t   / a , and dt  (1 / a ) d

 
1  j ( ) 1
F ax (t )   x ( ) e a
( ) d
T 
a
1 1 



 j ( / a ) 
 ( ) x (  ) e d  
a T  
1 j
 ( )X ( )
a a

• Generalization for a < 0 , the negative value is offset by the change in the limits of
integration.
• What is the implication of a < 1 on the time-domain waveform? On the frequency
response? What about a > 1?
• Any real-world applications of this property? Hint: sampled signals.78
Time Reversal

• Time Reversal:
x(t )  X ( j )
Proof:
1 j
Fx(t )  X( )  X (  j )
a a a  1
We can also note that for real-valued signals:
X (  j  )  X (  j  ) X (  j  )
 X ( j ) X ( j )  X * ( j ) (complex conjugate)

• Time reversal is equivalent to conjugation in the frequency domain.

• Can we time reverse a signal? If not, why is this property useful?
Differentiation / Integration

• Differentiation in the Time Domain:

dn
n
x(t )  ( j ) n X ( j )
dt
• Integration in the Time Domain:
t
1
 x (  ) d 

j
X ( j )  X (0) ( )

• What are the implications of time-domain differentiation in the frequency domain?

• Why might this be a problem? Hint: additive noise.
• How can we apply these properties? Hint: unit impulse, unit step, …
Applications-

Signal Processing:

•Audio Processing: In audio analysis and processing, the Fourier Transform is used to analyze and manipulate
audio signals for tasks like equalization, compression, and filtering.

•Image Processing: In image analysis, the Fourier Transform is applied to images to analyze their frequency
content, perform image compression, and remove noise through frequency domain filtering.

•Speech Recognition: The Fourier Transform is used to convert speech signals into a frequency domain
representation, making it easier to extract features and recognize speech patterns.
Applications-

Medical Imaging:

In medical imaging, the Fourier Transform is used for tasks like MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) and CT (Computed
Tomography) image reconstruction, as well as for processing and analyzing medical signals such as EEG
(Electroencephalogram) and ECG (Electrocardiogram).

Finance:

In finance, the Fourier Transform can be used for options pricing, risk management, and analyzing financial time series
data.

Cryptography:

The Fourier Transform has applications in encryption and decryption techniques. For example, it can be used in
steganography, a method of hiding information within other data.
Applications-

Astronomy:

•Astronomers use the Fourier Transform to analyze signals from telescopes and other
astronomical instruments. It helps in studying celestial objects, characterizing
exoplanets, and detecting cosmic phenomena.

Music and Audio Synthesis:

•The Fourier Transform is employed in synthesizing music and audio signals, creating a
variety of sound effects and music production.