“The emovonal responses motel bythe objective stimula, ‘tour subjective intrpretation ofthe simul (hat means or os once, and well-being te) amples: Tams: bear enmpe—fear isnot wagered dre by ‘hobar bu our interpretation ofitasasource of snger _Aorasucesful exam, we may epee: “proudnes (tun due one's super performance) rele Qc draw -the ght” question was asked) hones (ue wbp rom dassate) Appralsal- The sped oapprasal Appraisal - fow does appraisal happen? “Two main ideas for structure of evaluation: CCategorical/discrete vs. Dimensional Differences in processing appear quite early in these signals. But it does not mean that it ‘These are not really clear-cut separations ferent bran responses to emotional content an be ‘Shreve hin eouple of hind ms ater te one For exaple: Shupp eta (2008) :presented emotional Appraisal - Th speed of appraisal Diferentia rai responses to emotional content canbe served within a couple of hundred ms after the onset of simulation, Forexample:Shupp eal (2004) presented emotional faces and recorded EEG—which showed sytenatie thangestocmotioeal cootext Np alfrsore nthe cealy waefor | structural encnding rena a a, feendly/neutea |= 20:300ms afer plewre onset Appraisal row does appa happen? {Gtegoa: Samp Lazar correlational homer nels ofertas pe ena: suthe teens for ore Sa only happens this quickly. Appraisal ~ How does appraisal happen? Lazarus (1992) Primary appraisal (motivational stakes) 1) Isthe event goal relevant? 2) sit goal congruent? 53) Ego involvement? Appraisal - ow does appraisal happen? Lazarus (19): Example: ANGE ‘Secondary Apprasal Components 4. thers blame which dervs fom the knowledge that someones accountable or the haf actions, bd they could have ben ented hen anger ‘secure the blame sto another, the anger directed ‘externally ft oneself anger I dete ncernally. 5. lfeoping potential favors attacks able then anger foisted. 6. future expectancy is positive about the enironmental response allack then angers faaated Appraisal Dimensional approach Elsworth: Craque about discrete motions 2 Discrete emotion approaches cannot acount for transitions between emations. ‘ur emotional experience moves rom oneemtion to another for example we sit from anger ul fom sadnes to hope, or Fem love vwangor ‘A good theory has to havea explanation fo such Behind the categorical view, there sa set of appraisal components =a 4) blame or eredit, 5) coping potential, 6 fature expectations “Thisis what one can, work” with ~ options for coping and emotion regul Appraisal -towedoes appraisal happen? Dimensional Component Process Medel (Scherer) ~ Appratsal dimensions Di D Appraisal Dimensional approaches Ellsworth: Dimensions of apprais 1. Attention: Degree of focus on thinking about the event 2 Certainty: Degree of certainty about the unfolding event 3, Control/coping: Extent of control over the outcomes 4-Pleasantness: How postive or negative 5. Perceived obstacle: How strongly hinders goal reaching 6, Responsibility: Attributable to me, others, situation? 7 -Logitimacy Fair and deserved vs. unfair and undeserved £8, Anticipated effort: How much effort is requited to respond ow does appraisal happen? ‘Lazarus (1991): Example: ANGER: Primary Appraisal Components: 1. tfehere is goal relevance, then any emotion is Dossbl, eluding anger: I not no emotion, if ehere goal incongruenee then only negative ‘emotions are possible including anger. Ifthe typeof ego-involvement engaged isto preserve ‘orenhance the sell-oFsctaesterm aspect of one's go dent then the emotion posites include, “anger. anwety. and pride Appraisal wensional approaches Isworth: Critique about discrete emotions: Diserete emotions ifr in their elcting appraisals, But they feel/are als fundamentally similar: For example Anger and fear: unpleasant and arousing Gratitude and love: quite pleasantand marked by Feeling of devotion for others ‘A good theary hasta have an explanation for these similarities Appraisal Dimensional approaches Ellsworth: Dimensions of appraisal 16 participants imagined expertencing 15 ferent emotions, then rated the experience onthe @ dimensions. For example: Interest elavated pleasantness, the desire. tend the sense that suatona actors are prodvcing ‘vents, the pereived need wo expend efor. morte ‘cerainty about future outcomes, lite sense of perceived ‘obstacle or illegitimacy of events ‘ope: elevated attention and effort and situational agen ‘moderate pleasantness and litle certainty or sense of perceived obstacle or illegitimacy, Happiness: pleasant low effort, high certalny and highAppraisal Dimensional approaches Ellsworth: Dimensions of apprasal Some dimensions are greatto diferente among related femations. 8 combination of contro and respons “ifereniates three negative emotions anger others are tobe bled Suess: situation sto be blamed gull weareto be blamed control /coping Extent f control oer the tomes Responsibly: Atribunbleome,others, station? fornegative Appraisal Can ou test the aprasal theory of emotions? ‘Tomaka, Blascovich,Kibley,& Ernst (1997) Results Prtcipans were randomly assigned to hear Insrecions emphasing threat or challenge or mena ‘Threat: emphasized the importance of competing theta “asquichiy and accurate as possible" and that responses would be "sored or speed and acura” Challenge: nstroctions encouraged participants to "thine ofthe taiar challenge nth of yours = ‘Semone capable of mectng at cllnge Measured several cardagraphie measures Expression of emotions kanan and Friesen (1969): nonverbal behavior: Emblems: gestures that drety translate to words IMustrators: movements during spech: tracing the Now of thought, emphasis, making a ation the speech is referring t, drawing petrein the ac Manipulators (sel-adaptors) one body part ‘manipulates another body part other hand har, some part ofthe face or an object) scratching picking, “squeezing twisting tapping. grooming increased use with Ascarfrt bu they also occur when people are relaxed, Regulators: to coordinate conversation (ads and Appraisal Dimensional approaches Ellsworth: Dimensions of appraisal Appraisal - Can you test the appraisal theory of emotions? Roseman & Evdokas (2004): ast Lab Avoid Unpleasant condition: preference questionnaire Some dimensions are great to cifeentiate among related 10 unpleasant foods 10 to 10 ike/dishke judgement. ‘emotions. A combination of control and responsibility dferentiates thre negative emotions: anger others ae tobe blamed Sadness: situation sto be blamed ‘guilt we are to be blamed Responsibility also works for postive ones: For example: Getting the best score inthe exam: Pride ~ fr our hard work (we are responsible) Relief icky choice ofthe exam question (situation) Gratitude ~ towards a helpful lasmate (others) for negative events Appatsal-Canyou st the appa theory afemotos? “omaha, ascovih ible, & Eras (1997) Noten group diference int prormance Cariograhlemessurements however spared ference n pysoaga stt Prosjection Period lea fear sespose Expression of emotions Facial expression of emotions + typically last ~a few seconds Ltyou wil be in the Unpleasant Taste group, you will taste fod thats extremely unpleasant to You (in the unpleasant environment ofthe Taste Laboratory of the Eating Disorders Research Center etc). Ifyou wil be in the No Taste group, you willnot be tasting anything” How much would you ike tobe in the Unpleasant T ‘group? Appraisal -Can you este appraisal theory of emotions? [s appraisal necessary for eliciting emotion? “Moreland & Zajonc (1976): Mere exposure effet: Sequences of sides of Japanese deographs are shown (2, Sshetween sles) to participants, ‘They ae asked to rate 3 deographs onthe LIKE-DISLIKE, GOOD. BAD, and PLEASANTINPLEASANT (-7) sales Results: Participants reported higher affect scores for more frequent seen ideographs. sing” an emotion? Expression of emotions Facal expression of emotions ~ Are these universal? Encoding hypothess:the experience of different emotions isassocated with the same distinct expressions in every culture Decoding hypothesis: people of different cultures should ~ involve involuntary muscle actions that most peoplcintenret these expressions in the same ways. ‘cannot deliberately produce and cannot suppress dlsplays of other species eyebrow Nashes and encouraging vocalizations of inter MAP. Expresion femations Darwin (1072) Spee 1) fontaine 2) enc fotos oppasng scares ‘rappsingepresioes 2 em rs cee nce Decoding hypothesis: people of different cultures shou! Interpret these expressions inthe same ways. Empirical suppor: (or example?) Ekman etal. (1969): ld prs temotons om ‘human emotional expressions often have parallels in ~~ Expression ofemotions Critiques: 53,000 photos of different people expressing anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise ‘Te most easily recognized photos were shown to people from diferent cultures, who choose from 6 possible 1) The re response critique: Most studies folowing man ad Frinsen's studies required participants to choose from expression labels provided bythe researchers, “They might have had different outcomes f participants ‘emotions (or theiedeseriptions): BO RP They Soci hitrate even with no western exposure. Pat FP BEE BR ep! ree oa wrt inant High bitrate th GP GK BY pth heir own words. aldt and Keltnor (1999) recorded participants inthe United States an India alkng about (Freely labeing) the photos of 14 diferent expressions For example: feels alone, grumpy, he istke "wow Conclusion: Cross-cultural ecognzbity does not seem tebevallor nti more xprsson ofemotions Dare ea (203) momerbal scent e 18 pcos apanese natonals Japanese ‘andar chin erences nexpesons pnts sth maton of pes roo (restr accuracy than ey ed the sna ofthe Sine poses doping neal xpesons Cancion ei sadardand ont irc re The Oralangiage conan ingle word ape to coverage ars of emation pce that encompasses te Enghih word She ayes mas enaresnent sires and modes eae np one “Tissot hela when youd something wrong Tsai ny sys ps on oe Sit ee Fe i ree Salat cokes re fpressonofemotions Dec reiki ren te “Amada era (205) pope are beter atreconaing Een mn nn ons ‘emotional expressions from dynamic cisplays (videoclips) “w*==s ese iahh olen “acs Levee (2006) expresians of 20 congenial nd hile sake tatoo thy ok n response ‘erly desrd eens wee mors ia trscogniae Than hose o 20s chen aprersons te ind {hen were pot he fl basi protoypial expressions precy mas of thay Facer a presented tout the contest ater ommumttonshannets ve, ody moweents te