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inclosed in a rough circle of poles, hung with deer-skins, plumes, silk
handkerchiefs, etc.
A tour of the lake was successfully made, with the aid of some of
the hardy agents of the North-west Company, and its latitude was
determined to be 49° 9′ 20″ N. Leaving this, the second of the
sources of the Mississippi, on the 21st January, our hero started for
Leech Lake, with a young Indian as guide, and after a most arduous
journey on foot in snow shoes, such as are worn by the Indians, on
the 1st February he reached that important and central point, long
supposed to be the main source of the Father of Waters. Here, as on
Red Cedar and Sandy Lakes, he found agents of the great North-
west Company established in a well-built fort, and learned from them
that from what are called the Forks of the Mississippi the right branch
bears north-west, entering Lake Winnipeg eight miles further north,
and beyond that again running to Upper Red Cedar Lake, a distance
of eight miles; while the left branch, called that of Leech Lake, bears
south-west, and runs through a chain of meadows to the De
Corbeau River, with which, and with the Red River of the North, it is
connected by a series of portages.
Unable, owing to the lateness of the season, to test the accuracy
of the information obtained, Pike was reluctantly compelled to turn
back after making a survey of Leech Lake; and it was not until many
years afterward that the journeys of Cass and Schoolcraft corrected
the mistaken assumption that Leech Lake was the main source of
the Mississippi.
Soon after his arrival at St. Louis, after this fairly successful trip,
Pike was again sent out on an exploratory expedition; this time with
orders to survey the regions south of the Missouri, and to trace the
Arkansas and Red Rivers, already known as tributaries of the
Mississippi, to their sources in the far West.
Leaving the friendly Osage Indians still rejoicing over the return of
the captives, Pike now struck across the country in a south-easterly
direction for the Arkansas River, passing the mouth of the Platte and
Kansas, both minor tributaries of the Missouri, on whose banks dwelt
the Pawnee Indians, a race differing but little, if at all, from the
Osages. After an arduous march through a mountainous country, the
dividing range between the Kansas and Arkansas Rivers was
crossed on the 14th October, and late on the same day a branch of
the latter river was reached.
Being totally unprepared for the great length of the river between
its junction with the Mississippi in north latitude 34° 54′ and west
longitude 91° 10′, or for the severity of the climate, as its birthplace in
the Rocky Mountains on the borders of Utah was approached in mid-
winter, the explorers endured very great hardships. The head of the
Arkansas River was reached late in December, and was found to be
no less than 192 miles west of its outlet from the mighty ridge
dividing the rivers flowing into the Pacific from those which find their
final home in the Arctic Ocean, Hudson’s Bay, or the Gulf of Mexico.
Under the impression that the Red River must spring into being
almost simultaneously with, and certainly at no very great distance
from, its sister tributary the Arkansas, the young commander led his
exhausted men in a southerly direction, and presently came upon a
broad stream flowing in a south-easterly direction. Surely this must
be what he was seeking; and, elated at the rapidity of his imaginary
success, Pike erected a fort on the banks of the newly-found river, in
token that it henceforth belonged to the United States. The next step
was to embark on the stream, which, as the explorers hoped, would
soon bring them down to the outpost of Natchitoches, near its
junction with the Father of Waters.
All went well for several days. Visits from Spaniards from the
South only served to strengthen the impression that the Red River
was found, but on the 26th February a terrible revelation was made
by the arrival of a party of Europeans from Santa Fé, one of the
Spanish stations in New Mexico, who informed Pike that a party of
Utah Indians, members of the great untamed Shoshone family, were
about to attack him, and that he was infringing the laws of the
Mexican Government by navigating the Rio Bravo del Norte without
permission.
He was right; the Spaniards had come out to make the intruders
their prisoners, for New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas had not yet
been ceded to the United States. In vain Pike pleaded that he had
been acting in ignorance; he and his people were compelled to
accompany the escort to Santa Fé, and though they were treated
most courteously and hospitably, rather as guests than as captives,
all hope of reaching the Red River had to be abandoned.
YELLOWSTONE LAKE.
On the 13th April the mouth of the Little Missouri was passed,
and on the 26th that of the rapid Yellowstone River, from Sublette’s
Lake in the Rocky Mountains. From this great landmark the course
of the Missouri—and, as a result, of the explorers—was due west,
and the character, alike of the scenery, the fauna, and the flora,
changed perceptibly. In the journals from which our narrative is
culled, we find notes on the strange appearance presented by banks
and sandbars covered with salt, looking like frost; on the white and
red “bluffs,” probably rich in minerals, on either side of the stream;
and most interesting of all, on meetings of frequent occurrence with
white or brown bears. On more than one occasion, Captain Lewis
almost lost his life in encounters with these formidable creatures. His
first escape was from a white bear, one of two which suddenly
appeared in his path when he was on shore with only one hunter,
and which, though badly wounded, pursued him for a long distance.
The camp was pitched below the junction of the two forks, and an
earnest consultation held as to which of the two channels should
now be followed. The one flowing from the north was narrower but
deeper than that from the south, and its waters were of the brown,
turbid character which had already earned for the Missouri its name
of the Mud River. Surely this northern branch must be the true
Missouri! So urged all the members of the expedition, except the two
leaders, who, judging more scientifically than their men, were of
opinion that, though broader, the southerly branch, with its clear and
transparent current, was more likely to have come from the rocky
home assigned by all the natives to the great tributary under survey.
GRIZZLY BEAR.
The bear duly arrived at the water’s edge, and the Captain’s fate
seemed sealed; but at that critical moment, for some reason never
explained, the huge quadruped took alarm, turned tail, and ran up
the bank with greater haste than dignity, turning about every now
and then as if fearful of being pursued.
Before the end of June, all was ready. The canoes admirably
answered the purpose for which they were intended, and the voyage
was resumed in the highest spirits. Little progress had been made,
however, when Captain Clarke missed some geographical notes he
had taken, and turned back, accompanied by his servant York, the
interpreter Chabornæan, and the latter’s wife and child. To retrace
his steps for the sake of making sure of a few facts seemed a simple
enough proceeding, yet in so doing Clarke ran a risk of never
completing his journey. On his arrival at the Falls, a terrible storm
came on, and he took refuge with his party beneath some shelving
rocks in a ravine hard by, thinking to resume his walk in an hour or
so. As he waited, however, a torrent of rain and hail suddenly
seemed to collect in a solid mass, and poured into the ravine in a
strong current, bringing with it huge fragments of rocks, uprooted
trees, and all manner of debris. There was not a moment to lose; the
Captain seized his gun, and, pushing before him the Indian woman,
who had caught her child up from the net in which it lay at her feet,
he sprang up the ravine, closely followed by Chabornæan. So
sudden was the rise of the water, that it was up to Clarke’s waist
before he gained the bank; and as he turned to look back on
reaching that refuge, he saw the whole ravine filled, and the net from
which the child had been rescued whirled rapidly out of sight. An
instant’s hesitation, and the whole party would have been swept
down the Great Falls.
On the 19th July, the grand range of rocks from which the
Missouri issues, forming one of the most magnificent mountain
passes of the world, was reached, and the first part of the journey
may be said to have been performed. Naming the pass the “Gates”
of the Rocky Mountains, our heroes made their way through it in
their canoes, each stroke of the paddle revealing fresh beauties and
ever-increasing solemnity. “The convulsion of the passage,” says
Rees, alluding to the first breaking forth of the Missouri from its
mountain cradle, “must have been terrible, since at its outlet there
are vast columns of rock torn from the mountain, which are strewed
on both sides of the river—the trophies, as it were, of the victory.”
The exact position of the source of the river, the course of which
they had followed for no less than 3,000 miles, was carefully noted
by the explorers, and found to be N. lat. 45°, W. long. 112°; and, after
congratulating each other on the great success achieved, the
journey was resumed with fresh ardor and enthusiasm.
After a march of two miles, with the Indians leading the way, a
troop of some sixty warriors, mounted on good horses, was sighted.
The mediators hastened to meet the chief, explaining who the white
men were, and a scene of some absurdity ensued, the Indians
embracing the Americans, and covering them with grease and paint.
This wild welcome was succeeded by the smoking of a pipe of peace
in common, Captain Lewis first taking a whiff and then passing it
round to his hosts. The friendship between the Snakes and
Americans thus ratified, the chiefs conducted their white brothers to
their camp, where a grand consultation was held as to the best
means of reaching the Columbia, and tracing its course to the
Pacific.
The information given was not very satisfactory. The river, said
the Indians, flowed through a country where timber for building
canoes and food for filling the stomach were alike scarce. No one
cared to undertake the task of guiding the explorers on their perilous
journey, and although, after a good deal of persuasion and bribery,
ten men were induced to promise their assistance, it was in such a
grudging fashion as to promise but little success.
On the 23d August the expedition was once more en route. The
sources of the Missouri had been discovered, the position of those of
the Columbia determined, and the country between the two
traversed more than once. All, therefore, that now remained to be
done was to trace the great river of the West to the Pacific.
Accompanied by a number of Shoshone guides, the Americans
made their way toward the ocean by a rugged Indian path, halting
now at one, now at another Indian village; and after much wandering
to and fro, with terrible sufferings from cold and hunger, they entered
a district inhabited by a people calling themselves Ootlashoots, who
turned out to be members of one of the numerous inland Columbian
tribes who inhabit the regions on the Pacific between N. lat. 52° 30′
and 45°.
Below the Sokulks dwelt the Pishquitpaws, who had never seen a
white man, and were proportionately astonished at the sudden
appearance among them of the Americans. Except that they wore
scarcely any clothing at all, the Pishquitpaws differed but little from
the other inland Columbian tribes visited; and when their terror at the
arrival of their strange guests—who they thought had fallen straight
from the sky—was somewhat subsided, they were ready enough to
give information and show hospitality.
As the canoes floated down the Columbia toward the Great Falls,
the spirits of the party were cheered by the sight on the west of a
lofty snow-tipped mountain, which they identified as that of St.
Helen’s, seen by Vancouver from the mouth of the great river; and on
the 22d October the Falls themselves were reached, where the