L5 Midterms: Blood Physiology

Tuesday, October 17, 2023 2:40 PM

Blood
• Specialized connective tissue
• Suspension of cells in plasma
• 5L, moves unidirectional, in a closed circuit system.
• Transport vehicle for gases, nutrients, waste products, cells, and hormones
○ Balance for Acid/Base
○ Levels temperature
○ Oxygen transport
○ Osmosis
○ Delivers Nutrients
○ Protection against foreign invaders, (Lymphocytes/Leukocytes)
○ Hormonal Transport

Formed Elements
Plasma 55%
• 90% water, 10% Electrolytes
• Straw-colored, translucent
• Plasma Proteins
○ Albumin 58% - Buffer for acid/base Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
○ Globulin 37% - Immunoglobulins (Ig) Terms Used:
○ Fibrinogen 5% • Blood pH
○ Acidity or Alkalinity of Blood
Hematocrit 45% ○ pH - Potential of Hydrogen;
• Ratio of volume of RBC to the total volume of blood ▪ A measure of Acidity/Alkalinity of a solution = to
○ How many RBC do you have in your blood? common reciprocal concentration of hydrogen ions in
• 4.5 - 6.2 Million per cubic mm moles per cubic decimeter of solution
○ 4.5 - 5.4/mm^3 • PaCO2
○ Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide
Buffy coat <=1% • HCO3
• Platelets ○ Bicarbonate
○ 150,000 - 450,000/mm^3 • mmHg
○ 10 day Life cycle ○ Millimeter of Mercury
• White Blood Cells • mEq/L
○ 5,000 - 10,000/mm^3 ○ Milliequivalents per liter
○ Granulocytes
← ACIDOSIS ALKALOSIS →
▪ Neutrophils
□ General Protection Blood pH 7.35 7.45
▪ Eosinophils PaCO2 45 35 mmHg
□ Good against worms
HCO3 22 26 mEq/L
▪ Basophils
□ Allergies
○ Agranulocytes ABG Names
▪ Monocytes
1st Name 2nd Name 3rd Name
▪ Macrophages
▪ Lymphocytes Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis
Partially Compensated Metabolic Alkalosis
Erythrocytes (RBC) Fully Compensated
• Non-nucleated
• Filled with Hemoglobin
• Biconcave Discs 1. Example:
○ Provides larger surface-to-volume ratio PH - 7.30 (Acid)
PaCO2 - 47 (Acid)
○ Facilitates Gas Exchange
HCO3 - 25 (N)
• Sizes
○ 7.5μm Edges
= Uncompensated Respiratory Acidosis
○ 2.6μm Thick
○ 0.75μm Center Formation of RBC
2. Example
• Rouleaux
PH - 7.33 (Acid)
○ RBC's adhere to one another loosely in stacks
PaCO2 - 48 (Acid)
• Plasmalemma
HCO3 - 27 (Alkalosis)
○ Best known membrane
• 40% Lipid, 10% carbohydrates, 50% Proteins
= Partially Compensated Respiratory Acidosis
• Mostly Integral membrane proteins
• Ion channels
• Band 3 Protein (anion transporter)
• Peripheral Proteins
○ How RBC maintain shape
• Carries Hemoglobin
○ Gives red color
• Tetrameric O2, carries oxygen
• Cannot replace defective proteins
• 120 day life span
○ Removed from circulation via Macrophages

Erythropoiesis
• Formation of RBC through Erythropoietin
○ Proerythroblast
▪ Stem cell of RBC

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 ▪ Stem cell of RBC
○ Basophil, Erythroblast
▪ 1st Gen of RBC
○ Reticulocyte
▪ Immature RBC, produced in bone marrow
▪ Mature 48 Hours after release
▪ Contain Mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi Elements
▪ Brilliant cresylic blue
▪ Cell starts removing Nucleus
▪ Rate of Reticulocytes = Rate of Removal of spent RBC's by spleen and liver
○ Erythrocytes
▪ Matured RBC, Requires:
□ Vit B12 (Cyanoblamin)
 Produced by Ileum (small intestine)
□ Folic Acid (Pteroylglutamic Acid)
 Produced by Duodenum
▪ Cemetery
□ Spleen
Bilirubin - reason why pee/poo has a yellowish color
• Stercobilin
• Urobilin

Blood Types
Antigen Antibody Donor Rhesus Factor (RH) +/-
A A B A, O
B B A B, O
AB AB - A, B, AB, O Universal Receiver (AB +)
O - AB O Universal Donor (AB+ and O-)

Types of Anemia
1. Iron Deficiency Anemia
a. Microcytic
i. RBC's smaller than Normal
b. Hypochromic
i. RBC's have less color than normal, usually due to lack of hemoglobin
c. Common in Menstrual Cycle
d. Signs and Symptoms
i. Headache, Irritability, difficulty swallowing

2. Post-Hemorrhagic Anemia
a. Normocytic, normochromic
i. RBC's have same size and same color
b. 20-30% loss
i. Decreased BP, lightheadedness
c. 30 - 40% loss
i. Decreased BP, Diaphoresis (cold sweat), increase in Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH)
d. 40 - 50% loss
i. Hypovolemic Shock, DEATH
3. Vit B12 Deficiency/Pernicious Anemia
a. Macrocytic (large RBC), normochromic (same color)
b. Common in Pregnant women
4. Aplastic Anemia
a. Bone marrow cannot make enough new RBC's for body to work normally
5. Sickle Cell Anemia
a. RBC's take on a sickle shape and damage internal blood vessels
b. Pain everywhere

Leukocytes (WBC)
• Azurophilic (Bluish)
• Defense against microorganisms

Granules
1. Neutrophils
a. 12 - 15μm
b. 54 - 62% of WBC
c. Nuclei 2 - 5 lobes linked by thin nuclear extensions
d. Active Phagocytes of bacteria
e. Short Lives (4 Days), Half-Life 6-8 hours (during infection)
2. Eosinophils
a. Slightly pink (Red Stain)
b. Kills Parasitic worms and Helminths
3. Basophils
a. Purplish
b. Allergic reaction

Immunoglobins
• Fights off infections
Ig G - received from mother via placenta
Ig A - bodily fluids

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Ig A - bodily fluids
Ig M - food antigen
Ig E - allergic reactions
Ig D - Activates B Lymphocytes

Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
1. B Lymphocytes
a. Humoral mediated, needs Ig D
b. Creates antibodies (marker for cells)
c. Produced in bone marrow
2. T Lymphocytes
a. Cellular mediated (Macrophage)
b. Killer T - Cells (CD8)
i. Kills viruses
c. Helper T - Cells (CD4)
i. Activates Killer T-Cells by marking viruses with antibodies
d. Suppressor T- Cells
i. Tell the Killer T & Helper T Cells to stop
ii. Changes into a Memory T- Cell
e. Memory T- Cell
i. Helps body remember diseases it has fought before
f. THYMUS
i. Where Lymph (water) resides and leukocytes hang
ii. Lymph
1) Lymph Tissue - returns Liquid
2) Lymph Vessels
a) Carries Lymphocytes
b) Pumps via mm contraction
c) Excessive fluid drained via capillaries

Monocytes - Progenitors to Macrophages

Thrombocytes (Platelets)
• Non-nucleated
• Lifespan of 10 days
• Creates clots, plugs, aka Platelet Plugs
○ Vessel Injury
▪ Type 1 Collagen
▪ Von Willebrandt Factor
□ Platelet Plug
 Formed by:
◊ Vessel Injury
◊ Prothrombin > (Calcium)
◊ Thromboplastin (Thromboplastin Activator)
◊ Thrombin
◊ Fibrinogen
◊ Fibrin
 Reason why site of injury is itchy = Mitosis

Clotting Factor
I. Fibrinogen
II. Prothrombin
III. Thromboplastin
IV. Calcium
V. Labium
VI. (Only in Primates)
VII. Stable
VIII. A/Classic/Anti-hemophilia A (AHA)
IX. B/Christmas/AHB
X. Stuart
XI. C/AHC
XII. D/Hageman/AHD
XIII. Fibrin

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